Barguzin

Barguzin wata dabba ce mai kyalkyali ta dangin shahidai da aka samo a cikin dazuzzuka na Arewacin Asiya, suna da daraja ƙwarai da sanadin laushin gashin, Launuka masu launin ja suna da yawa daga duhu zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Launin launin fata ya fi duhu, mafi girman farashinsa a tallan fur. Sunan Barguzin sable yana da asalin Slavic kuma ya sami tushe a cikin yawancin yarukan Turai na Yammacin Turai, wataƙila sakamakon kasuwancin fur a farkon Zamanin Zamani. Sabili da haka, sable na Rasha (sobol) ya zama Zobel na Jamusanci, zibelina na Fotigal, zibeline ta Faransa, soopeli na Finnish, Dutch Sabel, da sauransu.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Barguzin

Karl von Linne ya bayyana Barguzin a cikin 1758 a cikin littafin "Yanayi" a ƙarƙashin taken Mustela zibellina. Rabon da jinsin Mustelidae ya yi ne daga Sergei Ognev a 1925. Gabaɗaya, barguzin Martes zibellina ya yi kama da ta pine marten (M. martes), Amurkan marten (M. americana) da Jafananci marten (M. melampus). Koyaya, tana da gajarta wutsiya da duhu, mafi haske da siliki.

Bidiyo: Barguzin

Ya kasance cewa sagirin M. zibellina ya hada da M. melampus a matsayin wani yanki, amma binciken kwayoyin da aka gudanar kwanan nan ya tabbatar da matsayin jinsin jinsin guda biyu na barguzin da marten.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana samun mafi yawan barguzins a Kamchatka, masu matsakaici a cikin Altai da Urals, kuma ƙananan mutane suna zaune a cikin yankunan Ussuri da Amur a Gabas ta Gabas ta Rasha da kuma a Hokkaido a Japan. Sun kuma zaɓi yankunan da ke kusa da Baikal, Yakutia da Amur, inda launukansu ke da duhu musamman. Amma a cikin Trans-Urals akwai sabulu iri-iri masu haske.

Masana kimiyya da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su raba jinsunan zuwa ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa. Daga biyu zuwa talatin da huɗu mai yiwuwa rabe-raben suna. Aikin rabuwa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa sau da yawa ana sake sable zuwa wasu yankuna. Bugu da kari, sable a cikin jama'a daya yana da matukar canzawa ta yadda da wuya ya samu wasu sifofi na yau da kullun wadanda suka banbanta shi da sauran mutanen barguzin.

Kamfanonin Fur a cikin pre-Revolutionary Russia sun sayar da fata 25,000 kowace shekara kuma kusan kashi tara cikin goma na waɗannan an fitar dasu zuwa Jamus da Faransa. An kama Sables a cikin tarkon ƙarfe, da minks da martens. Farauta mai tsanani a cikin Rasha a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 ya haifar da raguwar yawan Barguzins, don haka a cikin 1935 an aiwatar da dokar hana farautar wannan dabba ta shekaru biyar, sannan kuma ana sanya takunkumi na lokaci akan farauta. Wadannan kason, hade da ci gaban gonguzin gonaki, sun baiwa jinsunan damar kwace yawancin zangonsu na asali kuma su sami lafiyar jama'a.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Photo: Dabba barguzin

Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin bayyanar Barguzins a wurare daban-daban, akwai rikice-rikice game da ainihin adadin raƙuman da za a iya bayyana sarai. A yau, ana gane ƙananan rabe-raben goma sha bakwai, amma wasu kafofin kimiyya na baya-bayan nan sun gano yiwuwar bambancin daga bakwai zuwa talatin.

Jikin Barguzin, kamar yawancin shahidai, yana da yanayin tsawan jiki, siriri da gajerun gaɓoɓi. Ta fuskar halitta, Barguzin yayi kama da pine marten, amma ya ɗan fi girma kuma tare da gajeren wutsiya, kuma ulu tana da siliki da taushi.

Launi na sutura ya fara daga launin ruwan kasa mai haske zuwa baƙi. Kai galibi yakan fi jiki sauƙi. Wani lokaci akan sami gashin fari ko launin rawaya daban a cikin rigar. A wannan yanayin, launin fatar mutum ya zama yana da haske a duhu a baya da ƙafafu. A cikin wasu mutane, fur mai haske ya bayyana a maƙogwaron, wanda zai iya zama launin toka, fari ko rawaya ja. Kayan hunturu suna da dogon gashi da siliki, yayin rani sun zama gajeru, masu laushi da duhu. Molting yana faruwa daga Maris zuwa Mayu da kuma daga Agusta zuwa Nuwamba.

M. zibellina yana nuna dimorphism tsakanin maza da mata. Sabulu ya kai tsawon jiki 32 zuwa 53 cm (maza) ko 30 zuwa 48 cm (mata). Wutsiyar bushy daga 30.5 zuwa 46 cm a tsayi. A matsakaici, maza sun fi mata girma fiye da 9%. Nauyin maza daga gram 1150 zuwa 1850, na mata daga 650 zuwa gram 1600. A cikin hunturu, nauyin yana ƙaruwa da 7-10%.

Ina Barguzin yake zaune?

Hotuna: Barguzin a Rasha

Ana samun sandar Barguzin a duk yankin arewacin Asiya, da zarar yankin rarrabawa ya mamaye yankin daga Scandinavia zuwa arewacin China. A halin yanzu, mazaunin dabbar bai wuce zuwa yamma ba, amma har yanzu ana samunsa ko'ina cikin Siberia da arewacin China.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A Rasha, yaduwar barguzin yana da alaƙa da gabatarwar dabbobi 19,000 da yawa a cikin muhallin daga 1940 zuwa 1965.

Yankin rarrabawa na asali na Barguzin ya mamaye yawancin arewacin Eurasia, kuma ya haɗa da Scandinavia. A wasu yankunan rarraba su, sun bace; sabili da haka, a yau basa rayuwa a yamma da tsaunukan Ural.

Yankunan rarraba yanzu sun haɗa da:

• Rasha: kusan dukkanin Siberia gabashin Urals, gami da Sakhalin;
• Kazakhstan: a ƙarshen arewa maso gabas tare da kogin Bukhtarma da Uba;
• China: Yankin rarrabawa ya hada da yankuna daban-daban guda uku: a gefen Altai a Xinjiang, a manyan tsaunukan Khingan kuma, mai yuwuwa, har ila yau a cikin tsaunukan Little Khingan, a tsaunukan Changbai;
• Mongolia: a cikin Altai da kuma cikin dazuzzuka;
• Koriya ta Arewa: a cikin tsaunukan Changbai da kudu na tsaunuka;
• Japan: a tsibirin Hokkaido.

Yammacin rarraba Barguzin ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Ural, inda suke rayuwa tare da juna tare da jan pine martens. Wannan nau'in ya fi son gandun daji mai yawa na taiga, a filayen da kuma cikin tsaunukan arewacin Asiya. Barguzin M. zibellina na faruwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka da itacen al'ul na Gabashin Siberia, haka kuma a cikin larch na larch da pine na Siberia. Da alama dai yana guje wa manyan tsaunukan tsaunuka. Nau'in jinsin ya fi na ƙasa da rami a kan gandun daji.

Menene Barguzin ya ci?

Hotuna: Barguzin a cikin yanayi

Abincin Barguzin ya bambanta dangane da lokacin. Yawanci suna ciyar da beraye masu farauta, gurnani, kunkuru, ƙwai tsuntsaye, ƙananan tsuntsaye, har ma da kifi. Dabbobi na iya cin 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itacen pine da ciyayi lokacin da babu wadatattun kayan abinci. A cikin mummunan yanayi, barguzin M. zibellina yana adana ganima a cikin gidansa don tallafawa kansa har sai ya sake farauta. Dabbobin ma suna farautar ɓarna, tsuntsaye da ƙananan weasels.

Wasu lokuta 'yan kasuwa suna bin sawun kerkeci ko beyar kuma suna ciyar da ragowar bukukuwansu. Dabbar na iya cin abinci a kan kifin kifin, kamar slugs, wanda suke shafawa a kasa don cire dusar. Sables wani lokacin suna cin kifin da aka kama da ƙafafunsu na gaba. Yawancin abincinsu sun ƙunshi ƙananan beraye. A cikin Siberia, ɓeraye sunfi sama da 50% na nau'ikan abinci na sable. A cikin hunturu, lokacin da suke samun tsari daga sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara, galibi suna ciyar da bishiyar bishiyar daji.

Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa a menu na iya haɗawa da:

• sunadarai;
• pikas;
• muskrat;
• marmotsi;
• kurege;
• ƙaramin miski (barewar miski).

Abincin dabbobi kuma ya hada da tsuntsaye, kifi da kwari. Bugu da kari, dabbar tana lasar zuma daga gidajen kudan zuma. Shuke-shuke suna da mahimmin bangare na abincin su. A tsakiyar Yenisei, an gano cewa sable na gida yana ciyar da kashi 20% na 'ya'yan itacen pine da na blueberry. 'Yan Barguzins suna farauta musamman ta sauti da ƙamshi, kuma suna da ɗokin ji. Suna yiwa yankin su alama tare da ƙanshin da ƙwayoyin cuta ke fitarwa a cikin su.

Yanzu kun san yadda ake ciyar da Barguzin. Bari muga yadda yake rayuwa a cikin daji.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hoto: Barguzin a lokacin sanyi

Sables galibi suna motsawa a ƙasa, amma suna iya hawa da kyau. Suna kirkirar gidajan gida da yawa a yankinsu kusa da gabar kogi da kuma a cikin sassan daji da yawa, galibi a cikin kututtukan bishiyoyi, a cikin ɓoye ko ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi, waɗanda suke yaɗawa tare da busassun tsire-tsire ko gashi. Waɗannan burbushin an yi su lafiya kamar yadda ya kamata.

Yankin Barguzin daga 4 zuwa 30 km². Girman ya dogara da mazaunin kuma sabili da haka akan yiwuwar abinci, da kuma shekarun dabba. Kowace rana sable yana wuce kilomita 6.5-12 tsakanin yankinta. A yanayi na musamman, nisan yana iya zama kilomita 30, amma an gano ƙaura na kilomita 300.

Sable yana aiki sosai da yamma, amma yana iya motsawa da dare, amma da wuya da rana. A cikin yanayi mai tsananin sanyi, galibi suna yin kwanaki da yawa a cikin sheƙarsu. Gabatarwa na gaba yana faruwa ne saboda ƙananan tsalle da faɗi daga 40 zuwa 70 cm A ka'ida, mashi zai iya yin tsalle har zuwa mita 4 faɗarsu, kogonsu yana da kyau sosai, an rufe shi da ciyawa da fur, amma zai iya zama na ɗan lokaci, musamman a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da dabba ke tafiya don neman ganima a babban nesa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsarin shekarun jinsin, wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar tsufa, shine kamar haka: orsananan yara 62.7%; yara ‘yan shekara 12.5%; Shekaru 2-4 - 2.7-5.5%; Shekarun 5-7 - 1.5-3.7%, dabbobi shekaru 8 zuwa sama - 0.4-1.7% a cikin Urals da 75.6%, 5.7%, 2.7-4.9%, 0.8-2.5% da 0.2-1.4%, bi da bi, a cikin Western Sayan. Adadin rayuwa na shekara-shekara na sabulu: 19.9% ​​na yara, 44.0% na shekara-shekara da 75.9-79.4% na dabbobi a shekaru 2-9 a cikin Urals da 33.0%, 59.6% da 49.3-75 , 8%, bi da bi, a cikin Western Sayan.

A gonaki, 'yan kasuwa suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, yayin da a cikin daji, mutane masu ƙarfin hali suna da matsakaicin rayuwa na shekaru 9-10; tsofaffin' yan baranda suna da wuya. Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na yawan gandun daji suna ƙasa da shekaru biyu.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hotuna: Little Barguzin

An lura cewa maza, suna yin alama a yankunansu, suna yin ruts ko ƙananan rami a cikin dusar ƙanƙara kusan tsawon mita, tare da yawan yin fitsari. Mating yana faruwa tsakanin 15 ga Yuni zuwa 15 ga Agusta, tare da kwanan wata ya bambanta da yanayin wuri. A wuraren da mutane ba su da yawa, al’adun neman aure sun haɗa da yin tsere, tsalle, da “sautukan kuliyoyi” tsakanin maza da mata. Koyaya, a wuraren da rarrabuwa tsakanin maza ya daidaita, gasa ga mata na iya haifar da mummunan faɗa.

Bayan haihuwa, ba'a sanya kwayar halitta mai haduwa a bangon mahaifar mata ba. Yin dasawa yana faruwa bayan watanni takwas, kuma ci gaban tayi ya dauki kwanaki 25-30 ne kawai. Koyaya, jimlar lokacin haihuwa shine kwanaki 250 zuwa 300. Litwararrun mata suna daga 1 zuwa pan upan duban 7, amma ƙananan litter na mutane 2-3 sun fi yawa. A wasu kasuwannin, ana lura da kulawa ta uba, saboda maza suna kare yankin mata har ma suna ba da abinci ga uwaye masu shayarwa da 'ya'yansu.

Sabon haihuwa barguzins an haifesu marasa taimako, tare da rufaffiyar idanu da siririn siririn gashi. Yaran suna da nauyi tsakanin gram 25 zuwa 35 kuma suna da tsayi a tsakaice cm 10. Barguzits suna buɗe idanunsu tsakanin kwanaki 30 zuwa 36 na rayuwarsu kuma suna barin gida ba da daɗewa ba. Bayan sati bakwai da haihuwa, ana yaye su kuma suna karɓar taunawa daga mahaifiyarsu. Barguzins sun isa balagar jima'i a cikin shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa.

Abokan gaba na Barguzins

Hotuna: Barguzin

Baya ga mace-macen halitta, nau'ikan dabbobi takwas na dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye takwas za su iya kai wa barguzins hari. Masu gasa da sable a mazaunin sa masu kama-karya ne kuma masu cin nama. Dabbar na iya shan wahala daga kasancewar nau'ikan 34 na helminth, nau'ikan 19 na ƙuma da nau'ikan uku na gamasid mites, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin ƙwayoyin para na sable.

Babban mafarautan na Barguzin sun hada da wasu manyan dabbobi, sune:

• kerkeci;
• wolverines;
• lynx;
• mikiya;
• mujiya;
• dawakai;
• wasu tsuntsayen masu cin nama (falcon-like);
• damisa;
• manyan mujiya.

Barguzins an sanye su da kaifi da hakora masu kaifi, wanda ke basu damar kare kansu yadda yakamata daga yawancin masu farautar su. Koyaya, mai haɗari mafi haɗari shine mutum, tunda ƙarni da yawa an yi imanin cewa sable yana da ɗayan fatar da ke da tamani. An san dabbobi sosai tun daga ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Yesu. Saboda girmamawa, mutanen Scythian sun aika da fur mai ma'ana zuwa duniyar Girka a ƙetaren Bahar Maliya.

Daga baya, fatun sable sun zama alamar matsayi, musamman a Rasha. An kawata kambin tsars na Rasha da furfura mai tamani har zuwa karni na 17. Mutanen da suka ci yaƙi a Siberia sun ba da haraji tare da fatun fata. Saboda haka, saboda yawan farauta, sable ya zama abin ƙaranci a farkon karni na 20. Farashin Sable a cikin 2010 sun kasance $ 167 don gashin gashi da $ 138 don farautar daji. Ainihin, yanzu ana kawo fatun daga dabbobin da ake nomawa zuwa kasuwa.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Photo: Dabba barguzin

Sable na cikin nau'in dabbobi mafi ƙarancin damuwa, tunda bisa ga ƙididdigar farko, ana rarraba mutane sama da miliyan biyu a Eurasia. A mafi yawan zangonsa, babu hatsarin raguwa a yalwace, duk da raguwar da ake samu a wasu ƙasashe wanda gaba ɗaya ya zama ɗan ƙaramin kaɗan daga kewayonsa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, an hana farauta da kamun kifi na barguzin tsakanin 194 da 1960, yayin da aka saki sabulu 20,000 daga gonaki zuwa daji. Wadannan matakan sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa a yau yawan masu sayar da fataucin a kasar ya murmure sosai zuwa matsayinsa na asali, kuma IUCN ta yi amannar cewa yanzu babu wani abu da ke barazana ga dabba.

Babban mahimmanci a cikin raguwar lambobi shine farautar hunturu. Koyaya, a cikin Rasha, ana amfani da sable daidai da ƙididdigar ilimin kimiyya, don haka wannan farautar baya haifar da haɗari ga nau'in. An rasa wasu wuraren zama sakamakon sare dazuzzuka, gina hanyoyin sadarwa da bunkasa sabbin ma'adinai, wuraren hakar mai da iskar gas.

Barguzin yana da kariya a wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. A wajan wuraren da aka kiyaye, farautar farauta a cikin Rasha ana aiwatar da ita ta ƙa'idar farauta ga kowane yanki kuma an iyakance shi daga Oktoba 15 zuwa 29 ga Fabrairu. Manyan yankunan da aka kare Barguzin sune ajiyar yanayin ƙasa 41 tare da yanki gaba ɗaya na kilomita 164,960².

A cikin China, an hana farauta a duk yankin 215,678 km where inda aka kiyaye nau'in. A Mongolia, an sanya shi a matsayin mai rauni. A cikin DPRK barguzin an sanya shi cikin haɗari mai haɗari A cikin Japan, an kiyaye ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan tun daga 1920 kuma a halin yanzu an lasafta su a cikin haɗari. Babu ƙididdigar yalwa ga Japan, Koriya ko Kazakhstan, kuma ɓangarorin da ke cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe sun kasance ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan jinsunan duniya.

Ranar bugawa: 07/14/2019

Ranar da aka sabunta: 25.09.2019 a 20:13