Gashin gora

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Gashin gora - karamin tsuntsun daji, mai kama da girman kajin gida na yau da kullun. Yana da launi mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da halayyar haske mai haske da kuma tsari mai rarrabu. Wannan nau'in jinsin mutane ne na yau da kullun, wanda ke da mazauni mai yawa. Kaji na daji, kamar yadda ake kiransu galibi, suna da nama mai gina jiki da kuma daɗi, saboda abin da suka fi so batun farauta ba kawai ga mutane ba, har ma da yawan dabbobin daji da tsuntsaye.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Photo: Grey jaka

Jigon launin toka yana zaune a cikin duk Eurasia har ma an kawo shi Amurka, inda ya sami tushe sosai cikin nasara. Akwai nau'ikan 8 na wannan tsuntsayen, kowanne daga cikinsu ya bambanta da sifofin launi, girma, da ikon haihuwa. A cewar masana kimiyya, sinadarin launin toka mai launin toka ya fito ne daga wasu nau'ikan tsuntsayen tarihi. Hatta Neanderthals sun yi farautar su, kamar yadda aka nuna ta sakamakon yawan waƙoƙi da bincike mai zurfi. A matsayinsa na mai zaman kansa, an raba keɓaɓɓen juzu'in miliyoyin miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata a yankin Arewacin Mongolia, Transbaikalia, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin kusan ba ta canza ba.

Bidiyo: Gashin gora

Jigon launin toka na dangi ne masu farin jini, umarnin kaji. Da wuya ya zauna akan bishiyoyi kuma saboda haka ana ɗaukarsa tsuntsun ƙasar. Duk da yawan mutanen da ke son cin abinci a kansa, tasirin tasirin yanayin yanayi kan rayuwar zuriyar, tsananin hunturu ba tare da tashi zuwa yankunan da ke da dumi ba, yawan jama'arta ya kasance babba kuma yana dawowa cikin sauri bayan wani yanayi mara kyau.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ko al'adun duniya basu kare wannan tsuntsu mai launin toka ba, wanda ba a gani ba. Tatsuniyoyin tsohuwar Girka suna faɗi game da mummunan halin da mai girman kai Daedalus ya yi, lokacin da ya jefa ɗalibinsa daga kan dutsen. Amma Athena ta mayar da saurayin cikin jakar toka mai toka kuma bai yi hatsari ba. Dangane da tatsuniyoyi, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa sashi ba ya son tashi sama, ya gwammace ya cika rayuwarsa duka a ƙasa.

A kan abokan gabanta, tana da makamai biyu kawai: launi mai banbanci, yana ba ka damar rasa cikin ganyayyaki da ikon gudu da sauri, kawai a cikin al'amuran gaggawa launin toka mai launin toka yana tashi don ƙoƙarin tserewa daga mai farautar. La'akari da babban dandano da halayen abinci na naman sa, rashin kamala, tsuntsu ya samu nasara cikin nasara a cikin fursuna, amma tare da abinci na musamman.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Photo: Bird mai launin toka

Jigon launin toka yana da nasa fasali na abin tunawa, wanda da shi yake da sauƙin ganewa:

  • ƙaramin girman jiki daga 28 zuwa 31 cm, fukafukai 45-48 cm, nauyi daga 300 zuwa 450 gram;
  • an bayyana shi da keɓaɓɓen ciki mai launin toka mai haske tare da tabo mai haske a cikin siffar takalmin dawakai, ƙaramin kai mai duhu mai duhu, kyakkyawan launin toka mai launin toka mai launuka masu launuka masu launin ruwan kasa;
  • kafafun wannan jinsin launin ruwan kasa ne masu duhu, wuya da kai suna da haske, kusan lemu ne. Lilin mata bai fi na maza kyau ba kuma galibi kanana ne;
  • samari suna da duhu masu karko daban-daban a gefen bangarorin jiki, wadanda suke ɓacewa yayin da tsuntsu ke girma.

Babban aikin launi daban-daban shine sake kamanni. Tsuntsaye duk shekara motsin rai, wanda yake farawa daga farko tare da gashinsa na farko, sa'annan ya wuce zuwa wasu kuma ya ƙare gaba ɗaya kawai zuwa ƙarshen kaka. Saboda yawaitar plumage da narkar da ruwa na yau da kullun, rarrabu na iya rayuwa koda cikin dusar ƙanƙara tare da matsakaicin sanyi. Mafi yawan mutanen da ke rayuwa a cikin yanayi ba sa yin jigilar shekara-shekara zuwa yankuna masu dumi, amma suna zama lokacin hunturu a mazauninsu na dindindin. Don neman abinci, suna haƙa ramuka a cikin dusar ƙanƙarar har tsawon mita 50 a tsayi, musamman a lokutan sanyi suna taruwa a cikinsu cikin ƙungiyoyi duka, suna ɗumama junan su.

A ina ne launin toka mai toka yake zama?

Hoto: Guraren gwai a Rasha

Ana samun jakar ruwan toka mai ruwan shuɗi kusan ko'ina a cikin kudanci da tsakiyar sassan Rasha, Altai, Siberia, a ƙasashen Turai da yawa, gami da Jamus, Burtaniya, Kanada da Arewacin Amurka, da yammacin Asiya. Yankunan kudancin Yammacin Siberia da Kazakhstan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mazaunin ƙasa.

Wuraren da ta fi so:

  • daskararren gandun daji, kurmi, gefunan gandun daji;
  • makiyaya mai daɗi, ciyawa mai tsayi, buɗe ƙasa tare da tsibirin dazuzzuka, ramuka;
  • a wasu lokuta, toka mai launin toka da son rai ya zauna a wuraren da ke da ruwa, amma ya zaɓi busassun tsibirai tare da ciyayi masu dausayi.

Ga mafi kyawun yanayi, tana buƙatar sarari da kasancewar adadi mai yawa, ciyawa mai tsayi, inda zaka iya ɓoyewa cikin sauƙi, gina gida, sannan kuma sami abinci. Sau da yawa ɗan tudu yakan zauna kusa da filayen tare da amfanin gona na hatsi, buckwheat, gero. Yana taimaka wa aikin gona ta hanyar yin amfani da kwari masu cutarwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke barazanar amfanin gona.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bayan da kuka zaɓi wurin zama, raƙuman ruwan toka ba sa barin ta. Anan, a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, suna gina gida, suna kiwon zuriya, suna ciyarwa, sannan kuma, manyan kajin zasu kasance a cikin yankin.

Yanzu kun san inda launin toka mai launin toka yake zaune. Bari muga me zata ci.

Menene launin toka mai launin toka?

Hotuna: Gashin goron toka a yanayi

Manya na wannan nau'in suna ciyar da yawancin abincin tsire-tsire: ciyawa, tsaba iri, 'ya'yan itace, wasu lokuta sukan haɓaka abinci tare da ƙaramin rabo na abincin dabbobi. Yaran da ke girma ana ciyar da su ne ta hanyar kwari, tsutsotsi, tsutsa iri daban-daban da gizo-gizo, yayin da suke girma, sannu a hankali suna canzawa zuwa abincin da aka saba na manya.

Duk abincin tsuntsaye ana samun sa ne kawai a cikin ƙasa. A lokacin hunturu, abincin ya zama yana da ƙaranci, dole ne sashi ya yaga dusar ƙanƙara tare da ƙafafunsu masu ƙarfi don zuwa ciyawar daji da 'ya'yanta. A cikin wannan galibi ramin kurege yake taimaka musu. Wasu lokuta za su iya ciyarwa a filayen noma tare da alkama na hunturu, idan har cewa dusar kankara ba ta da girma sosai.

A lokuta masu tsananin sanyi, wanda yawanci yakan zo bayan bazara mai rani da damina tare da girbi mara kyau, sun fi kusa da wuraren zama na mutane, tashi zuwa wuraren ciyar da gonakin dabbobi don neman tarin ciyawa inda zaka iya samun hatsi na shuke-shuke na noma. A lokacin bazara, ana cin abinci mafi yawancin sassan tsire-tsire waɗanda aka haɗu da kwari. Mutane da sauri suna murmurewa bayan hunturu mai yunwa kuma suna shirye don kyankyasar kajin a farkon bazara.

Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da abincin kaji na yau da kullun don haɓakar gida na launin toka mai toka. Wajibi ne a kawo shi kusa da yadda za a iya cin abincin na ɗabi'a, in ba haka ba mutuwarsu, ƙin sanya ƙwai da shiryawar zuriya mai yuwuwa ne.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hotuna: Gurasar gray

Gwargwadon launin toka ana ɗaukarsa da farko tsuntsun ƙasar. Tana iya gudu da sauri kuma cikin dabara cikin dabara mai tsayi, tsakanin bishiyoyi da daji. Yana tashi sama a gaban haɗari mai haɗari kuma a lokaci guda yana buɗe fikafikan sa da ƙarfi, yana tashi ɗan gajeren nesa ƙasa da ƙasa, sannan kuma ya sake sauka, yana yaudarar mai farautar. Wasu lokuta tana iya tashi sama da gajerun hanyoyi don neman abinci kuma a lokaci guda ba ta ƙetare iyakar yankin da ta saba ba, amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa ba ta da ikon dogon jirage - shi ma yana cikin ƙarfinsa.

Yayin gudu, kajin daji ya zama a tsaye, yana daga kansa sama, kuma yayin tafiya na al'ada sai ya dan motsa kadan, yana waige-waige da wani yanayi mai tsauri. Wannan tsuntsu ne mai cike da kunya da nutsuwa, da kyar zaka ji sautinta. Idan kawai a lokacin wasannin mating ko yayin wani harin bazata, lokacin da suke yin kara mai kara, kama da fiska.

A rana, ciyarwa na ɗaukar awanni 2-3 ne kawai don rabe-raben, sauran lokutan suna ɓoyewa a cikin ciyawar ciyawa, tsabtace gashinsu kuma suna halartar duk wuraren rustles. Awanni masu aiki suna faɗuwa da sassafe da yamma, dare shine lokacin hutu.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daga yankuna da ke da sanyin hunturu musamman, tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, raƙuman ruwa masu toka zuwa kudu, tunda ba shi yiwuwa a sami abinci a ƙarƙashin farin dusar ƙanƙara. A wasu wuraren zama, kaji na daji suna zuwa lokacin hunturu kuma a duk rayuwarsu suna yin jirage ne kawai cikin ƙanƙanin nisa don neman abinci.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Photo: Bird mai launin toka

Wannan nau'ikan jikunan yana da aure. Ma'aurata tsakanin kaji masu kaushi sukan ci gaba har abada. Duk iyaye biyu suna da hannu cikin ciyarwa da kare zuriyar. Kaji na daji suna yin kwai sau ɗaya a shekara a farkon watan Mayu daga ƙwai 15 zuwa 25 a lokaci guda. An gina naman jeji a kan ƙasa, suna ɓoye su a cikin ciyawa, ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi. Yayin kwanciya, wanda yakai kimanin kwanaki 23, mace lokaci-lokaci takan bar kama daga abinci don abinci; a lokacin babu ita, namijin yana kusa da gida kuma yana da lamuran halin da ake ciki.

Lokacin da mai farauta ko wani haɗari ya bayyana, dukansu suna ƙoƙari su karkatar da duk hankalin kansu, a hankali suna motsawa daga kama, sannan kuma, in babu wata barazana, sai su dawo. Maza suna yawan mutuwa a wannan lokacin, suna yin sadaukarwa don amincin kajinsu. Duk da irin karfin da zuriyar take da shi, musamman a shekarun da ake ruwan sama, duk tsintsa na iya mutuwa a lokaci ɗaya, tunda gurbi suna ƙasa. 'Ya'yan sun ƙyanƙyashe kusan lokaci guda kuma a zahiri suna shirye koyaushe su bi iyayensu ta yankin zama na nesa har zuwa ɗari da yawa mita. Kaji sun riga sun yi laushi, sun gani kuma sun ji da kyau, kuma suna koyo da sauri.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sati guda bayan haihuwa, kajin ruwan toka mai ruwan toka tuni sun fara tashi, kuma bayan makonni biyu suna shirye don jirage masu nisa tare da iyayensu.

Rukunin toka-toka tsuntsaye ne na zamantakewa waɗanda ke hulɗa da juna koyaushe. A yankunan kudanci, suna rayuwa ne a garken mutane 25-30, a yankunan arewa, garken sun kai rabin tsuntsayen. Idan ɗayan iyayen ya mutu, to na biyun yana kula da zuriyar sosai; idan biyu suka mutu, kajin na nan a hannun wasu iyalai na ramuwar gado da ke kusa da nan. A cikin mawuyacin yanayi na hunturu, tsuntsaye suna taruwa a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɗuwa kuma suna kusa a cikin ƙananan wuraren dusar ƙanƙara, tun da ya fi sauƙi a dumama tare, kuma da farkon narkewa, sai suka sake watsewa zuwa keɓantattun wuraren su.

Abokan gaba na ɓangarorin toka-toka

Hotuna: ridananan goge masu launin toka

Yankin toka na da yawa suna da abokan gaba na halitta:

  • kites, gyrfalcons, owls da sauran tsuntsayen ganima, hatta hankaka na iya farautar ɓarkewar ɓarna;
  • ferrets, dawakai, dawakannin pola da sauran mazaunan dazuzzuka da filaye.

Saboda irin wannan yawaitar abokan gaba, wani jakar da ba safai ba tana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 4, kodayake a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi mutane da yawa suna iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10. Ba ta da abin da za ta iya kare kanta daga masu farauta, sai dai launinta na kamfe. Gashi mai launin toka ana ɗaukarsa abu ne mai sauƙi. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa mace da na miji suke kulawa da kare zuriyarsu ta wannan hanyar. Saboda kawai yawan haihuwa da saurin saurin kajin, yawan kaji ba sa fuskantar barazanar bacewa.

Baya ga makiya na halitta, yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin aikin gona yana haifar da mummunar illa ga yawan gindi mai dauke da launin toka. Idan garken suna zaune kusa da wurin sulhu, to koda kuliyoyi da karnuka na iya ziyartarsu don cin gajiyar samari. Bishiya, macizai cikin sauƙi sukan fasa gida kuma su yi liyafa a kan ƙwai. Musamman sanyi da damuna mai dusar ƙanƙara su ma sune dalilin mutuwar yawancin jakar ruwa. A wannan lokacin, suna da rauni sosai saboda rashin wadataccen abinci kuma suna zama masu saurin ganima ga masu farauta.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hotuna: Guraren gora a lokacin sanyi

A halin yanzu launin toka mai toka ba ya cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha, sabanin ɗan uwanta, farin farin jakar, wacce ake barazanar kashe ta gaba ɗaya. Matsayin wannan nau'in ya tabbata saboda yawan haihuwa da rayuwar zuriyar.

Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun saba'in, ƙarnika suka shude, yawan jama'arta ya fara raguwa ko'ina, da yawa suna danganta wannan da abubuwan hada sinadarai da magungunan ƙwari da ake amfani dasu don kula da filayen noma. Kari kan haka, birane da ke fadada cikin sauri suna dauke da wuraren zama na kananan toka, har da karnukan yadi na yau da kullun suna zama barazana ga zuriyarsu. Misali, a cikin yankin Leningrad a yau ba mutane fiye da dubu ɗaya ba, a cikin yankin Moscow kaɗan. A saboda wannan dalili, jakar toka mai toka tana cikin littafin Red Book na waɗannan yankuna da wasu da yawa a tsakiyar ƙasar.

Masu lura da tsuntsaye suna kula da yawan jakarta ta hanyar sakin mutanen da a baya suka shayar da su a cikin gidajensu na asali. A cikin yanayi na wucin gadi, suna jin daɗi sosai sannan kuma, a cikin ɗabi'a, da sauri sukan sami tushe, ba da zuriya. Hasashen yana da kyau sosai, a cewar masana, ana iya dawo da yawan mutane a ko'ina kuma babu wata barazanar bacewar gaba da kunun daji - yanayin da kanta ya kula da wannan nau'in, tare da bayar da shi da yawan haihuwa.

Gashin gora, duk da cewa tsuntsun daji ne, ya kasance yana kusa da mutane shekaru dubbai masu yawa. Ya kasance babban ganima ce ga tsofaffin mafarauta, kuma tun daga lokacin babu abin da ya canza - ana farautarta, ana ɗaukar namanta mai daɗi da kuma gina jiki. Hakanan ana sauƙaƙe shi cikin sauƙi, girma a cikin kejin sararin samaniya.

Ranar bugawa: 07/10/2019

Ranar sabuntawa: 09/24/2019 da karfe 21:14

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