Colorado ƙwaro (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) kwari ne na umarnin Coleoptera kuma dangin ganyen beetles, na jinsi ne na Leptinotarsa kuma shine kawai wakilinsa.
Kamar yadda ya zama, asalin wannan kwarin shine arewa maso gabashin Mexico, daga inda yake shiga hankali zuwa yankuna makwabta, gami da Amurka, inda take saurin daidaitawa zuwa yanayin yanayi. Shekaru ɗari da rabi, ƙwarin dankalin turawa na Colorado ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya kuma ya zama annoba ga duk masu shuka dankalin turawa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro
A karon farko, masanin kwayar cutar daga Amurka Thomas Sayem ya gano kuma ya bayyana shi dalla-dalla. Ya dawo a 1824. Masanin ya tattara kwafi da yawa na ƙwaro wanda har zuwa yanzu ilimin kimiyya bai san shi ba a kudu maso yammacin Amurka.
Sunan "Kwarin dankalin turawa na Colorado" ya bayyana ne kawai daga baya - a cikin 1859, lokacin da mamayewar wadannan kwari suka lalata dukkanin filayen dankali a Colorado (Amurka). Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka, akwai ƙwaro mai yawa a cikin wannan jihar wanda ya sa yawancin manoma na gida aka tilasta yin watsi da noman dankali, duk da cewa farashin sa ya karu sosai.
Bidiyo: Colorado dankalin turawa
A hankali, kowace shekara, a cikin wuraren riƙe da jiragen ruwa, waɗanda aka loda da tubers na dankalin turawa, ƙwaro ya haye Tekun Atlantika ya isa Turai. A cikin 1876, an samo shi a Leipzig, kuma bayan wasu shekaru 30, ana iya samun ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado ko'ina cikin Yammacin Turai, ban da Burtaniya.
Har zuwa 1918, ana iya samun nasarar lalata wuraren kiwo na ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado, har sai ya sami nasarar zama a Faransa (yankin Bordeaux). A bayyane, yanayin Bordeaux ya dace da kwaro, tunda ya fara ninkawa a can cikin sauri kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin Yammacin Turai da ma bayansa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Saboda kebantattun abubuwa na tsarinta, kwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado ba zata iya nutsar da ruwa ba, don haka hatta manyan jikin ruwa ba wata babbar matsala bace gareta wajen neman abinci.
Irin ƙwaro ya zo yankin USSR mai yiwuwa a cikin 1940, kuma bayan wasu shekaru 15 tuni an same shi ko'ina a yammacin Yammacin SSR (Ukraine) da BSSR (Belarus). A cikin 1975, ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado ya isa Urals. Dalilin wannan shi ne tsawan fari mara kyau, saboda abin da aka kawo fodder don dabbobi (hay, bambaro) zuwa Urals daga Ukraine. A bayyane, tare da bambaro, ƙwaro irin ƙwaro ya zo nan.
Ya zama cewa a cikin USSR da sauran ƙasashe na sansanin gurguzu, yawan yaduwar ƙwaro ya yi daidai da farkon abin da ake kira "yakin sanyi", don haka zargin da aka yi na wani bala'in da ba zato ba tsammani an yi shi ne ga hukumar leken asirin Amurka ta CIA. Jaridun Poland da na Jamus har ma a wannan lokacin sun rubuta cewa da gangan jirgin saman Amurka ya jefa ƙwaro a cikin yankin GDR da Poland.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro
Coloradowararren dankalin turawa na Colorado babban kwari ne. Manya na iya yin girma zuwa 8 - 12 mm a tsayi kuma kusan 7 mm a faɗi. Siffar jikin beetles yana ɗan ɗanɗano da digon ruwa: oblong, flat a ƙasa kuma convex sama. Wani babban ƙwaro zai iya auna nauyin 140-160.
Fuskar jikin ƙwaro yana da wuya kuma yana ɗan haske. A wannan yanayin, baya baya ne mai launin rawaya mai launin rawaya mai tsayi, kuma cikin ciki ruwan lemu ne mai haske. Theananan idanu masu ƙwanƙwari na ƙwaro suna kan gefen kawunan mai faɗi da faɗi. A kan kwaron ƙwaro akwai tabo baƙi, kwatankwacin alwatika, kazalika da eriya, anatattun eriya, waɗanda suka ƙunshi sassa 11.
Lyarfin elytra mai ƙarfi kuma mai ƙarfi na ɗankwalin dankalin turawa yana manne da jiki sosai kuma galibi launin rawaya-lemu ne, mafi sau da yawa rawaya, tare da ratsi mai tsawo. Fuka-fukan Colorado suna da ƙafa, suna da kyau, kuma suna da ƙarfi, wanda ke ba da ƙwaro damar yin tafiya mai nisa don neman hanyoyin abinci. Mata na ƙwaro yawanci sun fi maza ƙanƙan kuma ba su bambanta da su ta wata hanya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: bewararren dankalin turawa na Colorado na iya tashi da sauri - cikin saurin kusan kilomita 8 a awa ɗaya, kazalika da hawa zuwa manyan tsayi.
A ina ne ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado yake rayuwa?
Photo: Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro a Rasha
Masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sunyi imanin cewa tsawon rayuwar kwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado kusan shekara guda. A lokaci guda, wasu mutane masu taurin kai suna iya jure hunturu har ma fiye da ɗaya. Ta yaya suke yin hakan? Abu ne mai sauqi - sun fada cikin diapause (rashin nutsuwa), saboda haka, ga irin wadannan samfuran, shekarun ko da shekara uku ba iyaka.
A lokacin dumi, kwari na rayuwa a saman duniya ko kuma a kan tsirrai da suke cin ciyawa. Beetles na Colorado suna jira lokacin kaka da hunturu, suna shiga cikin ƙasa har zuwa rabin mita, kuma a cikin nutsuwa suna jure daskarewa a wurin har sai sun rage digiri 10. Lokacin da bazara ta zo kuma ƙasa ta yi ɗumi sosai - sama da digiri 13, ƙwaro yakan yi rarrafe daga ƙasa kuma nan da nan ya fara neman abinci da ma'aurata don haihuwa. Wannan tsari bashi da yawa kuma yawanci yakan dauki watanni 2-2.5, wanda hakan ke matukar dagula kwari da kwaro.
Duk da cewa mazaunin gandun daji na dankalin turawa ya ƙaru kusan sau dubu da yawa a cikin ƙarni da rabi, akwai ƙasashe da yawa a duniya waɗanda ba a taɓa ganin wannan kwaro a idanun ba kuma ba za a iya ɗaukar su masu haɗari ba. Babu Colorads a Sweden da Denmark, Ireland da Norway, Morocco, Tunisia, Israel, Algeria, Japan.
Yanzu kun san inda ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado ya fito. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado ya ci?
Photo: Colorado dankalin turawa a kan ganye
Babban abincin Colorado beetles, da kuma tsutsarsu, shine harbe-harbe da ganyaye na dangin dangin Solanaceae. Bewaro za su samo wa kansu abinci duk inda dankali, tumatir, sigari, ɗanɗano, petunias, barkono mai ƙararrawa, tsire-tsire. Hakanan basu raina shuke-shuke na wannan dangin ba.
Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawanci, ƙwaro yana son cin dankali da eggplants. Kwari zasu iya cinye waɗannan tsire-tsire kusan gaba ɗaya: ganye, tushe, tubers, 'ya'yan itatuwa. Don neman abinci, suna iya tashi sama sosai, har ma da kilomita goma. Duk da cewa kwari suna da saurin magana, suna iya jurewa cikin yunwa na tilastawa har zuwa watanni 1.5-2, kawai suna fadawa cikin gajeren lokaci na rashin bacci.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado yana ciyar da koren tsire-tsire na dangin Solanaceae, wani abu mai guba, solanine, yana taruwa koyaushe a jikinsa. Saboda wannan, ƙwaro ba shi da makiya ƙalilan, tunda ƙwaro ba ya cin abinci kuma ba shi da guba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abin birgewa, ba tsoffin ƙwaroran Colorado ba ne ke kawo babbar illa ga tsire-tsire, amma ƙwarinsu (matakai na 3 da 4), tunda sun fi kowa ɓacin rai da iya lalata filayen gaba ɗaya a cikin fewan kwanaki a cikin yanayi mai kyau.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro
Coloradowaron dankalin turawa na Colorado yana da yawan gaske, wadataccen abinci kuma yana iya saurin daidaitawa zuwa wasu abubuwan muhalli, walau zafi ko sanyi. Kwaro yakan shiga yanayi mara kyau, ɓata lokaci na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma yana iya yin hakan a kowane lokaci na shekara.
Yarinyar dankalin turawa na dankalin turawa (ba tsutsa ba) mai launin lemu mai haske ne kuma yana da murfin waje mai taushi sosai. Tuni sa'o'i 3-4 bayan haihuwa daga jaririn, ƙwaro ya sami bayyanar da ta saba. Nan da nan kwaron zai fara ciyarwa sosai, yana cin ganye da harbe, kuma bayan makonni 3-4 ya kai ga balagar jima'i. Colorado beetles waɗanda aka haifa a watan Agusta kuma daga baya yawanci ba su da nutsuwa ba tare da zuriya ba, amma yawancinsu za su sami rani mai zuwa.
Ofaya daga cikin siffofin da ke cikin irin wannan ƙwaro shine ikon shiga cikin dogon lokaci (diapause), wanda zai iya ɗaukar shekaru 3 ko ma fiye da haka. Kodayake kwaron na tashi kwata-kwata, wanda fukafukai masu karfi, masu ci gaba suke haɓakawa, saboda wasu dalilai ba ya yin hakan a lokacin haɗari, amma yana yin kamar ya mutu, yana matse ƙafafunsa zuwa cikin ciki yana faɗuwa ƙasa. Saboda haka, makiya ba su da zabi sai dai kawai su fice. A halin yanzu, ƙwaro, “ya rayu” kuma ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwancin sa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Colorado beetles
Saboda haka, ƙwaro na Colorado ba su da tsarin zamantakewar jama'a, ba kamar sauran nau'in kwari ba (tururuwa, ƙudan zuma, kwalliya), tunda ƙwari ne guda ɗaya, ma'ana, kowane mutum yana rayuwa kuma yana rayuwa da kansa, kuma ba cikin ƙungiyoyi ba. Lokacin da ya samu dumi sosai a lokacin bazara, ƙwaro da suka samu nasarar wuce gona da iri suna rarrafe daga ƙasa kuma, da ƙyar suka sami ƙarfi, maza suna fara neman mata kuma nan da nan suka fara saduwa. Bayan abin da ake kira wasannin mating, matan da suka haɗu suna yin ƙwai a ƙasan ganyen tsire-tsire da suke ciyarwa.
Wata mace baliga, gwargwadon yanayin da yanayin yankin, tana da ikon yin ƙwai kusan 500-1000 a lokacin bazara. Qwai masu launi suna yawanci lemu ne, girmansu yakai mm 1.8, mai tsayi ne, wanda yake a rukunin 20-50 inji mai kwakwalwa. A ranakun 17-18, larvae suna ƙyanƙyashewa daga ƙwai, waɗanda aka san su da yawan cuwa-cuwa.
Matakai na ci gaban Colorado dankalin turawa ƙwaro larvae:
- a matakin farko na ci gaban, tsutsa na ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado ya yi launin toka mai duhu tare da jiki har zuwa tsawon 2.5 mm da ƙananan gashi masu kyau a kai. Yana ciyar da ganyayyun samari masu taushi na musamman, suna cin namansu daga ƙasa;
- a mataki na biyu, larvae sun riga sun yi launi ja kuma zasu iya kai girman 4-4.5 mm. Zasu iya cin dukkan ganyen, su bar jijiya daya ta tsakiya;
- a mataki na uku, tsutsa tana canza launi zuwa ja-rawaya kuma ƙara tsayi zuwa 7-9 mm. Gashi a saman jikin mutane na mataki na uku sun tafi;
- a mataki na huɗu na ci gaba, ƙwayar ƙwaro irin ƙwaro ta sake canza launi - yanzu zuwa launin rawaya-lemu kuma ya girma har zuwa 16 mm. Farawa daga mataki na uku, tsutsa suna iya rarrafe daga tsirrai zuwa shuka, yayin cin abinci ba kawai ɓangaren litattafan ganyayyaki ba, har ma da harbe-harben yara, wanda hakan ke haifar da babbar illa ga shuke-shuke, da tafiyar hawainiya da ci gaban su tare da hana manoma damar girbin da ake tsammani.
Duk matakai hudu na ci gaba na ƙwayar dankalin turawa na ƙwaro na ɗanɗano na ƙarshe na kusan makonni 3, bayan haka ya zama pupa. "Manya" larvae suka yi rarrafe cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin 10 cm, inda suke pupate. Pupa yawanci hoda ne ko lemo-mai-ruwan lemo. Tsawon lokacin pupa ya dogara da yanayin. Idan mai dumi ne a waje, to bayan kwana 15-20, sai ya zama babban kwari wanda yake rarrafe zuwa saman. Idan yana da sanyi, to wannan aikin na iya ragewa sau 2-3.
Abokan gaba na Colorado dankalin turawa da ƙwaro
Photo: Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro
Babban abokan gaba na ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado sune kwaro mai haɗari (Perillus bioculatus) da podizus (Podisus maculiventris). Bugwari masu girma, har ma da tsutsa, suna cin ƙwai na ƙwaro na Colorado. Hakanan, gagarumar gudummawa ga yaƙi da kwaro ana samun sa ta ƙudaje masu dorophagous, waɗanda suka dace da sa ƙwayarsu a jikin Colorado.
Abun takaici, wadannan kwari sun fi son yanayi mai dumi da taushi, saboda haka basa rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi na Turai da Asiya. Hakanan, sanannun kwarin da ke cikin gida suna cin ƙwai da ƙananan larvae na potarren dankalin turawa na Colorado: ƙwaro na ƙasa, 'yan mata, lacewing beetles.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa masana kimiyya da yawa sun yi imanin cewa nan gaba a cikin yaƙi da kwari na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, gami da ƙwayoyin Colorado, ba na sinadarai ba ne, amma daidai ne ga maƙiyansu na halitta, tunda wannan hanyar ta dabi'a ce kuma ba ta haifar da mummunar illa ga mahalli.
Wasu gonakin gargajiya suna amfani da turkeys da dabbobin daji don sarrafa ƙwarin dankalin turawa na Colorado. Wadannan kaji suna da matukar son cin manya da kwarkwata, tunda wannan fasalin jinsin ne, kuma sun saba dasu da irin wannan abincin tun daga kwanakin farko na rayuwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro a Rasha
Shekaru dari da rabi bayan ganowa da bayanin, mazaunin gandun daji na dankalin turawa na Colorado ya fadada fiye da sau dubu biyu. Kamar yadda kuka sani, ƙwaro dankalin turawa shine babban kwaro na shukar dankalin turawa ba kawai a cikin manyan kamfanonin noma ba, har ma da ƙananan gonaki, har ma da gonaki masu zaman kansu. Saboda wannan dalili, har ma ga kowane mazaunin rani, tambayar ta yadda za a kawar da ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado koyaushe yana dacewa. Yaki da Colorado na buƙatar ƙoƙari sosai.
Zuwa yau, ana amfani da nau'in kwari iri biyu:
- sunadarai;
- maganin jama'a.
Yawancin yankuna na dasa dankalin turawa a cikin manyan gonaki yawanci ana kula dasu tare da magungunan kwari na musamman waɗanda basa haifar da jaraba a cikin ƙwaro. Suna da tsada kuma suna da guba sosai. Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa magani na ƙarshe ya kamata a gudanar ba daɗewa ba kafin makonni 3 kafin girbi, tun da gubobi masu haɗari suna tarawa cikin tubers dankalin turawa. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, wakilai masu kula da nazarin halittu sun fito don ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado. Irin waɗannan kwayoyi ba sa tarawa a cikin harbe da tubers. Babban hasara na wannan hanyar sarrafawa shine buƙatar tsananin bin lambar da tazarar maganin. Don cimma nasarar da ake so, ya zama dole a yi aƙalla jiyya guda uku tare da tazarar daidai mako ɗaya.
Ya kamata a yi amfani da sunadarai (magungunan kwari, aikin nazarin halittu) ƙwarai bin umarnin, waɗanda koyaushe ake buga su a kan marufi, bin wasu dokoki kuma koyaushe suna amfani da kayan aikin sirri. Don masu lambu, manoma da kamfanonin noma ba sa shan wahala daga maganin kwari, masu kiwo sun yi shekaru suna aiki don haɓaka iri-iri da dankalin turawa da sauran kwanukan dare waɗanda ke jure wa ƙwarin dankalin turawa na Colorado. Haka kuma, wannan ma'aunin na iya dogara ne da wasu dalilai - ka'idojin kulawa, dandanon ganye, da sauransu. Masana kimiyya sun riga sun yanke shawara game da wannan batun a wannan lokacin.
Sami nau'ikan da ba sa ci ko kaɗan Colorado irin ƙwaro, masu kiwo ba su yi nasara ba tukuna, amma tuni mun iya magana game da wasu dalilai na mutum na juriya. Ba ƙaramar rawar da ake takawa a cikin wannan ba ana amfani da shi ne ta hanyar sauyin halittar juzu'i, lokacin da aka shigar da jinsin wani cikin kwayar halittar wata kwayar halitta, wacce ke sauya sauƙin kamuwa da cuta, kwari, da kuma tasirin mummunan yanayi. Koyaya, kwanan nan a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, abokan adawar GMOs suna ta gwagwarmaya da ƙwazo a cikin wannan yanki, idan an gudanar da su, ba a tallata su sosai.
Ranar bugawa: 05.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/24/2019 a 20:21
