Tsuntsun Puffin wata kyakkyawar dabbar arctic wacce bayyana da motsin ta suka zama abin dariya. A ƙasa, yana motsawa, yana riƙe da jikinsa a tsaye, yana sake tsara gajeren ƙafafunsa. Lokacin da tsuntsun ya shigo domin sauka, sai ya murza karamin fikafikansa, yana kokarin tsayawa a cikin iska, sannan ya mike kafafuwansa kamar kayan saukowa, ya taka musu birki. Puffins suna zaune a cikin yankuna kuma suna da sha'awar tsuntsaye waɗanda zasu iya yin pirouettes ba zato ba tsammani a cikin jirgin.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: tsuntsun tsuntsu
Puffin nau'in tsuntsayen teku ne da aka samo a cikin tsarin Charadriiformes kuma na dangin auks ne (Alcidae). Puffin na Atlantika shine nau'in jinsin halittar Fratercula da ake samu a Tekun Atlantika. Wasu nau'ikan halittu guda biyu ana samun su a arewa maso gabashin Pacific: puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) da Ipatka (Fratercula corniculata), na baya shine dangi na kusa da Puffin na Atlantic. Rhinoceros puffin (C. monocerata) da puffins na Atlantika suma suna da nasaba sosai. An samo burbushin dangi wanda ya mutu kusa da shi - tsuntsu Fratercula dowi, wanda ke zaune a Pleistocene.
Bidiyo: Puffin Bird
Sunan jumla Fratercula ya fito ne daga kalmomin Latin na da Fratercula (monk), kamar yadda launin bakin da fari na gashin fuka-fuki yayi kama da riguna na zuhudu. Takamaiman sunan arctica ya fito daga Girkanci ἄρκτος ("arktos"), beyar kuma yana nufin tauraron Ursa Major. Sunan Rashanci "ƙarshen ƙarshe" - yana nuna babban bakin gashin fuka-fukan kuma ya fito ne daga kalmar "bebe".
Akwai nau'ikan tallafi guda uku da aka yarda dasu gaba ɗaya:
- F. arctica arctica;
- F. arctica naumanni;
- F. arctica grabae.
Bambancin yanayin halittu kawai tsakanin su shine sigogin su. Tsawon jiki + girman baki + tsawon reshe, wanda ke ƙaruwa a manyan latitude. Misali, wani jirgin ruwa daga arewacin Iceland (nau'ikan F. a. Naumanii) nauyinsu yakai 650 g kuma yana da fikafika tsawon 186 mm, yayin da wakilin tsibirin Faroe (nau'ikan F. Grabae) yana da nauyin 400 g da kuma wani fiffike tsawon 158 mm. Mutane daga kudancin Iceland (ƙananan ƙungiyoyi F. arctica) suna matsakaici tsakanin su.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Tsuntsun tsuntsun Arewa
An gina puffin na Atlantic da ƙarfi, tare da babban wuya, gajere fuka-fuki da jela. Tsayinsa daga 28 zuwa 30 cm ne daga ƙarshen bakinsa mai kauri zuwa wutsiyar wutsiya. Fuka-fukan sun fara daga 49 zuwa 63 cm Namiji galibi ya fi na mace girma, amma suna da launi iri ɗaya. Gaban goshi da mai nape baki ne masu sheki, haka kuma baya, fukafukai da jela. Wurin baƙar fata mai yalwa a kusa da wuya. A kowane gefen kai, akwai yanki mai girma, mai kamannin lu'u-lu'u da launin launuka masu launin toka. Wadannan tabo a fuska suna bugawa zuwa wani matsayi kuma kusan suna faruwa a bayan wuya.
Bakin bakin yana kama da triangle daga gefe, amma idan aka kalleshi daga sama yana da kunkuntar. Rabin a ƙarshen launin ruwan lemo ne, rabi kuma a kai launin toka-ruwan ƙasa ne. Daidai gwargwadon adadin bakin ya bambanta da shekarun tsuntsu. A cikin mutum wanda bai balaga ba, bakinsa ba ya da fadi kamar na tsuntsun da ya balaga. Bayan lokaci, bakin yana zurfafawa, gefen sama na lankwasa, kuma wani ƙyalƙyali yana tasowa a gindinsa. Tsuntsu yana da cizo mai ƙarfi.
Gaskiya mai nishadi: Bakin bakin yana tafiya mai nisa wajen jan hankalin miji. A lokacin bazara, lokacin kiwo, wata halayyar lemu mai haske ta baki ta bayyana.
Idanun suna kallon kusan triangular a cikin sifa saboda ƙaramin yanki mai kayataccen fata mai launin shuɗi mai launin toka kusa da su da kuma wani yanki mai kusurwa huɗu a ƙasa. Arealiban launin ruwan kasa ne ko shuɗi mai raɗaɗi kuma kowannensu yana da zoben jan ɗorawa mai launin ja. Partasan ɓangaren tsuntsaye an lulluɓe shi da farin farin. A ƙarshen lokacin kiwo, lilin ɗin baƙar fata ne, ya rasa ƙarancin sa har ma ya sami launin ruwan kasa. Legsafafu gajere ne kuma an huta da kyau, suna ba tsuntsu madaidaiciya a ƙasa. Duk kafafu da manyan ƙafafun yanar gizo lemu ne masu haske sabanin ƙusoshin baƙin baki.
A ina tsuntsun puffin yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Tsuntsayen Puffin a Rasha
Yankin kiwo na wannan nau'in ya hada da gabar teku musamman tsibirin Arewacin Atlantika da kuma tekun yamma na polar. A cikin Nearctic, puffin na kiwo a gabar tekun Atlantika na Arewacin Amurka daga Labrador zuwa Maine da Greenland. Lonungiyoyin ƙauyuka mafi ƙarancin kudu a Yammacin Atlantika suna cikin Tekun Maine, arewa a tsibirin Coburg a Baffin Bay.
A cikin Turai, wannan nau'in ya samo asali ne a Iceland, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Bear Island da Novaya Zemlya, tare da gabar Murmansk har zuwa kudancin Norway, Tsibirin Faroe, Burtaniya da Ireland, da kuma yankin a bakin tekun Sweden.
Estasashen da ke cikin gida sun hada da:
- Greenland;
- Arewacin Kanada;
- Nova Scotia;
- Iceland;
- Scandinavia;
- Rasha;
- Ireland;
- arewa maso yammacin gabar Faransa.
A wajen lokacin kiwo, daga ƙarshen watan Agusta zuwa farkon Afrilu, puffins suna rayuwa ne kawai a kan manyan tekuna. Seeman puffins ɗin kamar suna warwatse a kan Tekun Atlantika, kaɗaitacce ko a ƙananan rukuni. Yanayin lokacin hunturu ya bayyana ya game dukkanin Arewacin Atlantic daga kudu zuwa Arewacin Afirka, da kuma yammacin Bahar Rum. Nyan mulkin mallaka mafi girma a cikin Rasha yana kan Ainovskie, kusa da Murmansk. Akwai ƙananan ƙauyukan tsuntsaye a kan Novaya Zemlya da kuma arewacin gabar Kola Peninsula.
Yanzu kun san inda tsuntsayen tsuntsaye na arewacin teku ke rayuwa. Bari muga me zata ci.
Menene tsuntsun puffin yake ci?
Hotuna: Tsuntsun tsuntsun teku
Abincin Puffin na Atlantika ya kunshi kusan kifin gabaɗaya, kodayake nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin ciki ya nuna cewa wani lokacin tsuntsun yana cin ciyawar shrimp, sauran ɓawon burodi, molluscs da tsutsotsi masu yawa, musamman a cikin ruwan bakin ruwa. Lokacin kamun kifi, puffin na iyo a karkashin ruwa, ta yin amfani da fikafikan sa masu tsawo a matsayin jirgin ruwa don “tashi” a ƙarƙashin ruwa, da ƙafafuwan sa kamar abin kwatance. Yana iyo da sauri kuma yana iya kaiwa zurfin zurfafawa kuma ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ruwa na tsawon minti ɗaya.
Tsuntsayen suna cin ƙananan kifi har tsawon cm 18, amma abin farautar galibi ƙaramin kifi ne, tsawonsa ya kai santimita 7. Babban tsuntsu ya kamata ya ci kusan 40 a kowace rana - akasari ana amfani da eels, herring, sprats da capelin. Puffin na iya haɗiye ƙananan kifi yayin da yake ƙarƙashin ruwa, amma ana ɗauke manyan samfuran zuwa saman. Zai iya kama smallan ƙananan kifi da yawa a nutse ɗaya, yana riƙe da su a cikin bakinsa tare da murɗen tsoka, kuma yana kama wasu har sai tsawon bakin baki ya cika. Kamawa na iya zuwa kifi 30 a lokaci guda. Bukatun abinci mai gina jiki na manyan tsuntsaye sune gram 80 zuwa 100 kowace rana. A cikin mafi girman zangon, kifi shine babban abincin kaji.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin kiwo, yawancin wuraren ciyar da puffin galibi suna cikin ruwa ne na shiryayyun nahiyoyin kuma basu fi nisan kilomita goma ba daga masarautar da ke ciki. Koyaya, an sami yankuna masu rarrafe na puffins a cikin Newfoundland waɗanda suka ɗauki kifi daga nisan kilomita saba'in. Puffins na iya nitsewa har zuwa mita saba'in, amma yawanci suna samun abinci a cikin zurfin zurfin ƙasa.
An gano cewa puffins guda goma, wadanda aka yi bincikensu daidai cikin kwanaki 17 daga gabar Newfoundland, suna da zurfin zurfin zurfin mita 40 zuwa 68, kuma puffins goma da ke gefen tekun Norway suna da zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin mita 10 zuwa 45. Lokacin nutsewa a cikin kashi 80% na shari'ar ya fi ƙasa da dakika 39. Matsakaicin lokacin da tsuntsu ya kasance cikin ruwa shi ne sakan 115. Hutun da ke tsakanin nutsewa bai wuce dakika 20 ba kashi 95% na lokacin.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Tsuntsun Puffin a cikin jirgin
Puffin na Atlantic yana da jirgin kai tsaye, galibi 10 m sama da saman teku, ya fi sauran tsuntsaye yawa. Yana tafiya a tsaye, a cikin jirgi yana yin ƙarami, tsarkake sauti, kuma a yayin nesting sauti suna kama da gurnani da nishi. Puan puffins na Atlantika suna rayuwa ne su kaɗai lokacin da suke cikin teku, kuma wannan ɓangare na rayuwarsu ba shi da cikakken nazari, tun da aikin nemo aƙalla tsuntsu ɗaya a cikin babban teku yana da wahala.
Yayinda yake cikin teku, jirgin ruwa na tekun Atlantika yana ta shawagi kamar abin toshewa, yana motsawa da kaifin kafafuwa masu karfi ta cikin ruwa kuma yana kiyaye kansa cikin iska, koda lokacin da yake hutawa kuma a bayyane yake yana bacci. Yana bata lokaci mai yawa a tsaftace kullun don kiyaye gashinsa. Fananan fikafinsa sun bushe kuma suna ba da rufin zafi.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Kamar sauran tsuntsayen teku, dutsen samansa baƙi ne kuma ƙananan laburan fari ne. Wannan yana ba da kariya kamar yadda masu farautar iska ba za su iya ganinsa ba a cikin duhu, ruwa mai duhu, kuma maharan da ke cikin jirgin ba sa lura da tsuntsu lokacin da ya haɗu da sama mai haske a sama da raƙuman ruwa.
Lokacin da ƙarshen mutuwa ya tashi, sai ya buɗe fukafukansa sosai kafin ya tashi sama. Girman fikafikan an daidaita shi don yin amfani dashi biyu, duka sama da ƙasa da ruwa, yanayin samansa ƙarami ne idan aka kwatanta da nauyin tsuntsu. Don kula da tashi, fikafikan sun doke da sauri cikin sauri sau da yawa a dakika daya. Tsuntsun yana tashi tsaye kai tsaye kasa da saman ruwa kuma yana iya yin tafiyar kilomita 80 a awa daya.
Saukarwa ba shi da kyau, ko dai ya faɗo cikin raƙuman ruwa, ko kuma ya faɗi a kan cikin ruwan sanyi. Yayinda yake cikin teku, dusar ƙanƙara ta Atlantic ta narke. Yana zub da gashinsa gaba daya a tashi guda kuma ba tare da ya tashi wata daya ko biyu ba. Yunkurin yana yawan faruwa tsakanin Janairu zuwa Maris, amma ƙananan tsuntsaye na iya rasa gashinsu jim kaɗan.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: pairayan matattu sun ƙare
Isowa zuwa masarautar daga farkon ne zuwa tsakiyar watan Afrilu, a cikin Tekun Arewacin, masu zuwa suna bambanta sosai dangane da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara. Tsuntsaye sun isa wurin kiwo tuni sun dace. Balaga da jima'i a cikin tsuntsaye na faruwa shekaru 3 - 5. Puffins suna rayuwa ne ta hanyar yanayi daya, kuma yawancin ma'aurata sun kasance tare tun shekarar data gabata. Ruwan kwafi yana faruwa ne kawai akan ruwa. Bayan kamala, abokai a hankali suna iyo a kusa da juna.
Yawancin lokaci yawancin ramuka ne da aka haƙa. Ba da daɗewa ba, amma ya dogara da filin, ana kama kaburburan daga wasu dabbobi. Wasu lokuta ana shirya broods a cikin dutsen dutsen kwance ko tsakanin manyan duwatsu. Ana shigar da mashigar kogon ta hanyar namiji, mace tanada kayan cikin kogon. Ana fitar da ramuka ta bakin baki, yawancin kayan ana fitar da su ta hanun kafa. Kogon yana da matsakaicin tsayi daga 0.75 zuwa 1.50 m, da ƙyar ya kai mita 3. Buɗewar yana da faɗin 30-40 cm, diamita mai wucewa kusan 12.5 cm, kuma ɗakin gida yana da diamita daga 30 zuwa 40 cm.
Maza suna zama tare da mata a duk lokacin kiwo, kuma sau da yawa nau'i-nau'i sukan zauna a waje da kabarin. Ana sanya ƙwai tsakanin Yuni zuwa Yuli kuma yawanci yawanci kwai ɗaya ne kawai a kowane biyu. Qwai suna zagaye, farare, galibi suna da launin ruwan kasa. Duk iyayen sun ba da kwai ta hanyar sanya kwai a ƙarƙashin reshe ɗaya kuma suna dogaro da shi tare da jikinsu. Shiryawa yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 42. Kaji suna buƙata daga kwanaki 36 zuwa 50 don ɗumbin ruwa, tsawon wannan lokacin ya dogara da yawan abinci. A wannan lokacin, kajin za su kai kimanin kashi 75% na girmansu.
A 'yan kwanakin da suka gabata a karkashin kasa, kajin na zubar da kwalarta kuma ana samun dutsen da yara. Bean ƙaramin baki, ƙafafu da ƙafafunsa duhu ne masu launi, kuma ba shi da fararen faci a fuskarsa. Daga karshe kajin yakan bar gidansa da dare lokacin da hadarin farauta ya yi kadan. Yana fitowa daga kabarinsa da daddare ya gudu zuwa teku. Ba zai iya tashi sama ba har yanzu, don haka saukowa daga dutsen yana da haɗari. Lokacin da kajin ya isa ruwa, sai ya shiga teku kuma yana iya zama kilomita 3 daga gabar zuwa wayewar gari.
Abokan gaba na tsuntsayen puffin
Hotuna: tsuntsun puffin
Tsuntsu ya fi aminci a teku. Yana yiwuwa sau da yawa a lura da yadda puffin ke manne kansa a ƙarƙashin mahimmin don ganin idan akwai masu farauta a kusa. Sananne ne tabbatacce cewa hatimai suna kashe puffins, kuma kowane babban kifi mai farauta shima yana iya yin wannan. Yawancin yankuna suna kan ƙananan tsibirai ne, kuma wannan ba daidaituwa bane, saboda yana guje wa farautar dabbobi masu shayarwa: fox, bera, ermines, weasels, da sauransu. Amma lokacin da tsuntsaye suka zo bakin teku, har yanzu suna cikin haɗari, tunda babban barazanar daga sama take.
Masu farautar Puffin na Atlantic a sama sun hada da:
- gullun teku (L. marinus);
- babban skua (Stercorarius skua).
Kazalika da wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan masu girman kamanni da zasu iya kamun tsuntsaye a tashi ko afkawa tsuntsayen da basa iya tserewa da sauri a ƙasa. Gano haɗari, ffan puffins suna tashi sama suna tashi zuwa teku ko ja da baya zuwa cikin kabarinsu, amma idan an kama su, suna da ƙarfin kare kansu da bakinsu da ƙafafun kaifi. Lokacin da puffins ke zagaye kusa da duwatsu, yana da matukar wahala mai farautar ya maida hankali kan tsuntsu daya ya kamo su, yayin da mutanen da ke keɓe a ƙasa suke cikin haɗarin gaske.
Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: Ticks na Ixodid da fleas (Ornithopsylla laetitiae) an samo su a cikin gidajen puffin. Sauran nau'ikan flea da aka samo a cikin tsuntsaye sun hada da C. borealis, C. gallinae, C. garei, C. vagabunda, da kuma ƙuma na gama gari S. cuniculi.
Speciesananan jinsunan gull kamar su herring gull (L. argentatus) da wuya su buga ƙwangaren babba. Suna wucewa ta cikin mulkin mallaka suna tattara ƙwai, ko ƙyanƙyashe kajin da suka yi nisa da nesa daga gida zuwa hasken rana. Waɗannan kwalliyar kuma suna satar kifi daga puffins waɗanda suka dawo don ciyar da yaransu. A wuraren da puffin da Arctic Skua (S. parasiticus) suke tare-gida ɗaya, na biyun ya zama mai farautar ƙasar. A cikin iska, yana zaluntar ƙarshen matattu, yana tilasta su jefa ganima, wanda sai ya kwace.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Tsuntsun tsuntsun Arewa
An kiyasta girman yawan mutanen duniya zuwa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa 14 waɗanda suka balaga. An kiyasta yawan mutanen Turai akan 4,770,000 - 5,780,000 nau'i-nau'i, wanda yayi daidai da 9,550,000 - 11,600,000 manyan mutane. Turai tana da kashi 90% na ƙarshen mutuwa, don haka raguwar da aka tsara yana da mahimmancin duniya. Ba a san yanayin yau da kullun a cikin yawan Yammacin Atlantika ba. Zai yiwu cewa raguwar gabaɗaya zai iya kaiwa zangon 30 - 49% a cikin ƙarni uku.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana tsammanin lambobin Puffin suna raguwa cikin sauri sakamakon dumbin sakamako na kazamin rikici, gurbatar muhalli, karancin abinci sakamakon lalacewar kamun kifi da mutuwar tsuntsayen da suka balaga a cikin raga.
Adadin ffan puffins ya ƙaru a ƙarshen karni na 20 a cikin Tekun Arewa, gami da Tsibirin May da Tsibirin Farne, inda adadin mutane ya ƙaru da kusan 10% a kowace shekara. A lokacin kiwo na 2013, an rubuta kusan nau'i-nau'i 40,000 a Tsibirin Farne, ɗan ƙarami daga shekarar 2008. Wannan adadin ya yi ƙasa da na ƙasashen Icelandic da ke da nau'i-nau'i nau'i-nau'i miliyan biyar.
A tsibirin Westmand, tsuntsaye sun kusan bacewa saboda yawan farauta tun 1900 kuma an gabatar da haramcin shekaru 30. Lokacin da jama'a suka warke, an yi amfani da wata hanyar ta daban kuma ana ci gaba da farauta a matakin ci gaba. Tun shekara ta 2000, an sami raguwa sosai a cikin puffins a Iceland, Norway, tsibirin Faroe da Greenland. An lura da irin wannan yanayin a Kingdomasar Ingila, inda aka sauya ci gaban da ya gabata. Tsuntsun Puffin a hankali yana barin Turai, an kiyasta yawan jama'arta zai ragu da 50 - 79% a lokacin 2020 - 2065.
Ranar bugawa: 23.06.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/23/2019 a 21:19
