Kudancin Amurka harp Shine ɗayan manyan mafarauta a duniya. Halinsu mara tsoro zai iya tsoratar da tsoro cikin zukatan yawancin jinsuna a mazauninsu. A saman sarkar abinci, wannan dabbar ta farauta tana da ikon farautar dabbobi masu girman girman birai da rago. Babban fuka-fukan tsawan mitoci 2, manyan fika da ƙaton bakin amurka na Kudancin Amurka sun sa tsuntsu yayi kama da muguwar kashe sama. Amma a bayan mummunan bayyanar wannan halittar mai ban mamaki mahaifi mai kulawa wanda ke gwagwarmayar wanzuwarsa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hoto: Kudancin Amurka Harpy
Takamaiman sunan garayar ta fito ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci "ἅρπυια" kuma tana nufin tatsuniyoyin Girkawa na da. Waɗannan halittun suna da jiki kama da mikiya mai fuskar mutum kuma suka ɗauki matattu zuwa Hades. Sau da yawa ana kiran tsuntsaye masu dinosaur kamar yadda suke da tarihi na musamman wanda ya faro tun zamanin dinosaur din. Duk tsuntsayen zamani sun samu asali ne daga dabbobi masu rarrafe na tarihi. Archeopteryx, halittar dabba mai rarrafe wacce ta rayu a Duniya kusan mil 150. shekarun baya, ya zama ɗayan mahimman hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo masu bayyana juyin halittar tsuntsaye.
Masu rarrafe masu kama da tsuntsaye na farko suna da hakora da farce, da sikeli masu fuka-fukai a gabobinsu da jelarsu. A sakamakon haka, wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe sun zama tsuntsaye. Masu farautar zamani waɗanda ke cikin gidan Accipitridae sun samo asali ne a farkon zamanin Eocene. Masu farautar farko sun kasance ƙungiyar masu kamawa da masunta. Bayan lokaci, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun yi ƙaura zuwa wurare daban-daban kuma suka haɓaka gyare-gyare wanda ya ba su damar rayuwa da bunƙasa.
Bidiyo: Kudancin Amurka Harpy
Linnaeus ne ya fara bayyana harbin Kudancin Amurka a shekarar 1758 da Vultur harpyja. Memba kawai daga jinsi Harpia, harbi, shine mafi kusancin alaƙa da gaggafa da aka dasa (Morphnus guianensis) da New Guinea mikiya (Harpyopsis novaeguineae), waɗanda ke cikin gidan Harpiinae a cikin babban gidan Accipitridae. Dangane da tsarin kwayoyin halittar mitochondrial biyu da intron nukiliya daya.
Masana kimiyya Lerner da Mindell (2005) sun gano cewa dangin Harpia, Morphnus (Crested Eagle) da Harpyopsis (New Guinea Harpy Eagle) suna da kamanni iri ɗaya kuma suna yin takamammen tsari. A da anyi tunanin cewa gaggawar Filipino ma tana da kusanci sosai da garayar Amurka ta Kudu, amma binciken DNA ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da wani ɓangare na dangin dabbobi masu cin nama, watau Circaetinae.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Kudancin Amurka mai tsuntsun harbi
Maza da mata na harbe-harben Kudancin Amurka suna da lada iri ɗaya. Suna da fuka-fukai masu launin shuɗi ko shuɗi a bayansu da farin ciki. Kan yana da launin toka-toka, tare da ɗamarar baki a kirji wanda ya raba shi da farin ciki. Dukansu jinsi biyu suna da maɗauri biyu a bayan kawunansu. Mata na wannan nau'in suna da saurin rarrabewa, yayin da suke girma ninki biyu kamar na maza.
Harpy yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan gaggafa. Mikiya a teku ita ce kawai nau'in da ya girma fiye da garayu na Kudancin Amurka. A cikin daji, mata masu girma za su iya yin nauyi zuwa kilogiram 8-10, yayin da maza suke da nauyin kilogram 4-5. Tsuntsu na iya rayuwa a daji tsawon shekaru 25 zuwa 35. Ita ce ɗayan manyan mikiya a duniya, tsawonta ya kai cm 85-105. Wannan ita ce ta biyu mafi tsayi bayan gaggafa ta Philippines.
Kamar yawancin masu farauta, harbi yana da gani na musamman. Idanun sun kunshi ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar jiki waɗanda ke ba da damar gano ganima daga nesa. Har ila yau ana amfani da harry ta Kudancin Amurka tare da sauraro mai kyau. Ana inganta ji ta gashin fuka-fukan fuska wanda ke samar da faifai a kunnen ta. Wannan fasalin ya zama gama gari a tsakanin mujiya. Siffar ayyukan faifan yana yin sauti kai tsaye a cikin kunnuwan tsuntsaye, yana ba shi damar jin ƙaramin motsi a kusa da ita.
Kafin shigowar mutum, harbin Amurka ta Kudu wata halitta ce mai matukar nasara, mai iya lalata manyan dabbobi ta hanyar lalata ƙasusuwan su. Ci gaban ƙafafu masu ƙarfi da gajerun fikafikai suna ba shi damar farauta cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa. Amma garayar ba ta da ƙanshin ƙanshi, ya dogara da gani da ji. Bugu da ƙari, idanunsu masu matukar damuwa ba sa aiki sosai da dare. Masu bincike sunyi imanin cewa har ma mutane suna da kyakkyawan hangen nesa idan aka kwatanta da ita.
A ina ne kudancin Amurka yake rayuwa?
Hoto: Kudancin Amurka Harpy
Matsakaicin nau'ikan jinsunan ya fara ne a kudancin Mexico (a baya arewacin Veracruz, amma yanzu, mai yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin jihar Chiapas), inda tsuntsu ya kusan ƙare. Acrossari a ƙetaren Tekun Caribbean zuwa Amurka ta Tsakiya zuwa Colombia, Venezuela da Guiana a gabas da kudu ta gabashin Bolivia da Brazil zuwa arewa maso gabashin Argentina. A cikin gandun dazuzzuka, suna rayuwa ne a cikin ɓarnataccen tsari. Gaggafa ta fi zama ruwan dare a cikin Brazil, inda ake samun tsuntsuyen a duk ƙasar, ban da wasu sassan Panama. Wannan nau'in ya kusan bacewa a Amurka ta Tsakiya bayan sare dazuzzuka mafi yawan dazuzzuka.
Harshen Kudancin Amurka yana rayuwa a cikin gandun daji mai dausayi na wurare masu zafi kuma ana iya samun sa a cikin babban rufi, a cikin tsaunuka da tsaunuka har zuwa mita 2000. Galibi ana samunsa a ƙasa da mita 900, kuma a wasu lokutan ma kawai ya fi hakan. A cikin dazuzzuka masu zafi, garayu na Kudancin Amurka suna farauta a cikin alfarwa kuma wani lokacin a ƙasa. Ba a same su a wuraren murfin itace mai sauƙi ba, amma koyaushe suna ziyartar gandun daji / wuraren kiwo a yayin farautar farauta. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna tashi zuwa wuraren da ake yin cikakken gandun daji.
Ana samun garayu a wurare daban-daban:
- serrado;
- kaatinga;
- buriti (winding mauritius);
- dabino;
- gonaki da birane.
Harwayoyi suna da damar rayuwa na ɗan lokaci a cikin keɓaɓɓun yankunan gandun daji na farko, zaɓaɓɓun gandun daji, da kuma a yankunan da ke da fewan manyan bishiyoyi, idan za su iya guje wa biyewa da samun isassun ganima. Wannan nau'in ba safai ake samun sa a sarari ba. Pidaya ba su da hankali sosai, amma abin mamaki ba a ganuwa duk da girman su.
Menene garayar Amurka ta Kudu ta ci?
Hoto: Kudancin Amurka harbi a yanayi
Yana ciyarwa galibi a kan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ciki har da zage-zage, birai, armadillos da barewa, manyan tsuntsaye, ƙadangare da wasu lokuta macizai. Tana farauta a cikin dazuzzuka, wani lokacin a gefen kogin, ko yin gajeren tashi daga bishiya zuwa bishiya tare da laulayin ban mamaki, nema da sauraron ganima.
- Meziko: Suna ciyar da manyan iguanas, birai gizo-gizo wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankin. Indiyawan cikin gida sun kira wadannan garayu "faisaneros" saboda suna farautar guanas da capuchins;
- Belize: Ganima mai yawan gaske a cikin Belize ta hada da akusuwa, birai, dawa da dawakai masu ruwan toka;
- Panama: Ruwa, kanana da aladu, birai, macawa da sauran manyan tsuntsaye. Harpiyar ta ci gawar sloth a wuri guda na kwana uku, sannan ta matsar da ita zuwa wani wuri bayan an rage nauyin jikin wanda aka azabtar da shi sosai;
- Ecuador: dabbobi masu shayarwa, birai masu ja. Mafi yawan nau'ikan ganima sune taushi, macawa, guanas;
- Peru: birai na squirrel, birai masu jan ja, masu hawa uku-uku;
- Guyana: kinkajou, birai, sloths, posum, saki mai fari, coati da agouti;
- Brasilia: birai masu jan ja, manyan birai kamar su capuchins, saki, slth, calves, macaya hyacinth da caryams;
- Argentina: Cinye margais (kuliyoyi masu dogon lokaci), baƙar fata, baƙuwar dwarf da kayan ɗamara.
An bayar da rahoton hare-hare kan dabbobi ciki har da kaji, da raguna, da awaki da aladu matasa, amma wannan ba safai ake samun sa ba a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. Su ke kula da yawan biri, wanda ke cin karensu ba babbaka kuma zai iya haifar da wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan halittar.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Kudancin Amurka Harpy
Wasu lokuta garayu suna zama masu farauta. Irin wannan galibi ana samun sa a cikin masu cin gandun daji. A cikin garayu na Kudancin Amurka, wannan yana faruwa yayin da suke zaune a cikin ganyayyaki kuma suna kallo na dogon lokaci daga tsawo kan jikin ruwa inda dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa ke zuwa shan ruwa. Ba kamar sauran masu farautar girman su ba, garayu suna da ƙananan fikafukai da doguwar jela. Wannan karbuwa ne wanda zai bawa babban tsuntsu damar juyawa ta hanyan tafiyarsa ta hanyar ciyawar dazuzzuka.
Haruffa ta Kudancin Amurka ita ce mafi ƙarfi a cikin dukkanin tsuntsayen ganima. Da zaran an ga abin farauta, sai ta tashi zuwa gare shi da sauri da sauri kuma ta afka wa abin farautar, ta kankame kokon kanta a gudun da ya wuce kilomita 80 / h. Sannan, ta amfani da manyan ƙusoshin hannu, tana murƙushe ƙwan kan wanda aka azabtar, nan take ta kashe shi. Yayin farautar manyan dabbobi, ba lallai bane su farauta kowace rana. Yawancin lokaci gaggafa na komawa gida zuwa gida tare da abin farautarta kuma tana ciyarwa na 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa a cikin gida.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin mummunan yanayi, garaya na iya rayuwa ba tare da abinci ba har tsawon mako guda.
Tsuntsaye suna sadarwa ta amfani da sautunan murya. Sau da yawa ana iya jin ƙara mai ƙarfi lokacin da garaya tana kusa da gidansu. Maza da mata sukan yi amfani da waɗannan sautikan rawar don ci gaba da tuntuɓar su yayin da suke shagaltar tarbiyya. Kaji suna fara amfani da waɗannan sautunan tsakanin ranakun 38 zuwa 40.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Kudancin Amurka harbi chick
Kidan Amurka ta kudu sun fara neman abokin aure tsakanin shekaru 4 zuwa 5. Maza da mata na wannan nau'in suna rayuwarsu tare da abokin tarayya ɗaya. Da zaran ma'auratan suka haɗu, sai su fara neman wuraren da za su yi nesting.
Ana yin gida gida a tsayin sama da mita 40. Ana yin ginin ne tare ta hanyar hawa biyu. Kuruyoyin Amurka ta Kudu suna kama rassan da ƙafafunsu masu ƙarfi kuma suna fika fikafikansu, suna sa reshen ya karye. Waɗannan rassan sai su koma wurin shaƙatawa kuma su yi layi ɗaya don gina babbar gida. Matsakaicin gida mai harbi yana da diamita na 150-200 cm da zurfin mita 1.
Gaskiya mai Nishadi: Wasu ma'aurata na iya yin gida-gida sama da daya a rayuwarsu, yayin da wasu kuma suka zabi gyara da sake amfani da wannan gida sau da yawa.
Da zaran an shirya gidajansu, mahaifa yakan faru, kuma bayan aan kwanaki mace takanyi manyan ƙwai ƙyalle masu kodadde 2. Incubation yana faruwa ne da mace, tunda namiji karami ne. A wannan lokacin, maza kan yi mafi yawan farauta kuma su shirya kwai don wani kankanin lokaci, lokacin da mace ta huta don ciyarwa. Lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 55. Da zaran ɗayan ƙwayayen biyu sun ƙyanƙyashe, sai ma'auratan su yi biris da ƙwan na biyu kuma suka koma ga renon ɗa sabon haihuwa.
An watannin farko bayan ƙyanƙyashe, mace tana yin mafi yawan lokuta a cikin gida, yayin da namiji ke farauta. Kajin yana cin abinci da yawa, yayin da yake girma da sauri kuma yana ɗaukar fuka-fuki yana ɗan wata 6. Koyaya, farauta yana buƙatar ƙwarewar ƙwarewa mafi girma, wanda aka inganta a farkon farkon shekarun rayuwarta. Manya suna ciyar da ƙaramin shekara ɗaya ko biyu. Hararafukan Matasa na Kudancin Amurka suna rayuwa ta kadaici don fewan shekaru kaɗan.
Abokan gaba na garayu na Amurka ta Kudu
Hoto: Kudancin Amurka Harpy a jirgin
Tsuntsayen da suka manyanta suna a saman sarkar abinci kuma ba safai ake farautar su ba. Ba su da kusan masu cin nama a cikin daji. Koyaya, jaguar da ƙaramin mai farautar, ocelot ne suka kama garaya biyu na Kudancin Amurka waɗanda aka saki cikin daji a matsayin ɓangare na shirin sake gabatarwa.
Kajin da aka sato zai iya zama mai matukar wahala ga sauran tsuntsayen masu farauta saboda kankantar su, amma a karkashin kariyar babbar uwar su, da alama kajin na iya rayuwa. Irin wannan farautar ba safai ake samu ba, tunda iyaye suna kiyaye gida gida da yankinsu. Harufar Kudancin Amurka tana buƙatar kusan kilomita 30² don isasshen farauta. Dabbobi ne na yankuna da yawa kuma zasu kori kowane nau'in gasa.
Akwai lokuta da yawa na ɓarkewa a cikin yanki tare da ayyukan ɗan adam. Yawanci ana haifar da shi ne ta hanyar lalata mahalli saboda sare bishiyoyi da noma. Har ila yau, akwai rahotanni game da manoma waɗanda ke ganin garayu na Kudancin Amurka a matsayin masu haɗarin dabbobi masu haɗari don harbe su a farkon damar. A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da shirye-shiryen horo na musamman ga manoma da mafarauta don wayar da kan mutane da fahimtar mahimmancin wadannan tsuntsayen.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Kudancin Amurka mai tsuntsun harbi
Kodayake har yanzu ana samun harhar Amurka ta Kudu a cikin manyan yankuna, rarrabawa da lambobi suna raguwa koyaushe. Ana fuskantar barazanar ne da farko sakamakon asarar muhalli saboda karuwar sare bishiyoyi, kiwo da kuma noma. Hakanan, ana farautar farauta ne saboda ainihin barazanar dabbobi da kuma barazanar da ake yiwa rayuwar dan adam saboda girmanta.
Kodayake, a hakikanin gaskiya, ba a rubuta gaskiyar mutanen farauta ba, kuma a cikin al'amuran da ba safai ba ne suke farautar dabbobi. Irin wannan barazanar ta bazu a cikin dukkaninninta, a cikin wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci wanda tsuntsu ya zama ɗan kallo ne na ɗan lokaci. A cikin Brazil, an kusan lalata su kuma ana samun su ne kawai a cikin yankuna masu nisa na Tekun Amazon.
Kimanin yawan mutane na 2001 a farkon lokacin kiwo mutane 10,000-100,000 ne. Kodayake ya kamata a lura cewa wasu masu lura na iya ƙididdigar yawan mutane ba daidai ba kuma ƙara yawan mutane zuwa dubun dubbai. Imididdiga a cikin wannan zangon sun dogara ne akan zato cewa har yanzu akwai babban adadin garayu a cikin Amazon.
Tun daga tsakiyar 1990s, an samo harbi a adadi mai yawa a cikin yankin Brazil kawai a arewacin mashigin tsakiya. Bayanan kimiyya daga 1990s, duk da haka, ya nuna cewa yawan jama'a na iya yin ƙaura.
Kiyaye paurayen Kudancin Amurka
Hotuna: Kudancin Amurka Harpy Red Book
Duk da kokarin da aka yi, raguwar yawan jama'a na ci gaba. Sanin kowa game da mahimmancin wannan nau'in yana yaduwa tsakanin mutane, amma idan ba a daina saurin sare dazuzzuka ba, manyan garayu na Kudancin Amurka na iya ɓacewa daga daji a nan gaba. Babu cikakken bayani kan yawan mutane. An kiyasta a cikin 2008 cewa ƙasa da mutane 50,000 suka rage a cikin daji.
Kimanin IUCN ya nuna cewa jinsin ya rasa kashi 45.5% na mazaunin sa a cikin shekaru 56 kacal. Don haka, Harpia harpyja an lasafta shi a matsayin "Mai Haɗari" a cikin Listididdigar Red List na IUCN na 2012. Hakanan CITES (Shafi I) yana cikin haɗari.
Adana kayan garayu na Kudancin Amurka ya dogara da kariyar mahalli don hana kaiwa matsayin haɗari. Anyi la'akari da gaggafa a cikin Mexico da Amurka ta Tsakiya, inda aka hallaka shi a cikin yawancin zangon sa. Anyi la'akari da cewa yana cikin haɗari ko rauni a cikin yawancin yankin Kudancin Amurka. A yankin kudu na kewayonsa, a Ajantina, ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin dazukan kwarin Paraná a lardin Misiones. Ya ɓace daga El Salvador kuma kusan daga Costa Rica.
Kudancin Amurka harp mai matukar mahimmanci ga tsarin halittu na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Ceto yawan jama'a na iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye yawancin nau'ikan wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke raba mazauninsu. Wadannan mahautan suna kula da yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa a dazuzzuka, wanda hakan zai baiwa ciyayi damar bunkasa. Bayyanar da harbi na Kudancin Amurka na iya shafar mummunan yanayin yanayin yanayin wurare masu zafi na Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka.
Ranar bugawa: 05/22/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 20.09.2019 a 20:46
