Adelie Penguin halitta ta musamman. Kowa ya girgiza da irin dariyar da suke yi daga mirgina daga tafin hannu zuwa tafin hannu da taɗa fikafikan su a gefunan su. Kuma dunƙulen dunƙulen kajin da iyayensu, suna zamewa a kan kankara, kamar a kan siririn, suna da kyan gani musamman. Rayuwar pengeins na Adélie a Antarctica ce ta ingiza masu wasan kwaikwayo na Jafanawa da Soviet don ƙirƙirar katun na Kasadar Lolo the Penguin da Farin Ciki.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Adelie Penguin
Adélie penguin (a Latin an sanya shi a matsayin Pygoscelis adeliae) tsuntsu ne wanda ba ya tashi sama wanda ke cikin tsarin penguins. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna daya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu guda uku na Pygoscelis. Mitochondrial da DNA na nukiliya sun nuna cewa jinsin ya rabu da wasu jinsunan penguin kimanin shekaru miliyan 38 da suka wuce, kimanin shekaru miliyan 2 bayan kakannin jinsin Aptenodytes. Hakanan, sabun Adélie penguins sun rabu da sauran membobin jinsi kimanin shekaru miliyan 19 da suka gabata.
Bidiyo: Adelie Penguin
Mutane na farko na penguins sun fara ɓoyewa kimanin shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata. Kakanninsu sun rasa ikon yin sama a sama kuma suka zama masu ninkaya da yawa. Kasusuwan tsuntsayen sun zama masu nauyi, wanda ke taimakawa wajen nitsewa sosai. Yanzu waɗannan tsuntsaye masu ban dariya "suna tashi" ƙarƙashin ruwa.
An fara gano burbushin Penguin a 1892. Kafin hakan, masana kimiyya sun ɗauka cewa waɗannan halittu masu banƙyama tare da ƙaramin fikafikai tsuntsaye ne na farko waɗanda ba sa iya sarrafa tashi. Daga nan sai asalin bayanin ya bayyana: kakannin penguins - tsuntsayen da keel mai ƙyalli - ƙwararrun ƙwararrun matatun mai.
Penguins na farko sun bayyana a Antarctica kimanin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata. A lokaci guda, yawancin jinsuna suna rayuwa a gabar tekun kuma suna rayuwa ta musamman ta rayuwar duniya. Daga cikinsu akwai ƙattai na gaske, alal misali, anthropornis, wanda tsayinsa ya kai cm 180. Kakanninsu ba su da abokan gaba masu haɗari a cikin daskarewa Antarctica, don haka penguins suka rasa ikon tashi, sun daidaita da yanayin ƙarancin yanayi kuma suka zama masu iyo a duniya.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Adelie Penguins a Antarctica
Adélie penguins (P. adeliae) sune mafi yawan bincike akan dukkan nau'ikan 17. An sanya musu suna ne ta Kasar Adélie, inda aka fara bayyana su a 1840 da wani masanin binciken faransanci Jules Dumont-d'Urville, wanda ya sanya wa wannan yanki na yankin Antarctic sunan matar sa Adele.
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran penguins, suna da baƙar fata da fari baki ɗaya. Koyaya, wannan sauƙin yana samar da kyamarar kamala da masu cin nama kuma yayin farautar farauta - baƙar fata a cikin zurfin teku mai duhu da farin ciki akan farfajiyar teku mai haske. Maza sun fi mata girma kaɗan kawai, musamman bakinsu. Ana amfani da tsinin baki sau da yawa don tantance jinsi.
Penguins na Adelie suna da nauyin kilogram 3.8 zuwa kilogiram 5.8 ya danganta da matakin kiwo. Matsakaiciyar su ce matsakaiciya mai tsayin 46 zuwa 71 cm Fannoni masu ban mamaki su ne farin zobe kewaye da idanuwa da fuka-fukan da ke rataye a baki. Baki mai launi ja ne. Wutsiyar ta fi ta sauran tsuntsaye tsayi. A waje, dukkan kayan suna kama da tuxedo na mutum mai mutunci. Adélie ya ɗan ƙanƙanta fiye da sanannun nau'in.
Wadannan penguins galibi suna iyo cikin saurin kusan 8.0 km / h. Zasu iya tsallakewa kimanin mita 3 daga cikin ruwa zuwa kasa kan duwatsu ko kankara. Wannan shine mafi yawan nau'in penguin.
A ina penguin Adelie yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Bird Adelie Penguin
Suna zaune ne kawai a yankin Antarctic. Suna gida a gabar tekun Antarctica da tsibirai makwabta. Yankin da ya fi yawan al'adun Adélie penguins yana cikin Tekun Ross. Rayuwa a cikin yankin Antarctic, waɗannan penguins dole su iya jure yanayin sanyin sosai. A lokacin watannin hunturu, Adélie yana zaune a manyan dandamali na kankara don samun wadataccen abinci.
Krill, mai mahimmanci a cikin abinci. Suna ciyar da kan plankton da ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin kankara a cikin teku, don haka suna zaɓar yankuna da wadataccen krill. A lokacin kiwonsu, galibi a farkon lokacin bazara da lokacin bazara, sukan yi tafiya zuwa rairayin bakin teku na bakin teku don gina gidansu a wuraren da babu kankara. Tare da samun damar buɗe ruwa a wannan yankin, ana ba manya da yara damar samun abinci kai tsaye.
Éangin Adélie penquins na yankin Ross na Antarctica suna yin ƙaura kusan kimanin kilomita 13,000 a kowace shekara, suna bin rana daga yankunan da suke zaune zuwa filayen neman hunturu da baya.
A lokacin hunturu, rana ba ta tashi kudu da Arctic Circle, amma kankarar teku tana tasowa a lokacin watannin hunturu kuma tana fadada ɗaruruwan mil daga bakin teku kuma tana motsawa zuwa wasu ƙasan arewa a ƙetaren Antarctica. Muddin penguins suna rayuwa a gefen kankara mai sauri, zasu ga hasken rana.
Lokacin da kankara ta ja baya a cikin bazara, penguins suna tsayawa a gefen har sai sun dawo kan gabar teku yayin lokacin rana. An rubuta mafi tsayi mafi tsawo a kilomita 17,600.
Menene Adelie Penguin yake ci?
Hotuna: Adelie Penguin
Suna ciyarwa galibi akan abinci mai gauraya na Euphausia superba Antarctic krill da E. crystalorophias ice krill, kodayake abincin yana canzawa zuwa ga kifi (musamman Pleuragramma antarcticum) a lokacin kiwo da squid a lokacin hunturu. Abincin ya bambanta dangane da yanayin yanayin ƙasa.
Abincin abincin penguins na Adelie ya ragu zuwa samfuran masu zuwa:
- kifin kankara;
- krill na teku;
- gwanayen kankara da sauran kayan shakatawa;
- fitilar kifi;
- haske anchovies;
- amphipods suma suna daga cikin abincin su na yau da kullun.
An gano cewa jellyfish, gami da nau'ikan halittar Chrysaora da Cyanea, ana amfani da su azaman abinci ne ta hanyar penguins na Adélie, duk da cewa a baya anyi imanin cewa kawai sun haɗiye su ne kwatsam. An samo irin wannan fifikon a wasu nau'ikan daban-daban: penguin mai rawaya mai ido da kuma Magellanic penguin. Penguins na Adelie suna tara abinci sannan kuma su sake sabunta shi don ciyar da yaransu.
A lokacin da suke nitsewa daga saman ruwa zuwa zurfin da suke samun abincinsu, masu adon dabbobi na Adélie suna amfani da saurin tafiya na 2 m / s, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin saurin da ke samar da mafi ƙarancin amfani da makamashi. Koyaya, da zarar sun isa manyan makarantun krill a gindin kwale-kwalensu, suna rage gudu don farautar ganima. Yawanci, Penguins na Adélie sun fi son krill mata masu ƙwai tare da ƙwai, waɗanda ke da haɓakar makamashi mafi girma.
Yin nazarin ragowar da suka taru a cikin yankuna a cikin shekaru 38,000 da suka gabata, masana kimiyya sun cimma matsaya cewa an sami sauyi kwatsam a cikin abincin Abun Tsubbu na Adélie. Sun sauya daga kifi a matsayin babban tushen abincin su zuwa krill. An fara shi duka kusan shekaru 200 da suka gabata. Wataƙila, wannan ya faru ne saboda raguwar lambar hatimin fur daga ƙarshen karni na 18 da kuma na baleen whales a farkon ƙarni na 20. Rage gasa daga waɗannan masanan ya haifar da rarar krill. Penguins yanzu suna amfani da shi azaman tushen abinci mai sauƙi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Adelie Penguins a Antarctica
Pygoscelis adeliae nau'in jinsin penguin ne mai matukar zamantakewar al'umma. Suna hulɗa koyaushe tare da wasu mutane a cikin ƙungiyar su ko mulkin mallaka. Adeles suna tafiya tare daga shirya kankara zuwa filayen su lokacin da lokacin kiwo ya fara. Nau'in ma'aurata suna kare gida. Adélie penguins kuma suna farauta cikin rukuni-rukuni, saboda wannan yana rage haɗarin kai hari daga masu farauta kuma yana haɓaka ingancin neman abinci.
Penguins na Adelie na iya tashi daga ruwa don yin sama da mita da yawa sama da farfajiyar kafin sake komawa cikin ruwan. Lokacin barin ruwa, penguins da sauri suna shaƙar iska. A kan ƙasa, suna iya tafiya ta hanyoyi da yawa. Penguins na Adelie suna tafiya a tsaye tare da tsalle biyu, ko kuma zasu iya zamewa akan cikin kan kankara da dusar ƙanƙara.
Za'a iya taƙaita zagayowar su na shekara-shekara akan abubuwan da suka biyo baya:
- lokacin share fage na ciyarwa a teku;
- ƙaura zuwa mulkin mallaka a watan Oktoba;
- nesting da kiwon 'ya'yan (kimanin watanni 3);
- hijira a cikin Fabrairu tare da ciyarwa akai;
- molt a kan kankara a cikin Fabrairu-Maris.
A kan doron ƙasa, kwalliyar Adélie penguins da gani suna da rauni, amma kasancewar su a cikin teku, sai su zama kamar mai wasan torpedo, suna farautar farauta a zurfin 170 m kuma suna cikin ruwa sama da minti 5. Koyaya, galibin ayyukansu na nutsuwa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin layin ruwa mai tsawon mita 50, saboda, a matsayinsu na masu farautar gani, zurfin zurfin su yana ƙaddara ne ta hanyar shigar haske cikin zurfin teku.
Wadannan penguins din suna da jerin abubuwan canzawa na ilimin lissafi dana rayuwa wanda zai basu damar tsawanta lokacinsu a karkashin ruwa, wanda sauran penguins masu kamannin girman ba zasu iya jurewa ba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Adelie Penguin Mace
Maza na Adélie penguins, suna jan hankalin mata, suna nuna bakin ƙarfe, lanƙwasa a cikin wuyansa da kuma jikin da ke tsawa zuwa cikakken girma. Hakanan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da sanarwar yanki a cikin mulkin mallaka kamar nasu. A farkon bazara, pengains na Adélie suna komawa filayen kiwo. Maza sun fara zuwa. Kowane ɗayan yana amsa wajan saduwa da juna kuma suna tafiya zuwa wurin da suka sauka a shekarar da ta gabata. Ma'aurata na iya sake haɗuwa tsawon shekaru a jere.
Inara cikin kwanakin bazara yana motsa penguins don fara lokacin ciyarwar su koyaushe don tara kitse da suke buƙata yayin lokutan kiwo da lokacin bazuwa. Tsuntsayen suna yin gidajan dutse a shirye-shiryen ƙwai biyu. Penguins na Adelie sau da yawa suna da sa twoa biyu a kowace kakar, tare da ƙwai ɗaya kwanciya jim kaɗan bayan farkon. Qwai suna kwantawa na kimanin kwanaki 36. Iyaye kanyi kwalliyar gyaran penguins matasa na tsawon makonni 4 bayan kyankyashe.
Duk iyaye biyu suna yiwa 'ya'yansu yawa. A lokacin shiryawa, maza da mata suna juyawa tare da kwan, yayin da mata na biyu “ke ciyarwa”. Da zarar kaji ya fara kyankyashe, sai manya su biyun suna neman abinci. Ana haihuwar kajin sabbin haihuwa tare da gashin tsuntsaye kuma basa iya ciyar da kansu. Makonni huɗu bayan kajin ya kyankyashe, zai haɗu da sauran yara ƙuruciya Adélie penguins don ƙarin kariya. A cikin gandun daji, har yanzu iyaye suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu kuma sai bayan kwanaki 56 a cikin gandun dajin ne yawancin Adélie penguins suke zaman kansu.
Abokan gaba na Adelie penguin
Hotuna: Adelie Penguins
Alamar damisa ita ce mafi yawan masu cutar adon Burtaniya, suna kai hari kusa da gefen dusar kankara. Alamar damisa ba matsala bace ga penguins a bakin teku saboda hatta damisar kawai tana zuwa bakin ruwa ne don bacci ko hutawa. Kungiyoyin penguins na Adelie sun koya tsallake wadannan maharban ta hanyar yin iyo a rukuni-rukuni, suna gujewa siraran kankara da kuma bata lokaci kaɗan a cikin ruwa tsakanin mita 200 daga bakin rairayin bakinsu. Whales masu kashewa galibi suna cin ganima akan manyan wakilan jinsin penguin, amma wani lokacin suna iya cin abincin dare.
Poku ta Kudu Skua na cin ƙwai da kajin da manya ba sa kula da su ko kuma aka same su a gefunan sel. Farin farin abun (Chionis albus) wani lokaci yakan iya afkawa ƙwai mara kariya. Adélie penguins na fuskantar farauta ta hatimin damisa da kifayen kifayen teku a cikin teku, da katuwar ganga da skuas a kan ƙasa.
Babban maƙiyan maƙiyan Adélie penguins sune:
- kifayen kifayen teku (Orcinus orca);
- hatimun damisa (H. leptonyx);
- Kudancin polar skuas (Stercorarius maccormicki);
- farar fata (Chionis albus);
- katuwar ɗanyen petrel (Macronectes).
Sauye-sauyen Adelie sune kyawawan alamu na canjin yanayi. Suna fara cunkoson rairayin bakin rairayin bakin teku waɗanda a baya dindindin kan lullubesu, wanda ke nuna yanayin Antarctic mai ɗumama yanayi. Lonungiyoyin mulkin mallaka na Adélie penguin sune mafi kyawu ga ecotourism a Antarctica. Daga karni na sha takwas zuwa farkon karni na ashirin, ana amfani da waɗannan penguins don abinci, mai, da kuma koto. Guano dinsu an tono shi anyi amfani dashi a matsayin taki.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Adelie Penguins
Karatun da aka yi daga wurare da dama sun nuna cewa Adélie penguin din yawan masu kwanciyar hankali ne ko masu ci gaba, amma tunda yanayin yawan mutane ya dogara ne sosai kan rarraba ruwan kankara, akwai damuwar cewa dumamar yanayi na iya shafar lambobi daga karshe. Sun mallaki yankin da babu kankara a yankin na Antarctic a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokacin noman rani.
Ayyukansu a cikin tekun yana ɗaukar kashi 90% na rayuwa kuma ya dogara da tsari da canjin canjin ruwan shekara-shekara. Wannan kwatankwacin dangantakar ana misalta ta ta jeren jigilar tsuntsaye, wanda gwargwadon iyakar ruwan kankara ke yanke shi.
Dangane da nazarin tauraron dan adam na 2014 na sabbin yankuna masu launin ruwan goano mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa: an samo nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan adélie wadanda suka kai miliyan 3.79 a cikin yankunan kiwo 251, wanda ya kai kashi 53% daga cikin kidayar shekaru 20.
An rarraba yankuna kewaye da gabar tekun Antarctic da kuma teku. Yawan jama'a a yankin Antarctic Peninsula ya ragu tun daga farkon shekarun 1980, amma wannan raguwar ya fi wanda aka kiyasta ta hanyar ƙaruwa a Gabashin Antarctica. Yayin lokacin kiwo, suna taruwa a cikin manyan yankuna kiwo, wasu da sama da rubu'in miliyan nau'i-nau'i.
Girman coan mulkin mallaka na iya bambanta da yawa, kuma wasu na iya zama masu saurin fuskantar sauyin yanayi. BirdLife International ta gano mazaunin a matsayin "Yankin Bird mai Muhimmanci". Adelie Penguin, Nau'in 751,527, an yi musu rajista a cikin ƙananan yankuna biyar. A watan Maris na 2018, an gano mulkin mallaka na miliyan 1.5.
Ranar bugawa: 05/11/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 20.09.2019 a 17:43
