Idan kun lura, to a ƙarshen Afrilu da farkon Mayu za ku iya ganin cewa ƙwaro mai ƙanƙan da kai tsaye yana fita daga ƙasa da sauri yana tashi sama zuwa sama. Ana kiran wannan kwarin Canjawa... Wannan shahararren kwaro ne wanda ke haifar da babbar illa ga yanayin aikin noma na rayuwar dan adam. Duk da wannan, ƙwarin Mayu dabba ce mai ban sha'awa da halaye da halaye irin nata.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Iya ƙwaro
Khrushch babban kwari ne mai girma. Wasu wakilan jinsin ta sun kai milimita talatin a tsayi, suna da sifa mai faɗi, baƙar fata ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. May beetles ana kiran su ƙwaro, kuma a Latin ana kiransu Melolontha. Waɗannan kwari ɓangare ne na tsarin coleoptera, suna cikin babban gidan lamellar. May beetles sun kafa asalinsu.
Bidiyo: Iya ƙwaro
Yawan mutanen ƙwari sun sami babban tsalle a lokuta daban-daban. Akwai duka faɗuwa da tashi a cikin adadin kwari. Mafi yawan jama'a sun kasance a cikin hamsin hamsin. Sannan ƙwaro ya haifar da babbar illa ga ƙasar noma da lambuna. A saboda wannan dalili, manoma sun fara amfani da magungunan ƙwari sosai don noma ƙasashensu. Da farko, wannan ya rage yawan kwari sosai, sannan ya gama dasu gaba daya. Jinsin May beetles ya sami damar dawo da wani adadi mai yawa na yawanta sai bayan tamanin, lokacin da aka hana amfani da wasu nau'ikan magungunan kashe qwari.
May beetles halittu ne masu ban mamaki. Bã su da wani sabon abu quality kamar yadda manufa. Kwarin za su tashi zuwa inda aka nufa ko da menene.
Jinsin May beetles ya isa sosai. Tana da nau'i ashirin da hudu. Waɗannan sune Melolontha aceris, Melolontha annoba, Melolontha anita da sauransu. Tara daga cikin jinsunan suna zaune a cikin ƙasar Rasha ta zamani. A hanyoyi da yawa, halayya da iyawar irin wannan ƙwaro sun yi kama da halayyar wasps na yau da kullun, ƙudan zuma. Waɗannan kwari suma sun san yadda za su tuna da ƙasa, don yin tafiya daidai a ciki. Amma wani bambanci mai mahimmanci daga ƙudan zuma, wasps shine cutarwar da ƙwaro ke haifarwa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Mai ƙwaro irin ƙwaro
Khrushches manyan kwari ne. Tsawon jikinsu ya fara daga milimita goma sha bakwai zuwa talatin da ɗaya. Jikin dabba yana da fadi, oval, wani lokacin yakan dan kara tsayi. Launin jiki yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne-ja, baƙi. Elytra yana bin surar jikin kuma yana da ƙananan haƙarƙari guda biyar. Suna iya zama masu ƙarfi ko rauni, ya danganta da nau'in.
Launi na elytra ya bambanta: ja-launin ruwan kasa, rawaya-launin ruwan kasa, tare da ɗanyen kore. Ƙwaro yana da pygidia. Ya isa babba, yana da sifa mai kusurwa uku (ba sau da yawa - m). A ƙarshe, an fadada pygidium cikin tsari. A cikin maza, aikin ya fi bayyana, tsayi, a cikin mata gajere ne.
Pygidium ba a taɓa rufe shi da fuka-fuki ba. Jiki ya ƙunshi sassa uku: ciki, kirji, kai. Ciki yana hade sosai da kirji; an kasa shi zuwa sassa takwas. Kirjin ƙwayar ƙwaro an lullubeshi da kauri, dogon gashi rawaya. Hakanan an rufe ciki da gashi mai kauri, an haɗa shi sosai da jiki. Koyaya, banda su, dogon gashi suna fitowa daga ciki. Haka kuma an rufe kafafun dabbar da gashi; gabban tibia yana da hakora biyu ko uku.
Iya ƙwaro na iya tashi sosai. Kuma wannan duk da duk dokokin aerodynamics. A kimiyance, wadannan kwari basuda abin hawa kadan da zasu tashi. Koyaya, Khrushchev na iya yin tafiyar kimanin kilomita ashirin ta jirgin sama a cikin kwana ɗaya kawai.
Jikin May beetle yana da ƙarfi sosai. Yana da fika-fikai guda biyu, kafafuwa masu kyau. A cikin duka, ƙwaro yana da ƙafa biyu na kafa. Tare da taimakonsu, ƙwaro ya dogara ga bishiyoyi, shuke-shuke, rassan. Suna kuma taimakawa wajen haƙa rami mai zurfi a cikin ƙasa. Bakin Mayun kwari yana taunawa.
A ina Mayun ƙwaro yake rayuwa?
Photo: Iya ƙwaro
Mazaunin May beetles yana da fadi sosai, yana rufe nahiyoyi da yawa.
Ya haɗa da ƙasashe masu zuwa, yankuna:
- Turai, Ukraine, Rasha;
- Asiya ta Tsakiya, Caucasus;
- Amurka, arewacin Iran, Indiya;
- China, Tibet, Japan;
- Philippines, Indochina.
Daga cikin nau'ikan ashirin da uku, yawancin jinsunan suna zaune a yankin Palaearctic. Jinsi shida ne kawai ke zaune a yankunan Kudu da Gabashin Asiya, yankin Indomalayan, tsibiran da ke tsakanin Australia da Asiya. Ana samun adadi mai yawa na nau'in beetles a kan yankin Tarayyar Rasha, ƙasashen CIS. Jinsuna tara suna zaune a wurin: Melolontha hippocastani, Melolontha clypeata, Melolontha kraatzi, Melolontha aceris, Melolontha melolontha, Melolontha permira, Melolontha tortta, Melolontha pectoralis, Melolontha gussakovskii.
Ga ƙasashen Arewacin Amurka, ƙwaro yana da haɗari musamman. A cikin wannan yankin, ba su da abokan gaba na halitta don sarrafa yawan waɗannan kwari. Iya ƙwaro na iya ninkawa da sauri ya lalata duk gonar, gonar lambu a babban yankin.
May beetles sa kwai tare da zuriya ta gaba a cikin ƙasa, don haka yayin zaɓar wurin zama, kwari suna ba da hankali ga ƙasa. Wadannan kwari basu taba zama a wuraren da kasar ta yumbu ta mamaye ba. Ba shi yiwuwa a tono ramin da ya dace a ciki. Sandy, ƙasa mai yashi yashi ya dace da ƙwaro. Suna zaune kusa da dazuzzuka, a cikin kwari. Hakanan, yayin zabar yanki, kasancewar abinci a kusa, yanayi mai yanayi, yana da babbar rawa.
Menene ƙwaro ya ci?
Photo: Iya ƙwaro
May beetles sune shahararrun kwari. Waɗannan kwari ne waɗanda ke haifar da barazanar ƙasa sau biyu. Suna cutar da duka a cikin girma da kuma a matakin larva. Irin waɗannan beetles suna bayyana daidai lokacin lokacin yin buda ido, bishiyoyi masu furanni. Suna sarrafawa don cutar da ƙananan tsire-tsire. Manyan ƙwaro suna da abinci mai sauƙi. Ya hada da ganyen shrubs da bishiyoyi kawai. Sun fi son willow, linden, itacen oak, birch, cherry, maple, plum, pear, da sauran bishiyoyi masu yawa.
Don cin abinci, manyan ƙwaro suna amfani da kayan aikinsu na baki. Ya ƙunshi muƙamuƙi biyu, waɗanda ke iya yakar ganye har ma da bawon ƙananan bishiyoyi. Don neman abinci, ƙwaro na Mayu na iya tashi kimanin kilomita ashirin kowace rana. A lokaci guda, ya san yadda ake haɓaka saurin gudu don ƙaramin ƙaramin kwari.
Yayin tashinsa, ƙwaro a yankin Rasha, Turai, ƙasashen CIS na iya lalata gandun daji da lambuna duka. Koyaya, wannan sakamako mai halakarwa baya daɗewa. Gwargwadon tashi bai wuce kwana arba'in ba.
Duk da babban cutarwar da manyan ƙwaro suka haifar, ƙwaro ya fi haɗari a matakin larva. Suna da kyakkyawan abinci.
Abincin na larvae ya hada da:
- Tushen strawberry;
- tushen kayan lambu iri-iri;
- tushen bishiyoyi masu fruita fruitan itace;
- dankali;
- tushen masara;
- tushen larch, spruce, Pine, itacen al'ul, Birch;
- tushen ciyawar ciyawa.
Larvae da suka manyanta suna da babban ci. Akwai shaidar cewa tsutsa guda daya, wacce a kalla ta cika shekaru uku, na iya cin tushen diyan itacen pine gaba daya a rana daya kawai.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Mai Iya ƙwaro
Etwaro dabbobi ne masu ladabi da ke tafiyar da rayuwa mai tsari. Kusan kowane nau'i yana da nasa shekarar bazara. Kuma wannan aikin yana da wuya ya canza. Don haka, ƙwaro na Nigripes suna aiwatar da shekaru sau ɗaya a kowace shekara huɗu. Lokaci ne na rani mai yawa. Wato, tsakanin waɗannan shekaru huɗu, ana iya samun wakilan Nigripes a ƙananan lambobi.
Babban aikin May beetles shine neman abinci. Wannan kasuwancin ne waɗannan kwari suke tsunduma kai tsaye bayan haihuwarsu. Manya suna tashi don bincika ganye; larvae suna cinye tushen bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan shine kusan dukkanin rayuwar kwaro.
Ana rarrabe ƙwayoyin beetles da ƙuduri mai ƙarfi. Amma akwai wani abin da ke fitar da su daga salon rayuwarsu da suka saba. Launi mai shuɗi ne kaɗai ke iya dakatar da aikin ƙwaro. Sabili da haka, a cikin yanayi mai kyau, dabba ba ta nuna aikinta.
May Khrushch bala'i ne na ainihi ga aikin gona. Lokaci-lokaci, mutane na aiwatar da halakar ƙwadago lokacin da yawan su ya wuce iyakokin da aka yarda da su. Don haka, a cikin 1968 a Saxony, an lalata ƙwaro fiye da miliyan goma sha biyar a lokaci ɗaya. Idan a yau mun ba da izinin ƙaruwa da yawan ƙwaro ga irin wannan adadi, to, masifa ta duniya za ta faru a masana'antar noma.
Halin May Khrushchev na zaman lafiya ne. Wannan kwaro yana kokarin kaucewa zamantakewar dan adam. Yana da ma'ana sosai, yana ciyar da yini duka yana bincike da narkewar abinci. May beetle baya shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe tare da wasu kwari da dabbobi. Yana haifar da kwanciyar hankali, auna salon.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Iya ƙwaro a cikin bazara
Khrushch wani nau'in dabba ne da ake kira arthropod. Yana hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i. Wakilan wannan jinsin suna da mata, maza. Wani lokaci bayan saduwa, mace ƙwaro tana yin ƙwai. Don yin wannan, dole ne ta haƙo rami a cikin ƙasa. Dole ne zurfin ramin ya kasance aƙalla santimita talatin. In ba haka ba, duk ƙwai zasu mutu. Yayin rayuwarta, mace na iya yin kwai har saba'in.
Bayan an kwanciya, sai a kashe mace mai ƙwaro nan da nan. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, mazan da suka ba da waɗannan matan suna mutuwa. Bayan kamar wata daya da rabi, larvae sun fara fitowa daga ƙwai. Za su zauna a cikin ƙasa har shekara huɗu. Sun banbanta da manya. An daidaita larvae sosai don rayuwa a cikin ƙasa. Ba su da idanu, jiki fari ne, kuma siffar-tsutsotsi ta ba da damar ga tsutsa ta motsa cikin ƙasa cikin sauƙi don neman abinci.
Vawaro irin ƙwaro yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi sosai. Tare da taimakonsu, dabba na iya yin ramuka don kansa, ta ɗanɗana cikin tsirrai masu wuya. Koyaya, larvae basu sami irin wannan ƙarfin nan da nan ba. A cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwarsu, ba su da ikon cizon daɗin ci da tsarin tushen su. A wannan lokacin, suna cin abinci iri-iri. Sai kawai shekara daya da rabi bayan haihuwa, tsutsa ta fara cin amfanin gona, asalinsu.
A karshen shekarar da ta gabata, sai tsutsa ta juye izuwa pupa. Yana da kamanceceniya da baligi, amma har yanzu bashi da harsashi mai wuya. Bayan lokaci, jaririn yana tasowa kafafu, fukafukai, da sauran muhimman gabobi, wanda babban kwaroro mai kama da irin wannan. A ƙarshe, pupa ɗin ya zama ƙwaro bayan watanni biyu.
Abokan gaba na Mayu ƙwaro
Photo: Manyan May ƙwaro
May beetles suna da ɗanɗano ga dabbobi da yawa. Tsuntsaye masu rarrafe, jemagu. Khrushchev shine "abincin" da aka fi so don tauraron taurari, baƙar fata, rooks, magpies, jays. Ba sa cin manya kawai, har ma da tsutsa. Saboda wannan dalili, lambu da yawa suna ƙoƙarin jan hankalin tsuntsaye zuwa makircinsu. Suna taimakawa wajen kawar da kwaro a cikin kankanin lokaci kuma ba tare da amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari ba. Jemage suma suna aiki ne na kashe kwari masu cutarwa.
A wani yanayi guda, tauraruwar tauraruwa guda biyu na iya lalata kansu da kusan ƙwaro dubu takwas, larvae na ƙwaro da sauran kwari na lambun gama gari.
Atorsananan dabbobi masu matsakaita. Barori, bushiya, da al'aura suna cin naman beet. Don haka, don magance waɗannan kwari, ana ba da kwarin gwiwar lambu da yawa a lambuna tare da bushiya. Larvae, manyan ƙwaro sun kafa tushen abincin wannan dabba.
Dabbobin gida. Kuliyoyin gida da karnuka sune mafarauta masu kyau don ƙwari. Sun fara kama kwari, sannan zasu iya wasa da su, sannan kawai zasu ci abinci. Wannan abincin yana da lafiya sosai ga dabbobi. May beetles na dauke da sunadarai da yawa, wanda jikin dabba ke saurin karbar shi.
Mutane. Abokin gaba mafi haɗari ga ƙwarƙwar Mayu shine mutum.
Mutane suna amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don kawar da ƙasashensu daga wannan kwari. Ana amfani da sunadarai, girke-girke na jama'a. Mutane suna ƙoƙarin jan hankalin tsuntsaye, dabbobin da ke cin ƙwaro har zuwa yankinsu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Iya ƙwaro
Halin halittar May beetles yana da daidaitaccen adadi. Wannan saboda yanayin kwarin kwari, rayuwarsu a yanayin yanayi daban-daban, wadataccen adadi mai dacewa. Bayyanar waɗannan ƙwaroron ba ya haifar da damuwa tsakanin masana kimiyya, haɗarin halakarsu ba shi da yawa ƙwarai, duk da cewa mutane a kowace shekara suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don lalata kwaro mai haɗari.
Bewaron Mayu ƙwari ne mai ban tsoro a duk matakan ci gabanta. Tare da tsutsa, yana haifar da babbar illa ga rhizome na shrubs, shuke-shuke na noma, bishiyoyi. Wannan yana haifar da saurin mutuwar amfanin gona. A cikin girma, ƙwaro yakan ci ganye, ya ɗanɗana a bawo.
Yawan mutanen ƙwaryar Mayu a cikin kowane yanki na mahalli na gari ba shi da ƙarfi. Akwai lokuta lokacin da adadin waɗannan kwari suke ƙaruwa zuwa mahimman abubuwa. A wannan yanayin, dole ne mutum ya kashe kwari, saboda na ƙarshen na iya haifar da babbar illa ga yawan aiki. Irin ƙwaro yana hayayyafa cikin sauri. Wata mace tana da ikon yin ƙwai kusan saba'in. Bayan kwana talatin, larvae masu cin abinci suna fitowa daga ƙwai. Tun daga ranakun farko suna fara cin tushen shuke-shuke, kuma sha'awar su na girma kowace shekara.
Canjawa - wakili mai haske na kwari masu lamel. An rarrabe wadannan beetles da girman su, launi mai haske, azama da yawan haihuwa. May beetles sun yadu ko'ina cikin duniya, ban da arewacin, yankuna masu sanyi. Sun bayyana tare da farkon furannin bishiyoyi; ana samun su a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin gonaki, daɗaɗɗen daji da gandun daji. Wannan dabba kwaro ce mai hatsari. Yana haifar da babbar illa ga amfanin gona kowace shekara. A saboda wannan dalili, masu kula da lambu, manoma suna tilasta su yaƙi yawan waɗannan kwari ta hanyoyi da dama.
Ranar bugawa: 12.05.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 20.09.2019 a 17:52
