Albatross - ɗayan manyan wakilan tsuntsayen duniyarmu - wataƙila mafi kyawun tsuntsayen da ke cikin daji. Albatross an daɗe ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawan fata. Masu jirgin ruwa suna ganin kyakkyawar alama a bayyanar waɗannan tsuntsayen a kusa da jirgin, kuma wasu sun gaskata cewa albatrosses rayukan matukan jirgin ne da suka mutu.
Mutane sun yi imanin cewa idan kuka cutar da albatross, balle ku kashe shi, irin wannan laifin ba zai tafi da hukunci ba, da sannu ko ba jima za ku biya shi. Kuma albatrosses da kansu suna jagorantar tsarin rayuwarsu na miliyoyin shekaru, ba nuna zalunci ga duniyar da ke kewaye da su da mutane ba.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Albatross
Ificationididdigar Tsarin namun daji na Duniya ya rarraba albatrosses a matsayin ɓangare na man fetur, dangin tsuntsayen teku. Masu ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi sunyi imanin cewa wannan nau'in tsoho ne. Idan aka yi la’akari da abin da aka samo, magabatan da ke nesa da albatrosses sun mamaye Duniya shekaru miliyan 20-35 da suka gabata. Ana kuma san dangi na dangin mai, shekarun burbushin da masana kimiyya suka kiyasta sun kai shekaru miliyan 70.
Yawan karatu game da ragowar a matakin kwayoyin yana nuni da kasancewar wani tsuntsu tsoffin tsuntsaye, wanda daga baya albatrosses ya ware. Burbushin Albatross sunfi kowa yawa a arewacin yankin fiye da kudanci. Bugu da kari, an samo nau'uka daban-daban a wuraren da albatrosses na zamani ba sa rayuwa - misali, a cikin Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa, a daya daga cikin Tsibirin Bermuda da kuma Arewacin Carolina (Amurka).
Bidiyo: Albatross
Albatross shine mafi girman tsuntsayen teku da ke da fasali na musamman. An san cewa albatrosses na iya ba bayyana a ƙasa na dogon lokaci, wani lokacin wasu watanni, suna sama da saman ruwa koyaushe. Suna da matukar wahala, masu iya dogon tashi. Tsarin fuka-fukan su da gyaran jikinsu an daidaita su don yin sama ta iska tare da ƙananan kuzari.
Albatross na iya yin shawagi a saman tekun tsawon kwanaki ba tare da ta fika fikafikan sa ba.
Wannan damar tana tattare a cikin albatrosses saboda kasancewar manyan fikafukai masu ƙarfi, waɗanda tsawonsu a cikin wasu mutane ya kai mita 3.7. Babban amfani da kuzari ya sauka ne a lokacin da ake farauta da farauta, sauran lokutan tsuntsayen basa amfani da makamashi, kasancewar suna cikin tashin hankali ko kuma kiyayewa a saman ruwa.
Albatrosses suna samar da daidaitattun nau'i-nau'i waɗanda basa fasa har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwar ɗayansu. Zaɓin abokin tarayya na shekaru da yawa, suna ƙirƙirar dangi mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya haifuwar zuriya aƙalla sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru biyu. Abokan tarayya ne daidai da iyaye masu kulawa. Dukansu mata da Namiji suna kyankyasar kwan, suna ciyarwa, suna kiwata kajin.
Daga lokacin da ake kwan ƙwai zuwa jirgin farko na ɗan ƙaramin albatross, yana ɗaukar shekara guda. A wannan lokacin, iyayen sun horas da iyayensu sosai don zaman kansu. Sau da yawa, suna tashi daga ƙauyen su na asali, ba zasu dawo ba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Tsuntsayen albatross
Masana sun gano nau'ikan 22 na albatross. Daga cikinsu akwai ƙananan wakilai - ba su fi girman kwalliya ba, kuma akwai ƙattai na gaske waɗanda suke da fikafikai sama da mita 3.5. Albananan albatrosses, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna da duhun duhu, da hayaƙi da sautuka masu ruwan kasa, manyan manya - fararen tsabta ko kuma da duhu a kusa da kai ko fuka-fuki. Lilin albatrosses ya dace da jiki sosai, a ƙarƙashin gashin fuka-fukan akwai haske da dumi, wanda a tsarinsa yayi kama da swan.
Fuskokin samarin albatrosses ya bambanta da na manya. Don samun launin manya, dabbobi matasa suna ɗaukar shekaru da yawa.
Albatrosses suna da babban baki mai ƙarfi, ɓangaren sama yana lanƙwasa ƙasa. A garesu, a cikin ɓangaren ƙaho na babban baki, sassan hancin hanci biyu a cikin hanyar tubes suna nan kusa da juna. Wannan tsarin yana samarwa da tsuntsaye kyakkyawan yanayin kamshi da kuma ikon neman abin kamshi da wari. Bugu da kari, saboda wannan fasalin, rukunin suna da wani suna - tubnose.
Theafafun albatross suna da ƙarfi, yana tafiya sosai kuma yana da tabbaci a ƙasa. Yatsun yatsun kafa guda uku an haɗa su ta hanyar yanar gizo, wanda ke taimaka masa yin iyo sosai. Babban fasalin albatrosses shine fikafikansu na musamman. An tsara su ta yadda za su ba tsuntsayen ikon rufe nesa da yin sama na dogon lokaci. Fuka-fukan suna da ƙarfi, sun yi kauri a gaba kuma kunkuntar tsayi.
Albatross yana kasancewa kusa da saman ruwa ta amfani da abubuwan sabuntawa. A cikin jirgin sama, yawan iska mai zuwa da iska suna da alhakin shugabanci da saurin motsi. Duk waɗannan fasahohin suna ba da damar albatross don adana ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Albatross dole ne ya kada fikafikan sa kawai lokacin da yake tashi domin ya balle daga saman kuma ya sami tsawan da ake so.
A ina albatross yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Albatross dabba
Mazaunin yawancin mulkin mallaka na albatross shine galibin ruwan sanyi na Antarctica kuma, gabaɗaya, duk entireasashen Kudancin. A can aka rarraba su ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Hakanan ana iya samun albatrosses masu ƙaura a cikin Hasashen Arewa. Gaskiya ne, ba sa ƙaura zuwa sassan mafi sanyi na shi, suna kasancewa a cikin yanayin da aka fi sani na sararin samaniya.
Amma ga wasu nau'ikan albatross, bakin tekun Pacific ta Arewa mazauninsu ne na dindindin. Waɗannan su ne wasu wakilan jinsi na Phoebastria, waɗanda suka zaɓi yankin daga Alaska da Japan zuwa Tsibirin Hawaiian don mulkin mallaka.
Kuma wani nau'in jinsin da babu kamarsa - Galapagos albatross - shine kaɗai yake yin gida a tsibirin Galapagos. Saboda karancin iska mai larura da ake bukata don tsarawa, yankin kwantar da hankulan mahaukata ba zai iya tsallake yawancin tsuntsaye ba tare da rauni mai karfi na tashi sama. Galapagos albatross na amfani da iskar da sanadin sanyin ruwan teku na Humboldt, kuma godiya ga wannan, tana da damar ciyarwa inda sauran dangin ta kawai basa iya tashi.
Masana kimiyyar tsuntsaye suna sanya ido sosai a kan motsin albatrosses a kan tekuna. Ba sa yin jirgi na lokaci-lokaci, amma da zarar lokacin kiwo ya kare, sai zangonsu ya watse, wani lokacin ma har da zirga-zirgar dawafi, duk da cewa na karshen yana magana ne kawai da nau'in tsuntsayen kudanci.
Menene albatross yake ci?
Hotuna: Albatross
Na dogon lokaci an yi amannar cewa albatrosses suna ba da abinci ne kawai a saman teku, yin iyo da kwace kifin, kifi da sauran abinci daga ruwa, wanda ake gudanarwa ta hanyar ruwa ko kuma ya rage bayan cin abincin masu cin abincin ruwa. Gwaje-gwajen tare da gabatar da kararrawar amsa kuwwa cikin jikin tsuntsayen sun ba da damar samun bayanai kan ikon su na farauta a zurfin.
Bugu da ƙari, wasu nau'ikan ba sa nutsewa don abin farauta fiye da mita daga saman ruwa, yayin da wasu - alal misali, hayaƙin albatross - suna iya nitsewa zuwa zurfin mita 5 ko fiye. Bugu da ƙari, akwai sanannun lokuta na nutsarwa har ma da zurfi - har zuwa mita 12. Albatrosses suna farautar duka daga ruwa da iska.
Babban abincinsu shine ƙananan dabbobin teku:
- squid;
- nau'ikan kifi iri-iri;
- jatan lande;
- krill.
An lura cewa yawancin tsuntsaye suna da dandano daban-daban. Abincin wasu ya rinjayi kifi, yayin da wasu ke cin abincin yafi na squid. Halin cin abinci yana bayyana a cikin zaɓi na mazaunin mallaka. Albatrosses sun fi son zama inda teku ta fi wadata a cikin abincin da suka fi so.
Binciken tsuntsaye ya nuna cewa wasu nau'ikan albatross, kamar su albatross mai yawo, na iya zama da laushi a cikin menu. Wataƙila wannan ɓarnatarwar kamun kifi ne, ragowar abincin mahaifa, ko mazaunan ruwa waɗanda suka mutu a lokacin ɓarkewar nama. Koyaya, yawancin tsuntsaye sun fi son abinci kai tsaye.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Albatross a cikin jirgin
Albatrosses suna da halin rayuwa mai ban sha'awa, suna rayuwa cikin yankuna. Mafi yawan lokuta, mulkin mallaka yana mallakar tsibiri daban, wanda aka zaba dangane da mafi kyawun hanyar zuwa teku daga kowane ɓangare. A can suka yi aure, suka gina gida, kuma suka yi kiwo.
Don rayuwa, suna zaɓar yankuna na Tekun Duniya, inda squid da krill ke ƙunshe cikin wadatattun yawa, waɗanda ke zama babbar hanyar abinci. Idan abinci yayi ƙaranci, ana cire albatrosss daga sheƙarsu kuma a tashi don neman ƙarin yanayi mai kyau na rayuwa.
Don neman abinci, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Suna farauta galibi da rana kuma suna barci da dare. Bugu da ƙari, a baya an yi imanin cewa albatrosses suna yin barci daidai a cikin gudu, yayin da hagun hagu da dama na kwakwalwa a kashe suke don hutawa. Yanzu an san cewa suna kwana galibi akan ruwa. Barci gajere ne, kawai suna buƙatar awanni biyu zuwa uku don hutawa da murmurewa.
Toarfin shawagi a cikin iska tare da ƙananan kashe kuzari an haɓaka shi a cikin albatross cewa yawan bugun zuciyarta a cikin irin wannan jirgin yana kusa da bugun zuciya a huta.
Albatrosses, duk da girman su da girman bakinsu mai kaifi, basa nuna tsokana a cikin daji. Abin da suka damu da shi kawai shi ne neman abinci da haifar zuriya. Suna da haƙuri da iyaye masu kulawa da kuma kariya mai kyau ga theiran uwansu idan akwai haɗari.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Wasu albatrosses guda biyu
Al’umar Albatross suna da tsarin zamantakewar da ya dace. Manya sun tsunduma cikin kiwon kananan dabbobi. Bugu da ƙari, koda lokacin da kajin suka riga sun bar gidan iyayensu, suna buƙatar misali na ɗabi'a daga karin tsuntsayen da suka balaga kuma su same ta ta hanyar bin ƙa'idodin mulkin mallaka, suna amfani da ƙwarewa da damar iya sadarwa da 'yan uwanmu maza da kuma mutane daban-daban.
Albatrosses suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci don tsuntsaye - kimanin shekaru 50, wani lokacin ma. Balaga kuma yakan makara, kusan shekaru 5. Amma duk da haka, a matsayinka na mai mulki, har yanzu basu shiga cikin aikin haifuwa ba, amma suna yin hakan da yawa daga baya, zuwa shekara 7-10.
Matasa suna zaɓar wa kansu abokiyar aure shekaru da yawa. Yayinda suke cikin mulkin mallaka yayin lokacin kiwo, suna koyon takamaiman abubuwa da siffofin wasan mating, babban abinda suke shine rawar rawa. Wannan jerin ƙungiyoyi ne masu hadewa da sautuna - danna bakin, tsaftar fuka-fuka, kallon kewaye, waƙa, da dai sauransu. Yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa don samari su mallaki dukkan fasahohi da dabarun jan hankalin wasu maza da mata.
Namiji, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana ƙoƙari ya birge mata da yawa lokaci guda, kuma yana yin hakan har sai ɗayansu ta rama. Lokacin da aka kulla ma'auratan a ƙarshe, zamu iya ɗauka cewa ainihin tsuntsu ya bayyana, abokan da zasu kasance da aminci ga juna har zuwa ƙarshe. Canza abokai a cikin albatrosses ba safai ake samunsu ba, yawanci ana samun su ne ta hanyar ƙoƙarin rashin nasara na samun zuriya.
Sabbin ma'auratan sun haɓaka harshensu na asali wanda biyu kawai ke fahimta. Suna gina gida inda mace ke kwan kwai daya tak. Amma suna saka shi, suna kare shi daga abokan gaba, sannan kuma suna kula da ƙyanƙyasar ƙwan - iyayensu duka.
Albatrosses sukan yi sheƙa a inda suke ƙyanƙyashe kansu.
Don neman abinci ga kaza, albatross na iya tashi zuwa mil 1000. Ganin irin wannan tazarar, mahaifin mai fuka-fukai koyaushe ba zai iya kawo sabon abinci zuwa gida ba, saboda haka, don adana shi, sai ya haɗiye shi. A karkashin aikin enzymes a cikin ciki, abinci yana canzawa zuwa yawan gina jiki mai gina jiki, wanda albatross yake sakewa cikin bakin kaji.
Tsarin kiwon zuriya a cikin albatrosses yana ɗaukar kimanin shekara guda. Sai kawai bayan wannan lokacin, manyan kaza da suka balaga suka tsaya a kan reshe suka bar gidajen iyayensu. Yawancin lokaci ba'a dawo dasu ba. Kuma bayan shekara ɗaya ko biyu, iyayen suna shirye don haihuwar sabon zuriya. Wannan tsarin yana ci gaba muddin mace ta kai shekarun haihuwa.
Abokan gaba na albatrosses
Hotuna: Albatross akan ruwa
A cikin wurin da aka zaba don mulkin mallaka na albatross, a matsayin ƙa'ida, babu masu farautar ƙasar. Wannan ɗabi'ar ta tarihi ba ta ba da izinin ci gaban ƙarfin tunani a cikin tsuntsaye ba. Saboda haka, dabbobin da mutane suka gabatar - alal misali, beraye ko kuliyoyin dabba - na zama babbar barazana a gare su. Suna afkawa tsuntsayen da suka balaga kuma suna lalata gidajen su ta hanyar cin ƙwai da ƙananan kajin.
An san cewa waɗannan manyan tsuntsayen na iya wahala daga ƙananan ƙananan beraye - beraye, waɗanda kuma ba sa ƙin farautar farauta mai sauƙi a cikin ƙwayayen albatross. Beraye, kuliyoyi, beraye suna yaɗuwa kuma suna ninka a cikin yankuna da ba sa sabawa cikin sauri. Suna buƙatar abinci, sabili da haka, albatrosses waɗanda ba su shirye don irin wannan haɗarin sun faɗa cikin yankin haɗarin ba.
Amma ba kawai ƙananan beran ƙasa ne ke haifar da barazana ga albatrosses ba. Suna kuma da abokan gaba a cikin ruwa. Sharks da ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku inda tsuntsaye ke afkawa manya, har ma galibi - matasa. Wani lokacin albatrosses kan je cin abincin rana da sauran manyan dabbobin ruwa. Akwai lokuta lokacin da aka gano kwarangwal na albatross a cikin cikin ciki na mahaifa. An haɗiye shi, wataƙila bisa haɗari, tare da sauran abinci, tunda ba a haɗa tsuntsaye kwata-kwata a cikin menu na yau da kullun na maniyyi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Tsuntsayen albatross
Babu shakka, albatrosses, tare da 'yan ƙalilan makiya a cikin daji, suna cikin haɗari. Wata hanya ko wata, wannan yana faruwa ta wurin kuskuren mutum.
A zamanin da, farautar farautar albatross ta haifar da ɓacewar jama'a a cikin wasu yankuna. Wannan ya faru ne tare da gidajen tsuntsayen da ke tsugunnar a tsibirin Easter. Tsoffin nesan Polynesia ne suka hallaka su waɗanda suka kashe tsuntsaye don nama. Har zuwa yanzu, yawan albatross a tsibirin Easter bai farfado ba.
Tare da farkon ci gaban teku a Turai, farautar albatross shima an buɗe a wurin. An kashe tsuntsayen da yawa ba adadi ba, ba kawai don nama mai daɗi ba, har ma don nishaɗi, shirya wasanni, ko kuma kama su don farauta.
Kuma a cikin karni na 19, farawar albatross mai tallafi da fari, ta lalubi gefen arewacin tekun Pacific. An kashe tsuntsaye saboda kyawawan layin, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don yin kwalliyar mata. Sakamakon wadannan ayyukan, yawan mutane sun kusan bacewa daga doron Duniya.
A halin yanzu, daga cikin nau'ikan 22 na albatross, nau'ikan 2 na gab da karewa, an fahimci matsayin wani jinsi shida a matsayin masu hadari, kuma biyar na da rauni. Ofayan babbar barazana ga yawan tsuntsaye shine cigaban kamun kifi mai tsawo. Tsuntsayen ƙamshi suna jawo hankalin tsuntsaye, suna haɗiye shi tare da ƙugiyoyi, daga abin da ba za su iya sake 'yantar da kansu da kansu ba. Tare da kamun kifin 'yan fashin teku, kamun kifi na dogon lokaci yana lalata yawan albatross, wanda yakai kimanin mutane dubu 100 ta kowacce lamba.
Albatross kariya
Hotuna: Albatross Red Book
Domin kiyaye raguwar raguwar yawan albatross a cikin daji, masana kimiyya da kungiyoyin kiyaye jama'a a duk duniya suna samar da cikakkun matakan kariya. Suna aiki tare tare da kamfanonin kamun kifi da gwamnatocin ƙasashe.
Don rage yawan mutuwar tsuntsaye yayin kamun kifi, ana amfani da matakan kariya:
- tsintsayen tsuntsaye;
- weighting na dazuzzuka;
- kamun kifi a zurfin ciki;
- kamun kifi da daddare.
Waɗannan abubuwan tuni suna nuna kyawawan halaye. Amma burin masana kimiyya shine su dawo da daidaitaccen yanayin halitta a cikin mazaunin albatrosses. Don yin wannan, suna aiki kan tsarin cire baƙon dabbobi daga tsibirai.
Da yake magana game da ayyukan kiyayewa dangane da albatrosses, mutum ba zai iya kasa ambaci wani muhimmin mataki ba - sanya hannu a shekarar 2004 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Albatrosses da Petrels. Ya tilasta wa bangarorin su tsara matakan rage kaso na yawan mutuwar tsuntsaye yayin kamun kifi, tsabtace mazaunin albatrosses daga jinsunan dabbobi da aka gabatar da kuma rage gurbatar muhalli.
Akwai babban fata ga wannan daftarin a cikin kiyaye alƙaluman albatross a cikin daji.
Albatross - wata halitta mai ban mamaki. Yanayi ya ba su damar musamman, ƙarfi da juriya. Wanene ya sani, wataƙila waɗannan kyawawan tsuntsayen da ke fahariya da gaske suna kawo sa'a. Abu daya tabbatacce ne - suna buƙatar kariyarmu da taimakonmu. Kuma dole ne mu samar dasu idan har muna so mu kiyaye kasancewar wadannan tsuntsayen masu ban mamaki a cikin daji don zuriyar mu.
Ranar bugawa: 18.04.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 19.09.2019 a 21:45
