Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan berayen, a waje suna kama da gicciye tsakanin hamster da bera, suna zaune a cikin tundra da gandun daji-tundra na Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka. Don bayyanar su, ana kuma kiran su damisar damina. Suna da mayafi mai launuka iri-iri tare da ƙananan launuka masu launin toka-ruwan kasa. Yin lemo ya zama babban abinci ga dabbobin polar da yawa, amma saboda yawan haihuwa, suna saurin cika mazaunan su da sauri.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Lemming
Lemmings na cikin umarnin rodents, dangin hamsters. Berayen Pied suna da kusanci da waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi, sabili da haka, saboda kamanceceniyar waje na lemmings, a wasu lokuta har ana kiran su polar pieds. A cikin rabe-raben ilimin kimiyya na yanzu, dukkan lamuran sun kasu kashi hudu, kowane ɗayansu yana da nau'ikan da yawa. Akwai nau'ikan lemmings guda biyar a cikin Rasha, kuma a cewar wasu tushe - jinsuna bakwai.
Babban su ne:
- Siberian (aka Ob) lemming;
- Lizan daji;
- Karkata;
- Amursky;
- Lemming Vinogradov.
Rarrabansu cikakken ilimin kimiyya ne, kuma bambancin jinsin halittu tsakanin dabbobi kusan basu da mahimmanci. Dabbobin da ke zaune a tsibirin, a matsakaita, sun ɗan fi girman mutanen da ke yankin. Hakanan akwai raguwar hankali a hankali a cikin ƙirar lemmings da ke zaune a Rasha, daga yamma zuwa gabas.
Bidiyo: Lemming
Burbushin halittar kakannin lemmings na yau an sansu tun marigayi Pliocene. Wato, sun kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 3-4. Yawancin burbushin samari galibi ana samun su a yankin ƙasar Rasha, haka kuma a Yammacin Turai a waje da iyakokin keɓaɓɓun lamuran zamani, wanda, da alama, yana da alaƙa da mahimmancin canjin yanayi.
Hakanan an san cewa kimanin shekaru dubu 15 da suka gabata an sami canji a tsarin tsarin molar a cikin waɗannan dabbobi. Wannan ya dace da bayanan cewa a lokaci guda an sami canjin canji a cikin ciyayi a yankunan tundra na zamani da daji-tundra.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Lemming dabba
Kusan dukkanin lafazin suna da jiki mai cike da wadataccen abinci, ba tare da la'akari da inda suke zaune da kuma wacce irin ƙungiyoyin da suke ba. Limbin manya ya kai santimita 10-15 a tsayi kuma yana da nauyin jiki daga gram 20 zuwa 70. Maza sun fi mata nauyi kaɗan, da kusan 5-10%. Wutsiyar dabbobi gajera ce sosai, a tsawonta bai wuce santimita biyu ba. Kafafu ma gajere ne. Tare da rashin nishaɗi koyaushe don cika su, dabbobi a hankali suna yin ƙiba.
Hannun lemming yana da ɗan elongated shape tare da ɗan ɗan m snub-hanci hanci, sosai kama da hamster. Akwai wani dogon molar na gaba. Idanun kanana ne kuma sun zama kamar kwalliya. Kunnuwa gajere ne, an ɓoye su a ƙarƙashin Jawo mai kauri. A hanyar, fur na waɗannan dabbobin suna da taushi sosai, amma a lokaci guda mai yawa. Gashinan suna da tsaka-tsaka, amma an shirya su da yawa, saboda haka gashin sandar damina yana da dumi sosai. Ita ce ke taimaka wa lemmings don ci gaba a cikin Arewa mai Nisa.
Launi na Jawo na dabbobi ya bambanta sosai kuma ya dogara da lokacin. A lokacin bazara, fatun lemmings suna da launi, ya danganta da ƙananan yanki da mazauninsu, ko dai a cikin ɗamarar launin toka ko launin toka-mai launin toka-toka, ko kuma suna da launi mai launin ruwan kasa-mai rawaya mai launuka daban-daban masu duhu a bayanta, tare da ciki mai ruwan yashi. A lokacin hunturu, launi yakan canza zuwa launin toka mai haske, sau da yawa yakan zama fari.
A ina lafazin yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Lemming a cikin tundra
Wadannan berayen sun fi son zama a cikin yankunan tundra da na gandun-tundra. Ana samun su kusan ko'ina a cikin gabar tekun Arctic. Suna zaune a yankunan arewacin Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, misali, a cikin Rasha an rarraba su ko'ina cikin yankin arewa, daga Kola Peninsula zuwa Chukotka.
Akwai yawan adadin lemmings a wasu ginshiƙan bakin teku na tekun Arctic, musamman a cikin manyan manyan kogunan Siberia. Hakanan ana samun dabbobin a tsibirin Greenland, wanda yake nesa da nahiyoyi, da kuma Spitsbergen.
Inda lemming ke zaune, kusan a koyaushe akwai yanki mai dausayi da danshi. Kodayake suna da juriya ga yanayin sanyi, amma har yanzu suna da kwarin gwiwa ga yanayin kuma zafin rana ga wadannan dabbobin na da matukar hadari. Amma sun dace sosai don shawo kan ƙananan matsalolin ruwa. Sau da yawa sukan zauna a kan tuddai na peat tare da ciyawar ciyayi masu yawa a tsakanin yankuna masu dausayi.
Dabbobi ba su da ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci, suna zama a mazauninsu. Amma a cikin shekarun yunwa, lafazin neman abinci suna iya barin wurarensu na asali da yin ƙaura mai nisa. A lokaci guda, halayya ce cewa ƙaura ba shawara ce ta gama kai ba, amma kowane ɗayan mutum yana ƙoƙari ya sami ƙarin abinci don kansa kawai. Amma saboda yawan dabbobi a lokacin irin wannan hijirar, suna kama da babban adadi mai rai.
Menene lemming ke ci?
Hotuna: Maganganun iyakacin duniya
Lemmings ciyayi ne na ciyawa. Suna ciyar da kowane irin 'ya'yan itace, Tushen, harbe-harbe matasa, hatsi. Wadannan dabbobi suna matukar son lichen. Amma yawancin abincin da ake samu na rodlar rodents shine ganshin kore da laushi, waɗanda suke yaɗuwa ko'ina a cikin yankin.
Dogaro da takamaiman rashi, abincin su na iya zama:
- Sgeji;
- Blueberries da lingonberries;
- Blueberries da girgije;
- Wasu namomin kaza.
Beraye sukan cinye ƙura ko ganyen bishiyun dwarf da kuma shuke-shuken iri iri na tundra, kazalika da rassa da bawonsu. A cikin gandun daji-tundra, dabbobi suna cin abinci akan samari na birch da Willow. Kadan da yawa, lemmings na iya cin kwari ko bawo waɗanda suka faɗo daga gidan tsuntsu. Hakanan akwai wasu shari'o'in da suke ƙoƙarin cizon antar ɗin da barewar ta jefa. A lokacin hunturu, ana cin tushen sassan shuke-shuke.
Lemming yana ciyarwa ba dare ba rana tare da hutun bacci. A zahiri, a cikin wani lokaci mai raɗaɗi cikin awanni 24, yana iya cin irin wannan adadin tsire-tsire masu yawa har nauyinsa ya fara wuce nauyin dabba ta fiye da sau biyu. Saboda wannan fasalin, beraye ba za su iya zama wuri ɗaya koyaushe ba, sabili da haka ana tilasta musu ci gaba koyaushe don neman sabon abinci.
A matsakaita, lemo mai girma yana sha kusan kilogiram 50 na ciyayi iri-iri kowace shekara. A lokacin da adadinsu yake, wadannan dabbobin suna da karfi sosai a kan ciyayi a wuraren zamansu, suna lalata kusan kashi 70% na yanayin halittar.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Arewa Lemming
Lemmings yawanci kadaici ne. Ba sa kirkirar ma'aurata, kuma iyaye maza ba sa saka hannu wajen kiwon zuriya. Za'a iya haɗa wasu subsan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi zuwa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, amma ƙungiyar ba damuwa kawai game da zama tare. Cunkoson jama'a ya fi dacewa da lokacin hunturu. Amma dabbobin ba sa taimakon juna ga juna a cikin mulkin mallaka.
A lokacin lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, lafazin mata ya zama yanki mai bayyana sosai. A lokaci guda, maza ba su da yankinsu, amma kawai suna yawo ko'ina don neman abinci. Kowane ɗayan dabbobin yana tanadin mazauni a tazara mai nisa daga ɗayan, tunda ba su haƙurin kowa ko kusa da su, ban da lokacin saduwa. Dangantakar cikin gida ta lemmings ana iya bayyana ta da rashin haƙuri da zamantakewar jama'a har ma da tashin hankali.
Lemmings na rayuwa a cikin ramuka a lokacin bazara da lokacin bazara. Ba cikakkun ramuka bane, kuma zai fi zama daidai idan ma akira su kawai takaddama. Hakanan suna amfani da wasu mafaka na halitta - sarari tsakanin duwatsu, ƙarƙashin gansakuka, tsakanin duwatsu, da dai sauransu.
A lokacin hunturu, dabbobin zasu iya daidaitawa a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin ɓoye na halitta, waɗanda aka kafa saboda tururin da ke tashi daga ƙasa mai ɗumi nan da nan bayan an rufe shi da dusar ƙanƙara ta farko. Lemmings yana daya daga cikin thatan dabbobin da basa bacci. A ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara, za su iya tona rami nasu. A cikin irin wadannan matsugunai, berayen beraye suna rayuwa a duk lokacin hunturu har ma su hayayyafa, ma'ana, suna tafiyar da rayuwa gaba daya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. A lokacin hunturu, maƙwabta na lemmings a cikin mazauninsu manyan jaka ne na polar, wanda kuma yake cika wuraren sararin dusar ƙanƙara.
Ayyukan rodent na zagaye-agogo kuma polyphasic. Tsarin rayuwar lemoji ya yi yawa - yanayin ayyukansu shine awanni uku, ma'ana, ranar kalandar ɗan adam tayi daidai da kwanaki takwas na awanni uku na waɗannan dabbobi. Suna bin al'amuran yau da kullun sosai. Ciyarwa tana ɗaukar awa ɗaya, sannan bacci awanni biyu. Hakanan sake zagayowar baya sakewa ba tare da la'akari da matsayin rana da hasken yanayi ba. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin ranar polar da daren polar, awanni 24 suna asarar ma'anarsu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Lemming daji
Lemmings suna rayuwa kadan, shekara ɗaya ko biyu kawai, kuma suna mutuwa ba don tsufa ba, amma galibi daga masu farauta. Amma dabi'a ta dace dasu don wannan ɗan gajeren lokacin don kawo zuriya mai kyau. Wasu daga cikinsu suna sarrafawa don kawo zuriya sau 12 a rayuwa, amma wannan yana cikin mafi kyawun yanayi. Sau da yawa, haifuwa na faruwa sau 3 ko 4 sau sau a shekara. Duk lokacin da aka haifi jarirai biyar ko shida, wani lokacin har tara. Ciki yana da sauri, kwanaki 20-21 ne kawai.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa waɗannan dabbobin sun fara haifuwa da wuri - daga wata na biyu na rayuwa kuma suna yin hakan kowane wata biyu. Maza ma suna iya yin takin mata da wuri. Bugu da ƙari, babu yanayin yanayi da ke iyakance lemmings a cikin kiwo, za su iya yin wannan duka a cikin yanayi mai kyau da kuma cikin tsananin sanyi, kasancewar suna cikin ƙanƙara a cikin ramuka. A cikin ramuka masu dusar ƙanƙara iri ɗaya, ɗiya na gaba na iya bayyana kuma suna jiran fitowar su.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa sauran dabbobin da ke farautar suna kallon yadda ake fitar da lemo, domin su ne babban tushen abinci a gare su. Misali, mujiya ma na iya yanke shawara ba za su saka kwai ba idan suka ga cewa yawan lemmunan sun yi kadan don sauwake wa kansu da yaransu abincin rana a kowane lokaci.
Tabbas, lemmings ba su da wani zaɓi a cikin zaɓin abokan jima'i, rayuwarsu ta takaice, suna haɗuwa da na farkon da suka ci karo da shi a tsakanin cin abinci da yawo. Don haka, ya zama cewa rayuwarsu ta zo cikin gaggawa, gwargwadon yiwuwar kawo zuriya kuma sauran lokacin yana cikin abinci da wurin zama. Kubawa ba sa kasancewa tare da mahaifiyarsu na dogon lokaci a yankunanta, amma ba da daɗewa ba suka balaga da kansu da kansu kuma suke gudu don cika muhimmin aikinsu.
Tabbas, yawancin mutane suna mutuwa a farkon matakan rayuwa daga masu cin nama, saboda haka suna buƙatar zuriya mai yawa don kar a ci su gaba ɗaya.
Abokan gaba na lemmings
Hotuna: Lemming a Rasha
Lemmings yana da makiya da yawa - dabbobin farauta. Ga mafi yawan mazaunan polar da ke cin karensu ba babbaka, suna zama babban tushen abinci: don dawakai na polar, foxes, falgons peregrine, ermines, har ma ga tsuntsaye:
- Polar owls;
- Skuas;
- Krechetov.
Wadannan mahautan suna danganta kasancewar su da abincin su kai tsaye tare da yanayin yawan karuwar magana. Bugu da ƙari, idan ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗoyi suka faɗi, to masu farauta ko da gangan za su iya rage yawan haihuwa idan suka sami karancin lafazi a cikin wani lokaci. Don haka, duk yanayin halittar yana da daidaito.
Additionari da mutuwa a bakin mai farauta, dako zai iya mutuwa ta wata hanyar. Lokacin da lemmings yayi ƙaura, ayyukansu sun zama masu lalacewa dangane da kansu: suna tsalle cikin ruwa suna nutsuwa, suna saka kansu cikin haɗari. Hakanan suna gudana gabaɗaya a ɓoye saman saman ba tare da murfin ba. Bayan irin wannan ƙaura, jikin lemmings ɗin da aka nutsar yakan zama abincin kifi, dabbobin teku, kifin teku, da masu sarar ruwa daban-daban. Dukansu suna ƙoƙari su cika tanadin makamashi don irin waɗannan manyan yankuna masu bala'i.
Baya ga masu farauta na yau da kullun, wanda lafazin ya zama tushen tushen abinci, a wasu lokuta, kyawawan shuke-shuke masu zaman lafiya na iya nuna sha'awar abinci a gare su. Don haka, an lura cewa, alal misali, barewa na iya cin lemmings don ƙara furotin a jiki. Tabbas, waɗannan ƙananan lamura ne, amma suna faruwa duk da haka. Hakanan, an ga geese yana cin waɗannan berayen, kuma suna cin su don manufa ɗaya - daga rashin furotin.
Lemmings kuma ana jin dadin karnukan da ke kankara. Idan a yayin aikinsu sun sami ɗan lokaci don kama dabbar kuma suna da abun ciye-ciye, to lallai za su yi amfani da wannan damar. Wannan ya dace da su sosai, idan aka yi la’akari da sarkakiya da kuzarin aikinsu.
Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa yayin saduwa da mutum da sauran dabbobi da yawa, lafazi da yawa ba sa gudu, amma galibi suna tsalle zuwa ga inda suke, sa'annan su tashi a kan ƙafafunsu na baya, suna tafe suna rawar jiki, suna ƙoƙarin tsoratar da abokan gaba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yin lafazin dabba
Lemmings, duk da ɗan gajeren rayuwar kowane mutum, saboda ƙarancin ikonsu, dangi ne mai ƙarfi na beraye. Adadin masu farautar, ya danganta da yawan lafuzzan, ana tsara su ta dabi'a daga shekara zuwa shekara. Saboda haka, ba a yi musu barazanar bacewa ba.
Saboda sirrin dabbobi da yawan zirga-zirgar su wajen neman abinci, jimillar lafazin yana da wahalar lissafi, amma bisa kiyasin kai-tsaye, yana karuwa duk bayan 'yan shekaru. Iyakar abin da aka keɓe zai iya kasancewa lokacin fewan shekarun da suka gabata, lokacin da ƙwan gaba na gaba a cikin lambar, idan akwai, ya zama maras muhimmanci.
An yi imanin cewa ƙarancin yanayin dumi a arewacin latitude zai iya shafar raguwar, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga canji cikin tsarin murfin dusar ƙanƙara. Maimakon dusar ƙanƙara mai taushi, kankara ya fara samuwa a saman duniya, wanda ya zama baƙon abu don lemmings. Wannan ya taimaka wajen raguwar su.
Amma lokuta da yawa na raguwa a cikin yawan lafazin a tarihi suma ana san su, kamar yadda sake dawowa da yawan mutane yake zuwa. A matsakaita, canji mai yawa koyaushe yana zagayawa, kuma bayan ƙwanƙolin akwai raguwar da ke tattare da raguwar wadataccen abinci. Tsawon shekaru 1-2, lambar koyaushe tana komawa yadda take, kuma ana samun barkewar cutar duk bayan shekaru 3-5. Yin lemo yana jin daɗi a cikin daji, don haka yanzu bai kamata mutum yayi tsammanin sakamakon bala'i ba.
Ranar bugawa: 17.04.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 19.09.2019 a 21:35
