Kumfa - mafi zaman lafiya, kusan mara cutarwa wakilin gidan kudan zuma. Babban kwari ne wanda yake da kyawu mai matukar kyau, mara launi. Dabbar ta sami sunan da bata saba ba saboda wani dalili. Ya fito ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Rasha "chmel", wacce ke nufin "hum, wheeze." Wannan shine yadda zaku iya tantance sautunan da kwari ke fitarwa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Kumfa
Wannan dabba ta kasance ta kwari da kwari, ga dangin kudan zuma na gaske, ga jinsi iri daya - bumblebees. A cikin Latin, sunan jinsin yana kama da "Bombus". An jera a cikin ƙananan ƙananan kwari masu fikafikai. Bumblebees suna da yawan kwari. Zuwa yau, an san nau'ikan bumblebees fiye da ɗari uku, waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan hamsin.
Daga cikin nau'ikan, mafi shahararrun sune guda biyu:
- Bombus lapidarius;
- Bombus terrestris.
Bumblebees suna da girma, ba kamar yawancin membobin dangin su ba. Suna da halayyar launin rawaya-baƙar fata. Wannan kwaron zai iya rikicewa ne kawai tare da wasu daga nesa. Wani fasali na bumblebees shine kwalliyar ikon su. Ana nufin su ne kawai don dalilai na lumana. Don kare kai, dabbobi kamar sauran ƙudan zuma suna amfani da harba.
Gaskiya mai daɗi: Aararrakin umumfari ba ta da zafi fiye da ƙarar ƙudan zuma ko dajin dodo. Wannan kwaro mai zaman lafiya ne, da kadan yake cizawa ba tare da wani dalili ba. Dabba tana amfani da daɗaɗɗen hakora, ƙarfi lokacin da akwai haɗari na gaske ga rayuwarsa.
Wannan kwari ana daukar sa ne mai dumi. Tare da motsi mai motsi, jikin kumfa yana samar da zafi. Zafin jikinsu na iya kaiwa digiri arba'in. Duk wakilan jinsin halittar bumblebee suna da jikin balaga. Wannan yana basu damar sauƙaƙa sauƙaƙa har zuwa mawuyacin yanayin yanayi. Bumblebees suna da amfani, kwari da yawa. Suna yin adon furanni da yawa, da sauri suna motsawa daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Bumblebee dabba
Wakilan wannan jinsin suna daga cikin kwari masu saurin jure sanyi. Suna iya jure wa kananan sanyi. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar kasancewar igwa mai dumi da tsokar kirji mai ƙarfi. Kwari na iya daga zafin jikin ta ta hanzarin yin tsoka. Bumblebees sune farkon waɗanda suka tashi sama don karɓar ruwan nectar. Suna yin hakan da sassafe, lokacin da iska bata riga ta sami lokacin zuwa dumi zuwa yanayin zafin jiki mai kyau ba ga sauran dangin ƙudan zuma.
Bumblebees manyan kwari ne. Tsawon jikinsu na iya kaiwa milimita ashirin da takwas. Mata na iya yin alfahari da irin wannan girman. Maza suna girma zuwa matsakaicin milimita ashirin da huɗu. Kuma wasu nau'ikan ne kawai ke iya kaiwa tsawon milimita talatin da biyar. Misali, 'yar tsalle mai tsalle. Matsakaicin nauyin mata shine 0.85 g, na namiji - har zuwa 0.6 g.
Bidiyo: Kumfa
A mafi yawan lokuta, wannan kwaron yana da halayyar launin rawaya-baƙar fata. Koyaya, a cikin yanayi akwai nau'in bumblebees mai ruwan lemo har ma da ratsin ja, kuma wasu wakilan an zana su baki ɗaya. An yi imanin cewa bambancin launi yana da alaƙa da dalilai biyu: buƙatar sake kamanni, thermoregulation.
Girman siffar mata ya dan tsayi, na maza - kusan zagaye. Ciki na kwari bai lankwasa ba. An tsara farfajiyar bayan tibia ta musamman don dacewar tarin fure - yana da santsi, mai sheki, kuma yana da sifar "kwando". Tashin dabbar ba shi da gutsurewa, yana iya amfani da shi sau da yawa ba tare da ya cutar da kansa ba. Lokacin da harbin ya shiga cikin fata, gurneti yana ɓoye ƙananan guba.
A ina kumbo yake rayuwa?
Photo: Kwakwalwar kwari
Bumblebees suna cikin ƙwayoyin cuta da suka yadu. Suna zaune a duk nahiyoyi. Iyakar abin da aka cire shine Antarctica. Koyaya, yawan jama'a a yankuna daban-daban ba ɗaya bane. Don haka, a cikin theasashen Arewa, ana iya samun mafi yawan gurneti a cikin tsayayyun wurare. An wasu speciesan jinsin ne kawai ake samu fiye da Yankin Arctic. Bumblebees na Arewa da na polar suna zaune a cikin Chukotka, Greenland, Alaska. A rayuwa suna zaɓar duwatsu, makiyaya mai tsayi, suna zama kusa da iyakar kankara.
Bumblebees suna da wuya a cikin wurare masu zafi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin yanayin yanayin dabba. Suna kawai zama marasa kwanciyar hankali a yanayin yanayin zafi mai yawa. Bumblebees suna son yanayin sanyi. Akwai nau'ikan biyu kawai a cikin Amazon; Ana iya ganin nau'ikan da yawa a cikin yankin Asiya mai zafi. Wadannan kwari suna zaune sosai a Kudancin Amurka, ban da na wurare masu zafi. Hakanan, waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa a cikin Afirka, Rasha, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bumblebees ba kwari bane na tashin hankali. A saboda wannan dalili, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin lambun lambu da kuma rani na rani don sharar kayan gona iri daban-daban. Wannan yana ba ku damar haɓaka matakin yawan amfanin ƙasa.
An gabatar da bumblebees na lambu musamman zuwa Ostiraliya. A wurin ana amfani da su don yin goge goge, suna zaune ne kawai a cikin jihar Tasmania. Yawancin jinsunan wadannan kwari suna zaune a New Zealand.
Menene kumfa mai ci?
Photo: Kumfa
Wadannan dabbobin sune dangi na kusa da kudan zuma. Amma duk da wannan, abincin su ya sha bamban. Wasps yana da jerin "abinci" da suka fi dacewa don amfani. Suna cin ruwan itaciya, tsirrai na furanni, sukari, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, kuma suna iya cin abinci a kan matsawa da zuma da aka gauraye cikin ruwa. Wannan abincin bai dace da bumblebees ba.
Wakilan wannan jinsi suna cin abincin nectar da pollen kawai. Suna tattara su daga tsire-tsire iri iri. Jerin tsire-tsire yana da girma, saboda haka ana kiran bumblebees pollinators na duniya. Suna kawo fa'idodi masu yawa ga ayyukan noman ɗan adam, tare da haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa cikin sauri.
Bumblebees na manya suma suna da aikin ciyar da tsutsa. Don yin wannan, suna kawo sabo nectar zuwa gida. Wasu lokuta, maimakon tsirrai, ana ba da larvae nasu zuma. Bumblebees suna yin zuma, amma ya ɗan bambanta da ƙudan zuma da aka saba. Kumfa mai zuma ce ta fi siriri, tana da daidaito mai haske, launi mai haske. Yana da ɗanɗano mafi ɗanɗano kuma a zahiri ba ya fitar da ƙanshi. Irin wannan zumar tana adana sosai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kafin wayewar gari, kullun yakan bayyana koyaushe a cikin gidan dajin, wanda ya fara yin kuwwa da ƙarfi. Da farko, masana kimiyya sunyi imani cewa ta wannan hanyar yana ƙarfafa sauran mutane su fara aiki. Koyaya, ya zama cewa damina tana rawar sanyi daga sanyi kuma tana ƙoƙari ta ji ɗumi, saboda da sanyin safiya yanayin zafin jikin ya yi ƙasa ƙwarai.
Bumblebees don pollination sun fi son zaɓar yawancin furanni masu haske. Sai kawai a lokuta masu wuya kaɗai dabbobi zasu iya cin ruwan itacen. A yayin ciyarwar su, wadannan dabbobi suna dauke da iri, wanda ke bayar da gudummawa wajen samar da amfanin gona mai yawa. Abincin da aka fi so da wannan ƙwarin shine clover.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Bumblebee kan fure
Bumblebee kwari ne na zamantakewa. Suna rayuwarsu tare da danginsu. Kowane dangi ya ƙunshi manyan sarauniya, maza da ƙaramar rigar aiki. Iyalai suna rayuwa a cikin manyan gidajan gida. Wadannan dabbobi suna gina gida uku:
- Karkashin kasa. Irin wannan gidan ya fi dacewa da yawancin wakilan jinsin. Gida ya zauna a cikin ƙananan burbushin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan beraye. Anshin irin waɗannan dabbobin yana da kyau musamman ga ban mata masu taurin kai. Don rufe gida ta ɓoye, ƙwarin na amfani da kayan da suka rage daga rodent: busasshiyar ciyawa, ulu;
- A ƙasa. Irin waɗannan gidajen suna zama a cikin ciyawa mai yawa, tsintsayen tsuntsaye da aka watsar, a cikin kumburi;
- Sama da ƙasa. Wasu nau'ikan 'yan kwaya suna rayuwa a cikin ramin bishiyoyi, a cikin gine-gine daban-daban har ma a gidajen tsuntsaye.
Iyalan 'yan bori ba su da yawa. Mafi yawan lokuta, lambar ta mutum ɗari ne kawai. Suna zaune tare shekara guda kawai. Bayan haka, wasu daga cikin mata suna kafa sabbin iyalai, ɗayan yana zuwa lokacin sanyi. Yanayin rayuwar buda baki yana da wadatar gaske. Kowane dangi yana da aikinsa. Manya masu aiki suna yin duk aikin datti. Suna ciyar da tsutsa, suna samun abinci, suna tsare gida. Mahaifa ya tsunduma cikin kwan ƙwai, maza - a cikin haɗuwar mata. Bayan kammala babban aikin, mazan basa jinkirtawa a cikin nests.
Halin bumblebees yana da nutsuwa, ba mai rikici ba. Ba kamar yawancin membobin dangin su ba, wadannan kwari basa taba kaiwa mutane hari ba gaira ba dalili. Idan akwai haɗari ne kawai daƙurar damina zata iya harbawa. Koyaya, ga mutum, wannan zai zama kusan rashin ciwo.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Bumblebee dabba
Tsarin zamantakewar bumblebees yayi daidai da tsarin zamantakewar mafi yawan wakilan ƙudan zuma na gaskiya. A cikin wadannan dabbobi, mahaifa ita ce babba. Ita ce ta kirkiro iyali, a matakan farko da ta tsunduma cikin aikin gina gidaje, ta yi ƙwai. Wannan yana biye da maza da bumblebees masu aiki, waɗanda daga baya suka tsunduma cikin ciyar da zuriya, neman abinci.
Bumblebee mace ta haɗu a cikin bazara. Nan da nan bayan hadi, ta fara aiki sosai har tsawon makonni. Wannan wajibi ne don ɗaukar ɗa mai lafiya. Na gaba, mace zata fara neman wuri mai dacewa don kwan ƙwai. A daidai wannan lokacin, ƙwayayin da ke cikin ƙwarjin ƙwai na mace sun fara yin kyau. Bayan samun wuri, mace ta koma gida, aikin gini.
Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: Ba duk nau'in kwale-kwale ke wahalar gina gida ba. Wasu mambobin jinsi suna rayuwa ta musamman ta hanyar lalatacciyar rayuwa. Sun sanya zuriyarsu a cikin amsar wasu iyalai.
Mace na yin kwai kamar goma sha shida a lokaci guda. Dukansu suna da tsayi, suna kaiwa matsakaicin milimita huɗu a tsayi. Bayan kwana shida, larvae ya bayyana daga ƙwai. Vaan tsutsa na tsutsa bayan kwana ashirin. Kokon ya girma cikin kimanin kwanaki goma sha takwas. Wato, a matsakaita, manya suna bayyana bayan sun kwan ƙwai bayan kwana talatin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan mahaifar ba zato ba tsammani ya mutu, to, dangi masu tsalle-tsalle ba ya rabuwa. Bumblebees masu aiki suna fara aiwatar da ayyukanta. Hakanan suna da ikon yin ƙwai.
Abokan gaba na bumblebees
Photo: Kumfa a cikin jirgin
Bumblebees suna da sauri, masu saurin haɗari, kwari marasa lahani. Koyaya, suma suna da isassun makiya. Babban maƙiyin bumblebees shine tururuwa. Wannan karamin mai farautar yana cutar da kwaron: yana satar zumar sa, qwai, larvae. Dukkanin jinsunan da suka fi son gina nests a ƙasa suna fama da tururuwa. A saboda wannan dalili, yawancin jinsuna sun ƙi irin wannan mazaunin, sun gwammace su zauna a ƙasa ko ƙasa, inda yake da wuya tururuwa ta wuce.
Wasu wasps kuma ana ɗaukarsu abokan gaba ne. Don haka, wasu daga cikinsu suna kawo 'yar wahala kawai, suna satar zumar da aka shirya sabo, wasu - suna kashe zuriya. Takarda wasps suna tsunduma a cikin satar zuma, kuma wasps na Jamusanci na iya cin abinci a tsintsiya.
Hatsarin kowane kwando yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin canopid. Suna kai hari kan kwari a cikin iska. Irin wannan kuda na iya bin wanda aka azabtar na tsawon awanni. Bayan ya cimma burinsa, canjin canjin canjin sai ya kafa kwai kai tsaye a kan kumbo. Daga baya, wani ƙyanƙyashe ya ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai. Ta fara cin mai gidanta, wanda sannu a hankali yakan kai ga mutuwarsa.
Tsuntsaye da masu farauta suna kawo babbar illa ga yawan jama'ar da ke yaɗuwa. Daga cikin tsuntsaye, ana daukar mai cin zinare a matsayin babban makiyi. Tana gwanintar ɗaruruwan ɗarurruka, tana lalata adadi mai yawa cikin shekara guda. Karnuka, bishiyoyi, da kyarkyara ba sa kyamar cin irin wadannan kwari. Suna afkawa gida-gida.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Kwakwalwar kwari
Bumblebee shine mafi mahimmanci pollinator. Yana kawo fa'idodi masu yawa ga ayyukan noman mutane da kuma, gabaɗaya, ga kowane yanayi, gandun daji da ke yin shuke-shuke, shuke-shuke masu daɗaɗɗa, ciyayi. Suna da yawa, "aiki" da sauri fiye da ƙudan zuma. Kasancewar su yana da mahimmanci musamman a wajen rarraba hatsi, alfalfa, da kabeji. A amince zamu iya cewa waɗannan tsire-tsire suna girma cikin irin wannan adadin kawai godiya ga bumblebees. Misali, an kawo bumblebees zuwa Ostiraliya daidai don dalilin kiwo da kuma yaduwar itacen shuke-shuken.
Jinsunan bumblebees suna da yawa. Yau kadai, akwai nau'ikan fiye da dari uku. Wadannan dabbobin suna rayuwa da yawa a kusan dukkanin nahiyoyin Duniya. Banda shine Antarctica. Bumblebees suna hayayyafa da sauri, suna iya ɓoye kansu, kuma wasu lokuta mutane sukan yi kiwonsu don dalilan noma. Saboda wadannan dalilai, yawan wadannan dabbobi ya tabbata.
Gabaɗaya, yawancin bumblebees a yau ba sa cikin haɗari. An sanya nau'in nau'in statusarin Damuwa. Koyaya, ana iya lura da cewa ba shi yiwuwa a kimanta yawan waɗannan kwari tare da cikakkiyar daidaito don dalilai na haƙiƙa. Suna da ƙanana, wasu lokuta suna zaune a wurare masu wahalar isa. Ba shi yiwuwa a iya tantance ainihin adadin waɗannan dabbobi.
Kwallan kumfa
Photo: Kumfa mai ja littafin
Duk da wadatar yawan bumblebees, wasu wakilan wannan jinsin ana lasafta su azaman kwari masu ɓacewa a hankali. Wasu nau'in bumblebees suna mutuwa a hankali, saboda haka an saka su a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red na ƙasashe da wasu biranen. Yana da wahala a fadi takamaiman dalilan da suka sa wadannan dabbobi suka lalace.
Koyaya, abubuwan da ke tafe sun shafi mummunan rukuni: mummunan lalacewar yanayin muhalli a cikin yankuna, tasiri mai tasiri kan kwari na abokan gaba, ɓarnar gidajan mutane, da karancin abinci.
Bumblebee ta Armeniya nau'in nau'in abu ne. An lissafa shi a cikin Red Book of Ukraine, Russia. Wannan dabba tana tsunduma cikin aikin kwalliyar kwalliyar Compositae, legumes. Ya fi so ya zauna a cikin gandun daji-steppe, tsaunuka, a gefen gandun daji, inda bishiyoyi ke girma. Har ila yau, an lasafta bumblebee na yau da kullun a cikin Red Book of Russia. A cikin ƙananan lambobi, har yanzu yana zaune a wasu yankuna na ɓangaren Turai na Rasha.
Duk da cewa akwai wasu nau'in bumblebees a cikin Red Data Books. Har yanzu babu matakan aiki don kare su. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai wasu nau'in bumblebees da yawa, kuma, gabaɗaya, wannan nau'in yana da aminci. Koyaya, domin kiyaye ragowar nau'ikan halittu, ya zama dole ta wata hanya a takaita gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki a mazauninsu, da hana yin gobara, da takaita kiwon dabbobi.
Kumfa - mai launi mai launi, kwari mai matukar amfani. Mai zabe ne na duniya, baya cutar da mutane, baya nuna zalunci. Bumblebees sun yadu ko'ina cikin kusan duk duniya. A sauƙaƙe suna iya jure yanayin yanayi mai sanyi, suna guje wa wurare masu zafi saboda yanayin yanayin yanayin jikinsu. Wannan jinsin na musamman ne na dangin kudan zuma, wanda ya cancanci kulawa da hankali daga mutane, saboda wasu nau'in bumblebees an riga an jera su a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red na kowane jihohi.
Ranar bugawa: 17.04.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 19.09.2019 a 21:38
