Walrus suna ɗaya daga cikin sanannun mazaunan arewa. Suna da filin a maimakon ƙafafu waɗanda kowa ya sani, a bayan wutsiya mai kama da kifi. Hakanan suna da hauren giwa manya-manya, wanda yake basu damar rikitawa da wasu dabbobi, da kuma juriya ta musamman ga yanayi mai tsananin sanyi, shi yasa kalma take walrus har ma ya zama sunan gida. Waɗannan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sune irin waɗannan a cikin ruwan Arctic.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Walrus
Dangane da rabe-raben dabbobin, walruses na gidan walrus ne da kuma tsarin finnipeds. Wato, suna da fikafika maimakon ƙafa. Dangi na nesa daga walruses suna da hatimin kunne, wanda akan su suke kama da kamanni. Na dogon lokaci, ana ɗaukar duk maɓuɓɓugan umarni ɗaya, amma bisa ga ra'ayoyin zamani, hatimin kunnuwa ne kawai ke da alaƙa da walruses, kuma hatimai na ainihi suna da layi daban.
Bidiyo: Walrus
A hakikanin gaskiya, dukkansu sun fito daga kakanni daban-daban, kuma kamannin jikin da gaɓoɓin an bayyana ta yanayin yanayin rayuwa iri ɗaya. Layin hatimin kunnuwa da na walruses sun karkata kimanin shekaru miliyan 28 da suka gabata. Walruses da kansu, a cikin tsarin su na zamani, an kirkiresu kimanin shekaru miliyan 5-8 da suka gabata kuma sun rayu a yankin Pacific. Suna zaune cikin tekun Arctic na kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.
Akwai nau'ikan rabe-rabe guda uku na walrus, waɗanda ke da jeri mara iyaka, da ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin bayyanar, waɗannan sune:
- Walrus na Pacific;
- Walrus na Atlantic;
- Laptev walrus.
Kodayake, bisa ga sakamakon binciken DNA da kuma nazarin bayanan halittu, masana kimiyya sun fara gaskatawa cewa mutum ya watsar da la'akari da ƙananan raƙuman Laptev walrus a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Duk da keɓancewar kewayon waɗannan waƙoƙin, ana iya yin la'akari da ƙarancin yammacin yamma na ƙasashen Pacific.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Walrus na dabbobi
Jikin walrus yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da girma. Tsawon babban mutum ya kai ƙima daga mita 4 zuwa 5, kuma nauyin jiki na iya kaiwa tan ɗaya da rabi. Mata sun fi ƙanana. Kan goron walrus yana da ƙaranci daidai gwargwado idan aka gwada shi da jikinsa, don haka da alama ƙaramar girma ce a wuyanta mai ƙarfi.
Hannun bakin dabbar yana zaune tare da ɗimbin gashin-bakin-whiskers masu yawa, wanda kaurinsa zai iya kaiwa 1 ko 2 mm, kuma tsayin daga 15 zuwa 20 cm. Walrus ɗin ba shi da kunnuwa na waje, idanun sun kasance ƙanana da gajere. Vibrissae akan fuskar dabba suna kama da buroshi a cikin bayyanar su. Walrus ne ke amfani dasu yayin binciken mollusks na karkashin ruwa da kuma lokacin da suke tafiya tare da ƙasan, tunda a cikin zurfin zurfin ƙarƙashin bishiyoyin kankara babu wadataccen haske, kuma hangen nesa ya fara taka rawa ta biyu.
Walrus suna da canines na sama waɗanda suke da ci gaba sosai, suna da tsayi kuma ana nusar da su nesa da hammatar. Ana kiransu da hazo. Tare da su, walrus ke nitsar da gindi, yana ƙoƙarin tono molo da sauran halittun da ke ɓoye a cikin yashi. Lokacin motsi a kan kankara kankara, walrus na iya amfani da hauren a matsayin taimako don sa hannu. Amma dole ne mu tuna cewa wannan ba shine babbar manufar su ba. Wani lokaci hauren hauren suna lalacewa kuma walrus ya rasa su. Wannan yana faruwa musamman galibi a cikin fursuna, saboda ɗakunan hawa na ƙasa mai wuya a cikin shinge.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: hauren hauren zai iya kaiwa mita a tsayi kuma ya kai nauyin kilogiram 5. Sau da yawa ana amfani da ƙusoshin don yaƙe-yaƙe, don haka namijin da yake da mafi yawan haƙori ya mamaye.
Fata mai kauri sosai ta dabbar an rufe ta da gajere, kusa-dacewa da rawaya-launin ruwan kasa. Amma tare da shekaru, gashi na jiki ya zama ƙasa, kuma a cikin tsofaffin ɗakunan ajiya, fatar kusan ba ta da komai. Fatar kanta launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu.
Theafafun na walrus, kamar na waɗancan na wasu ƙanƙani, suna da silifa. Amma sun fi dacewa da motsi a kan ƙasa, ba kamar like ba. Sabili da haka, walruses na iya tafiya a kan ƙasa kuma ba su rarrafe kamar sauran ƙuƙummai ba. Soafaffun suna masu ƙira. A kan ƙasa, walruses ba su da ma'ana, da ƙyar za su iya motsawa. Amma su kwararrun masu iyo ne kuma suna da yanci sosai a cikin ruwa.
A ina walrus yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Walrus na teku
Walrus suna rayuwa kusa da gabar Tekun Arctic kusa da Pole ta Arewa. Yankin su yana zagaye. Kuna iya saduwa da dabbobi a gefen arewacin Turai, Asiya, da kuma cikin gabar tekun Arewacin Amurka da yawancin tsibirin Arctic. Amma ba kamar hatimi ba, walruses suna gujewa dukkanin sararin buɗe ruwa da shirya kankara, don haka suna ƙoƙarin kasancewa kusa da bakin teku.
Gabaɗaya, walruses sun fi son zama inda zurfin zuwa ƙasa bai fi mita ɗari ba. Tunda yawancin abincinsu ya ƙunshi ƙananan rayayyun halittu, ƙananan abin da za ku yi nutsewa da kashe kuzari, ya fi sauƙi ga dabbobi. Amma a lokaci guda, kusan kowane walrus na iya yin ruwa zuwa zurfin mita 150-200.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: walruses na iya jinkirta bugun zuciya yayin yin ruwa. Kuma babban abun mai na subcutaneous kitse yana taimaka musu su jure yanayin ƙarancin ruwa, wanda shine insulin zafi mai kyau.
Dabbobi suna da ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci, amma suna da gajera sosai. A lokacin sanyi, jama'ar walrus suna matsa kudu, amma kilomita 100-200 ne kawai. Ga irin waɗannan manyan dabbobi, wannan kaɗan ne.
Mafi yawan lambun gidaje suna zaune ne a Tsibirin Chukchi, a duka bankunan na Bering Strait; akwai kuma yankuna da yawa a kan Labrador Peninsula. Ana samun ƙananan walruses a yamma da tsakiyar sassan Eurasia. Wakilan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na Atlantic suna rayuwa a kusancin Greenland da Spitsbergen.
Hakanan ana samun waɗannan walruses a yammacin ɓangaren Arctic na Rasha. Keɓaɓɓen yawan Laptev na walruses yana cikin gari a tsakiya da yamma na Tekun Laptev. Wannan ƙananan ƙananan sune mafi ƙanƙanci.
Menene walrus ke ci?
Hotuna: walrus na Atlantic
Bivalve mollusks da sauran benthic invertebrates sune sukafi yawa daga abincin walrus, wadanda ake ganima a zurfin har zuwa mita 50-80.
Hakanan abinci na iya zama:
- Wasu nau'ikan lobster;
- Gorfe;
- Tsutsotsan Polychaete
Kadan da yawa, waldaya suna cin dorinar ruwa da kabejin teku. A cikin mawuyacin yanayi, wasu nau'ikan kifayen suna zama abinci, kodayake galibi walda ba sa kula da kifi. Hakanan, walruses na iya cin sauran kayan masarufi, alal misali, hatimin yara ko hatimin ringi, amma wannan ba safai ake samun sa ba kuma a lokuta na musamman idan babu wadataccen abinci na kowa ga kowa. Individualsayan mutane ne kawai ake kaiwa hari, don haka babu buƙatar magana game da ɗimbin halin cin wasu dabbobi. A cikin al'amuran da ba safai ake samunsu ba, walruses na iya kai hari ga tsuntsayen da suka sauka.
A matsakaici, babban goro na buƙatar cin abinci har zuwa kilogiram 50 na kifin kifin ko sauran abinci kowace rana don samun isasshen abinci. Cire abincin kamar haka. Da farko, walrus din tare da manyan karafansa sun shiga cikin rairayi mai yashi ko laka, "yana huce" kuma yana tunkarar da bawon daga can. Ana share kwansonsu ta hanzarin motsi tare da fikafikai, wanda samansa an rufe shi da kira mai yawa, kuma ana cin naman. Fitar da tsutsotsi da kayan kwalliyar kwalliya yana faruwa ta irin wannan hanyar. Haƙiƙanin gorar su daga ƙasa an share su don ci. Neman abinci yana faruwa tare da taimakon vibrissae wanda yake kan fuskar dabba.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Walrus Red Book
Waltus dabbobi ne na garken dabbobi. Yawanci, girman kowane garke ya fara daga 20 zuwa 30 walruses, amma a wasu rookeries ɗaruruwan ko ma dubban dabbobi sun haɗu wuri ɗaya. Kowane garken yana da iko da ƙarfi da girma. Sauran lokaci-lokaci suna warware abubuwa tare da shi kuma suna ƙoƙari su cire taken. Mata kusan koyaushe batun rikici ne.
A cikin garken dabbobi, dabbobi sau da yawa suna kwanciya da juna sosai, saboda iyakantaccen yanki na ƙasa ko kankara. Sau da yawa dole ka kwanta a gefenka, wani lokacin ka kwantar da kanka a kan wata walrus na kusa. Kuma idan akwai wuri kaɗan, to, zasu iya yin kwance a cikin matakai biyu. Dukan rookery yana "motsawa" koyaushe: wasu dabbobin suna shiga cikin ruwa don su ci ko su huce, sauran masu walr ɗin kuma nan da nan suna komawa inda suke barci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: a gefen gefen walrus rookeries akwai kusan kullun masu tsaro waɗanda, bayan sun lura da haɗarin, nan da nan zasu sanar da kowa da babbar murya. Bayan irin wannan siginar, garken garken gaba ɗaya kamar yadda yake guduwa cikin ruwa.
Dangane da sauran dabbobi da juna, walruses galibi suna cikin aminci da abokantaka. Baya ga komai, walrus din mata suna da kyakkyawar dabi'a irin ta uwa, don haka suna sadaukar da kai ga yara lokacin da hatsari ya bayyana, kuma suna kula da zuriyarsu ba kawai, har ma da na sauran mutane. Suna kuma da mutunci sosai. Duk wani walrus na baligi a cikin garken yana ba wa kowane ɗayan yaro damar hawa ta bayansa ya kwanta a can ya huta.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby walrus
Walrus dabbobi ne masu natsuwa da natsuwa, amma a lokacin lokacin saduwa, wanda ke faruwa a ƙarshen Afrilu ko farkon Mayu, ana yawan samun faɗa tsakanin mata tsakanin maza. A cikin faɗa, suna amfani da ƙahoninsu masu ƙarfi, amma ba sa barin galaba mai ƙarfi a jikin abokin hamayyar. Waldawa suna da fata mai kauri da kauri mai kauri, wanda ke hana mummunan rauni ga gabobin ciki.
A ƙarshen Afrilu, walruses maza suna tara mafi girma na balagar maniyyi, kuma a shirye suke su yiwa mace taki. Mata, a biyun, suma a shirye suke don haɗuwa a wannan lokacin, kuma tuni a tsakiyar watan Mayu sun fara haɓaka jikin rawaya na ciki.
Bayan jima'i, duk walruses suna ci gaba da rayuwarsu cikin nutsuwa a cikin garkensu. Mata masu ciki za su kawo zuriyarsu a cikin shekara ɗaya. Yarinya daya tilo take haihuwa. Nauyin sa ya kai 60-70 kilogiram, tsawon sa ya kai kimanin mita. Walaramin walrus na iya iyo a cikin ruwa daga haihuwa, wannan yana taimaka masa ya tsira idan akwai haɗari, kuma ya nitse bayan mahaifiyarsa.
Lokacin lactation a cikin walruses yana da tsayi sosai - shekaru biyu cikakke. Saboda haka, walruses suna yin sau ɗaya kawai a kowace shekara 4-5. Mace na iya yin ciki sau da yawa kawai idan ɗan baya ya mutu. Lokacin da samarin walrus suka girma manya manyan hauren haushi, lactation yana tsayawa sai dabbar ta sauya zuwa ciyarwar mai zaman kanta. Maza sun balaga ta hanyar shekaru shida zuwa bakwai, mata kadan a baya.
Kubawa suna ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin garke ɗaya tare da iyayensu, amma tuni suna matsayin masu zaman kansu.
Abokan gaba na walruses
Hotuna: Walruses Russia
Waltunan suna da girma kuma suna da ƙarfi, saboda haka mutane ƙalilan ne zasu iya cutar da su. Daga dabbobin ƙasar, kawai polar bear yana fuskantar haɗari da farfajiyar giya, kuma yana yin sa ta wata hanya. Beyar tana tsare walrus a gefen ƙanƙarar kankara ko kusa da ramin kankara, daga inda walrus zai fito.
A daidai lokacin da ya fito ne dole beyar ta buge shi, don ya iya jimre gawar. Wato idan bai yi kisa ba ko ya fitar da gorar da bugun daya, to walwar za ta tsayayya da shi. A cikin yakin tsakanin walrus da beyar, na biyu na iya samun rauni mai tsanani ta hanyar haƙoran ƙaton teku.
Hakanan Bears suna da haɗari sosai ga jarirai da ƙananan walruses. Bears na iya kai musu hari a kan ƙasa, a kan kankara. Jarirai ba sa iya samar da juriya mai ƙarfi kuma galibi galibi suna mutuwa ne a cikin hannun mafarauta.
Akwai sanannun lokuta na hare-hare akan giya ta whales masu kisa. Sun fi girman walwala kusan sau 3, kuma sun ninka su sau 4, don haka walrus ba zai iya kare kansa daga kifin whale ba. Yana iya tserewa ne kawai idan ya hau ƙasa. Dabarar farauta don kifayen kifayen teku koyaushe iri ɗaya ne. Sun sanya kansu cikin garken walruses, sun raba shi, sannan sun kewaye wani daban kuma sun kai masa hari.
Babban maƙiyin walruses shine mutum. Don nama, kitse, fata da hauren giwa, mutane galibi suna farautar gyada. Bayan kashe goro guda ɗaya, zaku iya ciyar da dangin ku na tsawon watanni, da yawa walrus sun mutu a hannun mutane. Amma ba wai kawai yunwa ke sa mutane su kashe wadannan dabbobi masu zaman lafiya ba, sha'awar farauta ce ke ingiza su.
Abin takaici, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin walruses suka mutu ba komai. Suna haifuwa a hankali, kuma yawan walrus sun ragu sosai. Zai ɗauki lokaci mai yawa don haɓaka shi, kuma, duk abin da mutum zai iya faɗi, wannan aikin ba zai iya haɓaka ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Walrus na dabbobi
Babu cikakken bayani kan yawan walrus a yau. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, yawan wakilan wakilan ƙasashe na Pacific aƙalla mutane dubu 200 ne. Adadin walrus na Atlantika umarni ne na girman ƙasa - daga dabbobi dubu 20 zuwa 25, saboda haka ana ɗaukar wannan rarar da barazanar. Mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a shine yawan Laptev. A yau, akwai irin waɗannan lambobin daga 5 zuwa 10.
Ba wai kawai ayyukan ɗan adam ba, har ma canjin yanayi na duniya yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan yawan waɗannan dabbobin. Musamman, akwai raguwa a tsawon fakitin fakiti da kaurinsa. Wato, a kan wannan kankara, walruses suna yin kwalliyar su don saduwa da haihuwa yayin lokacin haifuwa.
An yi amannar cewa saboda canjin yanayi, an sami raguwa a wuraren da suka dace don walruses su huta a kusa da wuraren ciyarwar su mafi kyau. Saboda wannan, ana tilasta wa mata kasancewa ba su daɗe a cikin neman abinci, kuma wannan ma yana shafar ciyar da yara.
Saboda raguwar yawan walrus, a halin yanzu doka ta hana girbin kasuwancinsu a duk ƙasashe. A takaice dai, ana ba da izinin kamun kifi ne kawai ga ‘yan asali da kuma‘ yan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda rayuwarsu ke da alaƙa da tarihi da farautar walrus.
Walrus kariya
Hotuna: Walrus Red Book
Includedasashen Atlantic na walrus da Laptev waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ruwan Rasha suna cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha. An kiyaye wuraren cinikinsu na bakin teku, kuma an hana kamun kifi tun daga shekarun 1950. An ayyana 'yan rokeries ajere, kuma an rage ayyukan masana'antu a yankin su. Amma ban da wannan, har yanzu ba a yi aiki na musamman da ƙarin matakan kariya ga walruses dalla-dalla ba.
Haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa da ƙasa ya sami nasarar haɓaka ƙimar haɓakar waliri. A matsakaita, yanzu ya kusan 14%, wanda ya fi kashi 1% bisa ga mutuwar waɗannan dabbobi. Tare da ayyukan da aka riga aka yi, yana da kyau a tsara nazarin mahalli kuma a hankali a lura da lambar akai-akai.
Akwai zato cewa don kiyaye yawan jama'a, yana da ma'ana don kare yawancin walr da kansu, amma dabbobin da suke ciyar da su. Amma wannan ɗayan matakan ne masu yuwuwa. Hakanan akwai ra'ayi cewa raguwar lambobi na da nasaba da canjin yanayi. Wannan yana rikitar da maidowar mutane ta wucin gadi.
Matakan da za a iya amfani da shi kawai shi ne takaita gurbataccen sinadarin tekun da ruwa, tare da takaita hargitsi kamar karar injina daga jirage masu saukar ungulu da jiragen ruwa masu wucewa. Sannan walrus zai iya dawo da yawanta kuma yana iya fara dawo da matsayinta a cikin tsarin halittu na duniya.
Ranar bugawa: 07.04.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 19.09.2019 da 15:04
