Tun zamanin da barewa ƙwaro yana motsa sha'awar gaske ga mutane na sana'o'i daban-daban, shekaru. Wannan kwarin da ba a saba gani ba ya zama babban jigon abubuwa daban-daban a kan kayayyakin tarihi, tambarin gidan waya, zane-zanen shahararrun masu fasaha. Irin wannan shahararren yana da alaƙa da bayyanar bayyanar ƙwaro, yanayin rayuwa mai ban sha'awa da halaye.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: barewa irin ƙwaro
Stag beetles na cikin tsari na Coleoptera, dangi. Sunan asalinsu a Latin yana kama da Lucanus. Waɗannan kwari sun shahara saboda bayanan waje na ban mamaki, manyan girma. A dabi'a, akwai mutane waɗanda tsayinsu ya kai milimita casa'in! Ana kuma kiran berayen barewa. Wannan saboda manyan ci gaban da suke kan kai. A waje, suna kama da dawakai.
Gaskiyar lamari mai ban sha'awa: Gaggon ƙwarƙiri ana ɗaukar shi babban ƙwaro a cikin Turai duka. A cikin yankin ƙasar Rasha, mai yanke katako ne kawai ya fi girman sa girma.
Sunan Latin Lucanus a zahiri ana fassararsa azaman "zama a Lucania". Isananan yanki ne a arewacin Etruria. A can ne barewar ƙwarya ta fara shahara sosai. Mazaunan Lucania sun ɗauki waɗannan kwari da tsarki, sun yi layya da su. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, sunan Lucanus ya kasance a kan gaba dayan dabbobin bera. A karo na farko, waɗannan ƙwayoyin beet ana kiran su barewa a cikin 1758. Wannan sunan Karl Linnaeus ya ba su. A yau duka sunaye suna ɗauka daidai.
Bidiyo: Bugun ƙwaro
A halin yanzu, nau'in kwari yana da nau'ikan sama da hamsin. Ana rarraba ƙwaro kusan ko'ina cikin duniya. Abu ne mai wuya a ce ba za a iya sanin ƙwaro mai ƙwaro tsakanin ire-iren waɗannan ƙwayoyin ba. Manya ne, suna da tsayayyen jiki kuma suna faɗaɗa mandole (kawai ga maza, a cikin mata suna da taushi).
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Dabbar barewa irin ƙwaro
Agwaƙwar barewa tana da halaye na waje na ban mamaki:
- Matsakaicin girman jikin maza daga milimita arba'in da biyar zuwa tamanin da biyar, mata - daga ashirin da biyar zuwa hamsin da bakwai. Ofididdigar ƙimomi ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa a wurare daban-daban ƙwaro ya girma zuwa girma daban-daban;
- Jiki babba, dan madaidaici. Jiki yana da duhu mai duhu, launin ruwan kasa-mai launin ruwan kasa ko ja-kasa-kasa elytra. Gaba daya sun rufe ciki. An zana kasan jikin ta da baki;
- Jima'i na wannan kwarin za a iya tantance shi ta girman mandula. A cikin maza, ƙahonin suna da ci gaba sosai, a tsayi suna iya zama ma fi girma fiye da duka jiki. Maza suna da hakora biyu akan kowane ɗa namiji. Mata ba za su iya yin alfahari da irin wannan 'ado' ba. Abun adonsu karami ne sosai;
- Shugaban beetles yana da fadi, eriya suna jin daɗi. A cikin mata, idanuwa cikakke ne, yayin da a maza ake rabuwa da su ta hanyar ci gaba;
- A dabi'a, akwai manyan barewar barewa tare da launin jiki mai haske. Su lemu ne, koren. Jikinsu yayi wani kyakkyawan zinare, karafa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Launin kaho a lokacin rayuwar beetles yana da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da bayyananniyar launin ja. Amma bayan mutuwa al'adun suna canzawa. Sun zama duhu, sun sayi launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
A ina ne barewar barewa take rayuwa?
Hotuna: kwari mai kama da ƙwaro
Staghorn yana zaune a cikin Turkiya, Rasha, Kazakhstan, Iran, Asiya orarama, Turai, ana samun ƙaramin adadi a Arewacin Afirka. Hakanan, yankin na halitta ya haɗa da ƙasashe kamar Moldova, Georgia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine. A Turai, ƙwaro ya zauna a yankuna daga Sweden zuwa Yankin Balkan. A baya, berayen beraye sun rayu a Lithuania, Estonia, Denmark da ma Biritaniya. Amma a yanzu, a yankin waɗannan ƙasashe, an yarda da su azaman ƙarancin jinsuna.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A yankin ƙasar Rasha, tsutsa mai ƙwaro ɗaya ce daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan jinsin Lucanus guda uku. A cikin Belarus, Ukraine, wannan nau'in shine wakili kawai.
Stwaran barewa sun zaɓi yanayi mai yanayi don rayuwa. Yankunan yankin da suke da tsananin zafi ko sanyi ba su dace da su ba. Don sabon mulkin mallaka na barewa ya bayyana akan yankin, wasu sharuɗɗa sun zama dole - kasancewar adadi mai yawa da ya faɗi da kututture. A cikin su ne kwaron ke sanya tsutsa.
Yana da wuya a ambaci takamaiman nau'ikan itacen da dabbobin dawa ke son zama. Bewaro, 'ya'yansu galibi ana samunsu kusa da kututture daban-daban, waɗanda suka faɗi a kan bishiyoyin wurare masu zafi. Ga waɗannan dabbobi, mahimmin abu shine mafi kyawun lokacin - shekarun itacen. Sun fi son zama a cikin bishiyar da ke cikin ruɓuwa mai zurfi.
Menene begen ƙwaro yake ci?
Photo: Stag irin ƙwaro Red Book
Tsarin yau da kullun na barewa ba shi da bambanci sosai. Abincin irin wannan dabba kai tsaye ya dogara da mazaunin sa, matakin ci gaba. Kananan larvae galibi suna cin rubabben haushi da itace. Suna da girma mai ban sha'awa, kyakkyawan abinci. Ko da tsutsa guda daya na iya cinyewa ta cikin dukkanin sassan hanyoyin cikin bawon itacen a cikin kankanin lokaci. Ya kasance a matakin larva cewa yawancin abinci yana sha.
Manya suna buƙatar ruwan 'ya'yan itace don kula da kuzarinsu. Suna shan ruwan itace, bishiyoyi kore, shrubs. Wannan ruwan 'ya'yan itace ne mai matukar gina jiki. Don ganima, beetles wani lokacin sai sun yi aiki tuƙuru - gnaw out the bark. Wannan ana yin sa ne galibi daga barewa mata. Idan babu ruwan 'ya'yan itace a nan kusa, tsutsa mai tsutsa na iya cin abinci a kan ruwan nectar mai zaki, ruwan sha mai ɗumi (raɓa da safe).
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ga tushen itacen itacen itace, barewa galibi suna da faɗa na ainihi "masu ƙarfi". Maza suna yaƙi da ƙarfi tare da ƙaho mai ƙarfi. Wanda ya ci nasara ya sami sabo, ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai gina jiki.
Abincin yau da kullun na berar barewa yakan ɗauki awoyi da yawa. Suna buƙatar ruwan 'ya'yan itace da yawa don kula da kuzarinsu. Kwanan nan, irin waɗannan dabbobin ana kama su don kiyaye gida. A gida, abincin barewar bera ya kunshi: sabo ciyawa, sikari, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, zuma.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: barewa irin ƙwaro
Kamar yadda muka riga muka gani a sama, girman kifin bera ya dogara da mazauninsu. Amma ba kawai girman ba. Shima rayuwar kwarin ya dogara da yankin da yake rayuwa kai tsaye. A cikin yawancin kewayon sa, tashiwar ƙwaro yakan fara ne a watan Mayu kuma ya ƙare a watan Yuli. Bugu da ƙari, a arewa, babban aikin yana faruwa da dare. Yayin rana, kwari sun fi son ɓoyewa a cikin bishiyoyi. A bangaren kudanci, komai kishiyar sa ne - beetles suna aiki da rana, sun huta da dare.
Manya maza sun fi karkata ga tashi. Mata suna tashi sau da yawa ƙasa, saboda larura. Da rana, berayen dawa na yin tazara mai nisa ta cikin iska - daga wannan bishiyar zuwa waccan. Koyaya, suna iya matsawa zuwa kilomita uku da fikafikan su. Wannan nau'in kwari ya banbanta ta yadda basa iya tashi koyaushe daga farfajiyar da ke kwance. Wannan saboda girman ƙahonin. Don tashi sama, waɗannan kwari musamman suna faɗuwa ne daga rassan bishiyoyi.
Halin wannan kwaron yana da kama da yaƙi. Maraɗi yakan kai wa wasu dabbobi hari, yakan shiga cikin faɗa da wakilan irinsa. Hakanan kuma barewar na iya amfani da ikonta akan masu farauta, mutane. Koyaya, koyaushe akwai bayani game da wannan mummunan halin. Thewaro zai iya kai hari ga mutane, masu farauta, da sauran ƙwari don kawai kare kai. Tare da irin ƙwaro irin nasa, barewa na faɗa don wani buri - mace, tushen abinci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yayin fada don ruwan itaciya ko mace, berayen dawa ba sa cutar da juna. Wanda ya ci nasara a yaƙin shine wanda ya sami damar buga abokin hamayyarsa a ƙasa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: kwari mai kama da ƙwaro
Tsarin haihuwa a cikin dusar ƙanƙara yana da wasu fasali:
- Lokacin kiwo yakanyi wata biyu: daga Mayu zuwa Yuni. Maza suna neman mata da yamma, don jawo hankalin zaɓaɓɓiyar "uwargidan" Zan iya rawar jiki da nuna rashin kunya, nuna manyan ƙahoni;
- Kai tsaye jigilar waɗannan kwari yana ɗaukar awanni da yawa. Dukkanin aikin yawanci ana faruwa akan itace;
- Stwaren tsintsa maza na iya sa ƙwai ashirin a lokaci guda. A baya can, masana kimiyya sun yi karfi fiye da kima kan karfin dabba, ganin cewa mace tana yin kwai kusan dari;
- Qwai suna haɓaka sama da makonni da yawa - daga uku zuwa shida. Suna da halayyar launin rawaya, sifa mai siffa. Bayan an sake haihuwar su cikin tsutsa;
- Matakin larva shi ne mafi tsayi. Yana ɗaukar sama da shekaru biyar. A wannan lokacin, tsutsa na iya cin katako mai yawa, tunda yana da kyakkyawan abinci. Ci gaban tsutsa yawanci yakan faru ne a ɓangaren ɓoye na itacen ko cikin kututture;
- Mata suna yin ƙwai, zai fi dacewa a cikin itacen oak. Koyaya, itacen oaks ba shine kawai nau'in bishiyar da ya dace ba. An sami tsutsa a cikin kututture da kututture daban-daban. Suna ciyarwa akan ruɓaɓɓen itace, suna taimakawa kayan halitta don ruɓewa da sauri;
- Tsutsar tsutsa ta zama ja a watan Oktoba.
Halittan makiya na barewa
Photo: barewa ƙwaro dabba
Agwaƙwar dawa ƙwaraƙwara ce mai sauƙin gaske ga manyan tsuntsaye. Croan hankaka, ƙuraye masu kaho, baƙaƙen hankaka, magpies, mujiya, masu sha'awar sha'awa, masu rawar birgima, da sauran wakilan masu ba da agaji. Tsuntsaye sun fi son cin abinci akan cikin dabbar kawai. Suna watsar da ragowar ƙwaro. Koyaya, masana kimiyya da yawa suna da'awar cewa akwai tsuntsayen da ke haɗiye komatsan tsaho. Misali, owls. Adadi mai yawa na ƙwaro suna mutuwa kowace shekara daga ƙafafun tsuntsaye. A cikin dazuzzuka inda irin waɗannan kwari suke rayuwa da yawa, zaka iya samun ragowar ƙaho, jiki, kawuna.
Hakanan, jays, woodpeckers, rooks har ma da jemage ba zasu ƙi cin abinci a kan ƙwarowar barewa ba. Sau da yawa, irin waɗannan kwari sukan zama masu cutar da kuliyoyin gida, tururuwa, da kaska. Wasps daga jinsin Scolia za'a iya danganta shi ga abokan gaba. Manyan wakilai na wannan harin jinsi na musamman na larvae. Suna gurguntar da su, suna kwan ƙwai a cikin akwati. To, tsuntsaye masu tsattsauran tsuntsu suna cin tsutsa mai tsutsa. Tsutsayen tsutsa na fara cin abincinsu da mahimman gabobi masu mahimmanci.
Haka kuma yana yiwuwa a kira ɗan adam maƙiyi na ɗariƙar tsutsa. Mutane na kama manya don nishaɗin kansu, ribar su, ko kuma saboda son sani. Da yawa suna kokarin ajiye su a gida, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar dabbobi. Wasu kuma suna siyar da ƙwaro ƙwaro ga masu tarawa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: barewa irin ƙwaro
A yau, yawan ƙwaro a duk cikin wuraren rayuwa yana raguwa a hankali. An fara samun berayen barewa ko a cikin gandun daji da yawa sosai, a cikin gida. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa a nan gaba wannan kwaron zai mutu gaba daya. Wadannan beetles suna adana adadi mai yawa kawai a cikin wasu yankuna. Misali, a cikin Kharkov, yankunan Chernigov na Ukraine. A can, lokaci-lokaci, ana samun barkewar ƙaruwar waɗannan dabbobin.
Menene abin da ya shafi yawan wannan nau'in?
Abubuwan da ke gaba suna shafar raguwar adadin berayen dawa:
- Muhalli. Lalacewar yanayin yanayin muhalli, gurɓatar ƙasa, ruwa, iska - duk wannan yana shafar rayuwar dabbobi a cikin daji;
- Ayyukan ɗan adam mara nauyi a cikin dazuzzuka. Stwayoyin barewa suna zama kusa da gandun daji inda akwai kututture, ɓauren bishiyoyi. Fashewar da ba a sarrafawa, lalata itacen - duk wannan yana haifar da rage yawan ƙwayoyin bera. Etwaro ba shi da wurin kwan ƙwai;
- Kamun kwari ba bisa ka'ida ba daga mutane. Agwaren tsintsiya tidbit ne ga kowane mai tarawa. A kasuwa, farashin irin wannan kwarin wani lokacin yakan wuce dala dubu, ya danganta da girma, launin dabbar.
Kariya daga berayen barewa
Photo: Stag beetle daga littafin Red
Saboda saurin raguwar adadin berayen dawa, an sanya su a cikin Littafin Ja na jihohi da yawa. Komawa cikin 1982, an gano cewa wannan kwaron yana da haɗari a yawancin yankuna na asalin wurin. Don haka, a yau wannan dabba tana da kariya a Denmark, Poland, Jamus, Estonia, Moldova, Ukraine, Sweden, Kazakhstan, Russia. A wasu yankuna, an yarda da jinsin a matsayin ya mutu kwata-kwata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: agwajan ƙwaro yana da tallafi koyaushe ta ayyuka daban-daban, wallafe-wallafe a cikin mujallolin kimiyya da dabba. Don haka, a cikin 2012, an gane wannan ƙwaro azaman ƙwarin shekarar a cikin Jamus, Austria, Switzerland.
A yau doka tana da kariya ga beet beet. Kamawa, sayarwa, gidan gida an hana su ƙwarai. Masana kimiyya a duk faɗin duniya suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi masu sa ido na musamman. Suna nazarin rayuwa, yawan mutane da kuma rarraba ƙwayoyin bera. A cikin yankin ƙasar Rasha, an ƙirƙiri yanayi na musamman don haifuwa da kuma zama na ƙwayoyin bera a cikin ajiya.
Har ila yau, a kan yankin yanki na asali, ana aiwatar da aiki don kiyaye abubuwan biotopes. Yanke tsofaffin bishiyoyi da lalata kututture an iyakance su a cikin dazuzzuka. Ana tattaunawa tare da matasa da yara a makarantu. A lokacin da malamai ke magana game da buƙata don kariya da kariya ga irin waɗannan ƙwaro, game da gaskiyar cewa ba za ku iya kama su ba kuma ku kashe su don nishaɗi.
Kaguwa irin ƙwaro Shin mai haske ne, babban wakilin jinsi na Lucanus. Wannan kwari mai ban mamaki yana da abin tunawa wanda ba za a manta da shi ba, halaye masu ban sha'awa da kuma darajar gaske. Irin ƙwaro yana kawo fa'idodi da yawa ga ɗan adam, yana taimakawa itace da sauran kayan ƙasa don saurin ruɓewa. Don wannan dukiyar, ana kiransa dajin tsari. Abin baƙin cikin shine, yawan ƙwaro har kullum yana ta raguwa har zuwa yau. Wannan yana buƙatar ɗaukar matakan gaggawa don adana irin waɗannan nau'o'in masu ƙima na manyan ƙwaro.
Ranar bugawa: 05.04.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 19.09.2019 a 13:37
