Giwa tawadar bera wata dabbar da ba a cika samun ta ba wacce ke rayuwa a karkashin kasa. Spalax giganteus sunan Latin ne na mai shayarwa wanda yawanci ana rude shi da kwayar halitta, kodayake ya ninka wannan kwari girma da yawa. Rayuwar ɓoye da ƙananan jama'a suna hana cikakken nazarin halayen dabba.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Giant tawadar bera
Babban wakilin gidan bera na beraye ne, tare da zokors da bera mai gora. An yi imanin cewa wannan shine mafi tsufa reshe na tsari mai kama da linzamin kwamfuta. A baya, an zaci cewa kowane jinsi na wannan dangi ya samo asali kuma ya dace da rayuwa ta karkashin kasa shi kadai, amma daga baya karatun ya tabbatar da alaƙar su kuma ya haɗu zuwa rukuni ɗaya na monophyletic.
An samo wakilan berayen tawadar farko a farkon Pliocene daga yankunan yammacin Ukraine, zuwa arewacin yankin Volga, a cikin Ciscaucasia, a cikin Trans-Urals. Nazarin Cytogenetic ya tabbatar da tsarin kason jinsin berayen Spalax Güldenstaedt - mole bera. Babu wani burbushin halittar katuwar bera daga lokacin kafin farkon Halocene da aka samo.
Bidiyo: Giant mole bera
A baya can, ana ɗaukan wannan nau'in bera mai ƙananan ƙananan na kowa, duk da bambancin bambancin launi da girma. Keɓewar waɗannan dabbobin zuwa cikin subgenera daban, tare da ramuka a cikin ɓangaren occipital, ba zai yiwu ba. Nazarin ya nuna cewa a cikin karamin beran bera, ba ramuka ba, amma karamin fossae ne kawai, kuma yawansu na iya banbanta. Mafi sau da yawa akan zama biyu daga cikinsu, amma kuma akwai ɗaya ko uku, ƙato yana da rami ɗaya.
Kwayar halittar berayen bera sun hada da, ban da katon, wasu nau'ikan hudu:
- talakawa;
- yashi;
- Bukovinian;
- yatsun
Kari akan haka, akwai jinsi na kananan berayen bera, wadanda suka hada da kanana, Falasdinu da mara sautin ringi. Dabbobi sun bambanta da kamanni da girmansu, haka kuma a mazauninsu, salon rayuwarsu yayi kama. Dabbobi makafi ne a zahiri, babu alamun ragowar idanu, an ɓoye su a ƙarƙashin fata.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: ratirar bera mai girman dabbobi
A cikin waɗannan berayen kamar linzamin kwamfuta, komai ya daidaita da tsarin rayuwar ƙasa. Likearfin kamar harsashi mai ƙarfi, tare da maɓallin kai mai lankwasawa zuwa hanci, kusan babu alamar canji a cikin yanayin wuya. Kamar yadda ba dole ba, auricles ba su ci gaba ba, kuma kusan ba a bayyana wutsiya ba.
Raɗaɗɗun raɗaɗɗen raɗaɗɗu suna wucewa daga kunnuwa zuwa hanci; suna taka rawar vibrissae, suna cikin aikin taɓawa. Hakanan ana samun Vibrissae akan ciki, goshin, a bayan rabin jiki. Hanci babba ne, fata ce, tare da lanƙwasawa waɗanda ke rufe hancin hancin, yana kiyaye su daga shigowar ƙurar ƙasa yayin haƙawa.
Lebe kamar yana zagayawa ne a gaban ingin, wanda ke fitowa sosai daga bakin. Hakanan, akan babba da ƙananan muƙamuƙi, akwai molar uku a kowane gefe. Abubuwan haɗi suna da faɗi kuma ba su da girma, tare da babban rata a tsakanin su. Sashin gaba mai fadi yana da gajerun kasusuwa da laushin hanci fiye da sauran nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa, kuma occiput yana ƙasa. Lebe kawai kan buɗe baki lokacin cin abinci.
Wsafan sandar sandar gajeru ne, masu yatsu biyar, ƙafafun baya suna da girma fiye da na gaba, ƙusoshin ƙanana ne. Paws, ba kamar sauran dabbobi masu birgima ba, ba su da ci gaba sosai. Dabba mai shayarwa ta cikin rami. Wannan shine mafi girman dangi, mai kauri kuma mai dan tsayi, kamar matashi mutaka, zai iya kaiwa nauyin 700-1000 g. Berayen ya kai tsawon 30 cm, kuma tsayin bayan kafa kusan 37 mm.
Short, lokacin farin ciki Jawo ba tare da ƙasa ba. Yana da fawn, launi mai launi wanda ke haskakawa da shekaru, musamman a saman kai. Cikin ciki yawanci yana da duhu a launuka tare da tabarau na launin toka. Gajeriyar tsawon layin gashi yana bawa dabba damar motsawa cikin labyrinth, gaba da baya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Rigar bera ta tawadar ta yi daidai daidai daga kai zuwa wutsiya, kuma ta kishiyar shugabanci, wannan yana ba ta damar motsawa sosai "zamewa" a cikin cikin kangon burrow farko da baya.
A ina ne katuwar bera ke rayuwa?
Photo: Giant mole bera Red Littafi
Yankin rarrabuwa na wannan sandar ƙarancin ruwa tare da salon rayuwar ƙasa shine ƙarami.
An samo shi:
- a cikin yankunan hamada a arewa maso gabas na Ciscaucasia;
- a cikin tazara daga ƙananan kogunan Terek da Kuma;
- a ƙasan Sulak;
- kudu da Makhachkala zuwa Gudermes.
A arewa, ƙauyukansa sun isa:
- zuwa kasashen kudu na yankin Astrakhan;
- kudu da Kalmykia.
Andananan ƙauyuka da keɓewa sune:
- gabas da Kogin Ural;
- a cikin yankin Kara-Agach;
- a kusancin kogunan Temir, Emba, Uil;
- a arewa maso gabashin yankin Guryev;
- a yamma da yankin Atyubinsk.
Dabbar ta fi son hamada mai yashi da yashi, amma yana zaune a wuraren da akwai danshi: a cikin kogunan ruwa, a cikin gemu da lacustrine ciyawar da kuma gandun daji, ana kuma samun sa a cikin gandun daji. Yana son ƙasan kirji. Ana iya ganin dabbar a tsaunin 1400-2400 m sama da matakin teku. m., mafi sau da yawa a tsawo na 1500-1600 m.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lura da bera da aka saki a yankin da babu wasu mutane, ya nuna cewa a cikin watanni hudu ya gina tara 284.
Inda ƙungiyar mutane ke zaune, tarin ƙasa ya rufe kusan 15% na yankin. A lokacin bazara, berayen bera suna fara yin sabbin hanyoyin ciyarwa, wanda suke amfani da shi duk lokacin bazara. Motsawa tare da su, dansandan ya kame tushen dusar da ke tsirowa, ya ja duk tsiron a bayansu. A lokacin bazara, sun sake fara binciken hanyoyin, amma waɗannan ayyukan daga sama ba abin lura bane. Dabbobin suna faɗaɗa hanyoyin ƙananan bene, ɗakunan gida, amma ba sa ture ƙasa, amma suna toshe hanyoyin abinci da su.
Hakanan kwayoyi suna yin motsi na lokaci. A lokacin sanyi, suna matsawa kusa da belin daji. Akwai sauran dusar ƙanƙara, ƙasa tana da kariya daga sanyi kuma baya daskarewa sosai, kuma tsarin tushen tushen abinci shine tushen abinci. A lokacin bazara, suna matsawa kusa da filaye tare da ciyawar shekara-shekara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Berayen Mole suna haƙa ramuka a cikin ƙasa mai yashi a saurin kusan 2.5 cm / awa ko 850 mm a cikin mintuna 20, a wannan lokacin, yawan hayakin hayaki 25,000 cm3 ne.
Menene katon bera mai ci?
Hotuna: Giant mole bera
Wannan dabba mai shayarwa bera ce, saboda haka, tana ciyar da dukkanin tushen shuke-shuke da ta samu a hanya. Ba kawai gnaw Tushen da tubers, kwararan fitila, amma kuma iya ja da shuka kanta a cikin rami. Kari akan haka, wadannan dabbobin, kamar sauran sanduna, suna adana kayan aikin hunturu. Kuna iya samun kilogram da yawa na corms, rhizomes, da sauransu.
A cikin menu na berayen beraye sunaye har zuwa sunaye 40 na tsire-tsire daban-daban, an ba da fifiko ga Compositae, legumes, labiates, haka kuma, rodent ba ya jan komai a cikin bakinsa, amma yana zaɓar nau'ikan noman da ke da laushi, wanda ke haifar da babbar illa ga aikin noma, musamman ma ya damu da yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu. Su ne waɗanda ba tare da gajiyawa ba suke tonowa, sassautawa, harrow, ruwa, suna mai da ƙasa mai sauƙi, kuma tsire-tsire suna da daɗi da juicier. Don haka berayen bera suna ƙoƙari don lambuna da gonakin bayan gida na mazaunan bazara.
Daga tsire-tsire na daji, abincin da ya fi so shi ne tushen chicory, wheatgrass, wormwood, hyposphilus (kachima), bony gashi, juzgun. A ƙarshen lokacin rani da kaka, rodent, yana shirya tushen, ya ci ɓangaren na sama. A cikin lambunan kayan lambu yana lalata dankali, karas, beets, turnips. Dabbobin suna da matukar son tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, inda suke girma, a cikin mazaunin wannan dabbar, kodayaushe ginshiƙan beraye koyaushe ana yin su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin ma'ajiyar manyan berayen bera, an sami kilogiram 15 na kayan lambu har zuwa kilogiram 18 na dankali.
A lokacin bazara, rodent yana cin abinci a kowace rana, daidai yake da girmansa - kimanin 700. Idan kuma ya ci a lokacin sanyi, to hatta kayan abinci masu mahimmanci za su ishe shi kusan wata guda. Ya zuwa yanzu, ba a yi nazarin komai game da rayuwarsa a lokacin sanyi ba. A bayyane yake, ana cinye wani bangare na makamashin daga kitse mai subcutaneous, wani bangare na abinci ana samunsa ne daga wurin kwano, yana yiwuwa dabbobi su ci gaba da samun tushen abinci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Giant mole bera dabba
Berayen mole suna yin tsayi da yawa da kuma rassan burrows a zurfin 20-80 cm Mafi yawanci, ana shirya hanyoyin ciyarwa a matakai biyu, suna rarrafe tare da su, dabbar tana samun abinci. Daga waɗannan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa masu gangarawa zuwa ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Hanyar sadarwar ramuka, wacce ta kunshi manyan hanyoyi tare da fita daga siding, tare da dakunan adanawa, sun hadu zuwa babban titin mota, inda gida yake (wani lokacin 2-3) da kuma dakunan ajiya da yawa (3-15 inji mai kwakwalwa.) Tare da kayan abinci da bandaki.
Hanyoyi masu fasali da yawa tsari ne mai rikitarwa, idan ka sanya dukkan hanyoyin a cikin sarkar guda ɗaya, to tsayin su na iya zama kilomita, kuma an ɓoye ɗakin gida a zurfin 120-320 cm, ana iya sanya hanyoyin a zurfin zuwa mita uku. Antyallen kayan roba na kama da ɗakunan rami, "an like" a garesu da ƙasa.
Yawancin lokaci dabbobi na karkashin kasa suna tono hanyoyin su da hanun su, amma berayen bera suna da nasu fasaha, dukkan jikin beraye ya dace da shi. Yana yin hanyarsa tare da dogon incis, baya haƙa, amma yana ciza cikin ƙasa. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa lebban sa, sanye suke da lankwasawa, suka rufe bakin sa ba wai kawai daga sama da kasa ba, har ma tsakanin manya da ƙananan incis, don kar ƙasa ta faɗi yayin tono.
Suna tura ƙasa daga cikin ramin da kai. A kusa da ƙofar, ana kafa manyan tuddai na ƙasa, suna rufe fuska da rufe ƙofar, kuma ana haƙa sabo a gefe da gefe. A gindin, tarin ƙasa yana da diamita na rabin mita ko fiye.
Lokacin da ya zama da wuya a fitar da ƙasa, sai rodent ya toshe burrow da ƙasa, kuma sabon ya tono a ƙarshen juyawa ya sake yin wani shinge. Don haka, samfurin daya, tare da tsarin motsawa, yana da kusan mound 250 na ƙasa. Ana sanya su daga ƙofar a tazarar 10 zuwa 75 cm, kuma nisan tsakanin taras din 20-100 cm.
Berayen bera suna da kaɗaici a yanayi kuma kowane baligi yana da burrow nasa tare da hanyar sadarwa ta rami da ɗakunan ajiya. Ba za a iya ganin alamun wurin zama ba kawai ta hanyar "molehills" ba, har ma da tsire-tsire masu bushewa, tushen da ya ci, ko ma rashin samfuran samfuran mutum, waɗanda ya jawo cikin ramin. Wadannan makafin berayen suna narkasu sau biyu. A karo na farko a cikin watannin bazara, a karo na biyu - Agusta - Oktoba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Giant mole bera daga littafin Red
Iyalan berayen bera, koyaushe suna zaune a maƙwabtan juna, a cikin ƙasa ɗaya suna iya haƙa ramuka a yankin hectare da yawa. A ƙarshen lokacin hunturu, a lokacin mafi tsananin sanyi da yunwa ga waɗannan dabbobi, gwajin maza yakan kai ga girma da girma.
Qwai yana girma cikin mata daga Maris. Kowane mutum, yana zaune da tsarin ramuka daban, ya toshe hanyoyin ciyar da bazara don hunturu. A wannan lokacin, saman saman har yanzu yana daskarewa kuma kowane bera beraye yana ware. Amma sun inganta dukkan hankula, ban da gani.
Suna fitar da sautuka masu ƙamshi da ƙamshin ƙamshi don jan hankali. Amma koda tare da kyakkyawan ji da jin ƙamshi, ya zama abin asiri yadda suke sarrafa shawo kan 10-15 ko ma fiye da mita tsakanin burbushin maƙwabta a cikin daskararren ƙasa. Yadda wannan ke faruwa ba a sani ba, a cikin damuna na ƙasa ba sa bayyana a sama, amma kusan rabin mata sun yi nasarar kammala kwanakin kuma zuwa ƙarshen Maris - farkon Afrilu suna kawo zuriya.
Dabbobin suna da zuriya sau ɗaya a shekara. A cikin zuriyar shara, a ƙa'ida, akwai yara ƙanana biyu zuwa huɗu marasa ƙarfi, marasa nauyi, masu nauyin 5 g kowannensu. Yayin ciyar da madara, jariran suna cikin gida, wata ɗaya da rabi suna riga suna motsi kyauta tare da hanyoyin ramin. Da farkon kaka, matasa suna barin burkin iyayensu kuma sun fara gina layinsu na yanar gizo na labyrinth. A lokacin sanyi, ayyukan dabbobi suna raguwa, kuma suma suna cin abinci sosai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abun lura ya nuna cewa a wani yanki na budurwa mai fadin kadada daya, a cikin shekaru hudu dabbobi masu shayarwa sun gina kusan tuddai dubu 3.5. Yawan su ya kai mita 13.
Abokan gaba na manyan berayen bera
Photo: Giant tawadar bera
Dabbobin sirri, da ke tafiyar da rayuwa ta ɓoye, kusan ba su da abokan gaba a yanayi. Sau da yawa ana kai wa dabbobi dabbobi hari yayin ƙaura. Za a iya farautar su ta dawakai, manyan tsuntsaye masu farauta, dabbobin gidan weasel.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Beran makaho, wanda ya tsinci kansa a saman duniya ba da gangan ba, da farko ya daskare, a bayyane, yana kokarin fuskantar kan sa, sannan ya fara zagaye a wurin, yana mai baya, bayan haka yana kokarin binne kansa da wuri-wuri.
Waɗannan wurare da ramuka waɗanda haƙoran da ke hagu suka mamaye dabbobi masu cin nama sun mamaye su: sutura, weasels, haske da baƙin ƙarfe.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin lokacin bazara, sau da yawa fitila mai haske tana zuwa farautar bera. Ta hanyar ramuka marasa ciyarwa, sai ya kutsa kai tsaye cikin layukan, ya bi su, ya sami mai shi ya kashe, ya ci ganima, ya zauna ramin. A wasu lokuta na shekara, wannan mai farautar yana ciyar da voles, squirrel squir, da bera.
Sassan wuraren abincin da makafin mai tonon sililin ba ya amfani da su, gophers, voles, da hamsters ne ke zaune a ciki.
Berayen Mole suna cutar da su ta hanyar ayyukan agrarian na mutane, suna shuka makiyaya da stepes. Amma tunda wannan jinsin yakan rayu ne a wasu yankuna hamada wadanda basu da alkhayrin yin noma, to a wadannan yankuna babu wani hadari na kashe dan adam da bera. Ana iya yin farautar dabba ta karnuka masu yawo, kuma ƙananan berayen da ke ƙaura za a iya farautar su da kuliyoyi.
A cikin lambunan kayan lambu, mutum yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na kawar da waɗannan dabbobin, da kuma tarko, tarko. Amma tunda beraye ba sa zuwa sama, irin wannan tarko ba shi da tasiri. Hanya mafi kyau ita ce rawar jiki da abubuwan ƙyama na ultrasonic.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: ratirar bera mai girman dabbobi
Babban beran beran ya mamaye yanki mai girman hekta dubu 37, wannan babban yanki ne na masu fama da cutar, kuma yankuna masu yashi inda yake zaune basu da sha'awar aikin noma, wanda ke tabbatar da zaman lafiyar jama'a.
A cikin kewayon, ana samun sa a cikin ƙauyuka daban. Bayanai game da yawan dabbobi ba abin dogaro bane, galibi suna cin karo da juna. A cikin shekaru 60 na karnin da ya gabata, an kiyasta dabbobin sun kai mutane dubu 25. Farawa daga 70s, lambobin sun fara raguwa sosai, suna kaiwa mutane 2-3 a cikin 80s akan yanki hekta 10,000.
A Dagestan (babban mazaunin), lambar su a farkon shekarun 80 bai fi samfuran 1200 ba, kuma bisa ga wasu bayanan, ta 88, 10 dubu na samfuran. Raguwa yana da alaƙa da ayyukan noma na ɗan adam. A waɗancan wuraren da ba a aiwatar da irin wannan aikin ba, adadin berayen ƙwayoyi sun girma.
A cikin shekarun baya, ba a gudanar da bincike ba, amma aikin anthropogenic na mutane ya ragu sosai, wanda ya kamata ya haifar da ƙaruwar yawan dabbobin. A halin yanzu, yanayin kimar alƙalumma yana yin karko ne.
Kiyaye manyan berayen bera
Photo: Giant mole bera daga littafin Red
Untataccen mazaunin waɗannan beraye na iya faruwa saboda ƙarancin ruwan ƙasa, yayin kiwo, yayin aikin huɗa. Wannan na iya raba dabbobi a cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma ya haifar da raguwar yawansu.
A cikin Littafin Red Book na Duniya, an nuna girman bera mai rauni. Littafin Ja na Tarayyar Rasha ya lura cewa wannan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan rukuni na uku ne. Ana samun mai bacci a cikin ƙasashe masu kariya na Dagestan da Chechnya (yankin Stepnoy da Parabochevsky na cikin gundumar Shelkovsky, yankin Yangiyurtovsky - Kizilyurtovsky gundumar, Khamamatyurtovsky da Agrakhansky na keɓe - Gundumar Babayurtovsky)
A halin yanzu, an yi taƙaita kewayon da lamba a yankin Chechnya, kusan har ya zuwa ɓacewa, tare da bankin dama na Terek, a cikin yankin Dagestan (arewacin ƙauyen Krainovka, Novo-Terechnoye). Amma a sauran Dagestan, babu ƙuntataccen yanki. Raunin yanayin berayen bera saboda rashin saurin haihuwa.
Don dawo da adana nau'ikan, ya zama dole don rage tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam, inda yake rayuwa bera mai girman gaske, ƙirƙirar ƙarin wuraren kariya.Lura da ci gaba zai ci gaba da lura da canjin yawan jama'a. Ana buƙatar matakan don dawo da yawan waɗannan dabbobi, musamman, amfani da sake shigowa.
Ranar bugawa: 03/26/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/18/2019 da karfe 22:33
