Buffalo wakili ne na manya-manya, masu iko, kuma masu kyaun shuke-shuke. A cikin bayyanar, suna kama da bishiyar Turai, suna iya rikicewa cikin sauƙi. Dabbobin jinsunan duka sukan haɗu da juna, suna yin zuriya, wanda ake kira bison.
Girma, rashin tsoro da natsuwa da dabba ke haifar da tsoro da girmamawa. Girman shuke-shuke yana ba su fifikon da ba za a iya shakku a kai ba a tsakanin dukkan tsarukan da ke duniya.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Bizon
Bison shine mai shayarwa mai shayarwa. Su wakilai ne na tsari na artiodactyls, dangin bovids, waɗanda aka ba su ga jinsi da nau'in bison. Sakamakon hakar da aka gudanar, masana kimiyyar dabbobi sun gano cewa a lokacin Pliocene, wato, kimanin shekaru miliyan 5.5-2.5 da suka gabata, sun riga sun wanzu a duniya.
Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa a wancan lokacin yankin mazaunin ya kasance kusan yankin kudancin Turai ta zamani. Bayan wani lokaci, a cikin Pleistocene, dabbobi sun bazu ko'ina cikin Turai, daga baya ma sun bayyana a Arewacin Amurka.
Masana kimiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa gadar Beringian, wacce ta kasance kimanin shekaru dubu 650 da suka wuce, ta taimaka musu zuwa wurin. A cikin wannan yankin, an sami ƙananan ƙananan bison, waɗanda suka zauna a kudancin Beringia. Bizon wancan lokacin ya ninka girman bison zamani. An bambanta su ta hanyar saurin daidaitawa da yanayin wurin zama, kodayake, kan lokaci da canjin yanayi, bison ya kusan rabi.
Bidiyo: Bizon
Kimanin shekaru 100,000 da suka wuce, Zamanin kankara ya fara, kuma yawan Turawan bishiyar Turai ya bazu ko'ina cikin Arewacin Amurka. A wannan yankin, sun zaunar da Beringian tundra da steppes. A wancan lokacin, wannan yankin yana da dukkan sharuɗɗan rayuwa da haifuwa. Saboda wannan, yawansu ya wuce yawan mammoths, dabbobin dawa, da shanun miski, da sauran ungulaye.
Saboda canje-canje a yanayin yanayi, wanda ya fara kimanin shekaru 14,000 da suka gabata, matakin ruwa a cikin tekun ya tashi sosai, don haka gadar Beringian ta cika da ruwa gaba ɗaya. Tsarin halitta ya rikice, sakamakon haka aka lalata mazaunin bison Eurasia gaba ɗaya.
Bizon Turai ya kafa bison a kan yankin Turai. Wannan nau'in ya dace da rayuwa a cikin koren bishiyun bishiyun bishiyun. A kan yankin nahiyar Amurka, akwai cakuda tsohuwar bison da steppe, an sami nau'ikan bison iri biyu: daji da na gida.
A farkon karni na 16, dabbobi sun yadu, yawan mutane yana da yawa - ya kunshi mutane kusan 600,000. Sun kafa mutane da yawa kuma sun mamaye wani yanki daga Mississippi zuwa tsaunukan Rocky, suna mamaye yanki daga Alaska zuwa arewacin Mexico.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Dabbobin bison
Bayyanar dabbar tana da ban sha'awa kwarai da gaske. Tsayin babban mutum a bushewa ya kai kimanin mita biyu, tsayin jiki ya kai mita 2.7-3. Nauyin jiki - Kilogiram 1000 - 1200. Daga cikin waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ana bayyana dimdomhism na jima'i - mata sun fi maza ƙanƙan da sauƙi. Nauyin mace baliga daya bai wuce kilogram ɗari bakwai ba.
Kan bison yana da ƙarfi, babba kuma yana kan wuyan wuyansa, mai kauri. A kan kai akwai kahonni, kaifi, dogayen ƙaho, waɗanda ƙarshensu lanƙwasa ne zuwa ga jiki. Kunnuwan dabbobi kanana ne, zagaye, an boye su cikin ulu. Manyan, zagaye, baƙaƙen idanu suna kan nesa da juna sosai. Bison yana da babban, m, goshin goshi.
Wani fasali mai ban mamaki shine duhu, dogon gashi a kai, wuya, kirji da kuma gaban goshi. Irin wannan suturar tana sa dabba ta zama da kyar.
A bangaren canzawar wuya zuwa jiki, dabbar tana da babban rami, wanda ke sanya jikin dabbar ya kara zama mai rauni da firgita. Bayan jikin ya fi na gaba ƙanƙanta sosai, an rufe shi da gajeru, sirara, gashi mai haske.
Dabbobi ba su da tsayi da yawa, amma suna da gaɓoɓi masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi tare da tsokoki mai kyau. Bishon yana da ƙaramin wutsiya, wanda a ƙarshensa akwai ƙaramin ulu mai duhu. Herbivores sun sami ci gaba sosai kuma suna jin ƙanshi.
Launi na sutura launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu ko launin toka mai duhu, kuma yana iya samun inuwar wuta mai haske. A cikin yanki na gaba na jiki, duk wakilan wannan nau'in suna da gashi mai duhu da yawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Dabbobi suna da rawar jiki na ulu mai kauri, wanda yayi kama da hat.
A ina bison ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Bison Amurka
Babban mazaunin bison yana mai da hankali ne a Arewacin Amurka. Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, yawan bison sun ƙaru fiye da mutane miliyan 60. Babban garken garken sun rayu kusan ko'ina. Sakamakon kashe dabbobi, lambar su ta ragu sosai, kuma mazaunin yankin yankuna biyu ne ko uku ne kawai a yankin Missouri.
A da can can baya, dabbobi sun yi rayuwar makiyaya, suna tafiya a lokacin sanyi zuwa kudu da yankuna, kuma da farawar dumi sai su koma. A yau, irin wannan abin ba zai yiwu ba, tun da yake an iyakance mazaunin ta ta gona da ƙasar noma.
Bison zaɓi yanki tare da wadataccen ciyawar koren ciyayi a matsayin yankuna na zama. Suna jin daɗi a cikin kwaruruka marasa iyaka, ko kuma cikin daskararrun bishiyoyi. Hakanan, ana samun yawan bison a cikin dazuzzuka, kwari, filayen.
Yankunan da bison ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi:
- yankin da ke kusa da Tafkin Athabasca;
- yankin tabkin bayi;
- arewa maso yammacin yankunan Missouri;
- dazuzzuka da kogin: Buffalo, Peace, Birch.
Bison na iya zama gandun daji ko mazaunan steppe. Jinsunan da suka fi so su zauna cikin kwari da wuraren buɗe ido suna mai da hankali ne a kudancin Kanada. Jama'ar da suka zaɓi daji a matsayin yankin da suke zaune suna arewaci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Bangaren babban yankin da New York ke ciki yana cikin ruwa mara zurfi, wanda aka samar da shi sakamakon tarin gawarwakin bison da suka nitse yayin da suke kokarin ninkaya a mashigar Hudson.
Me bison ke ci?
Hotuna: Bison Red Book
Bison shine kawai herbivore. Babban mutum dole ne ya ci aƙalla kilogram 25-30 na ciyayi a kowace rana.
Abin da ke cikin abincin dabba:
- Lichens;
- Moss;
- Hatsi;
- Ciyawa;
- Shoarancin matasa na shrubs;
- Rassa;
- Luscious, koren ganye.
Tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, suna fara ciyar da rigunan shuke-shuke. Dabbobi suna dacewa daidai don rayuwa koda a cikin tsananin sanyi har zuwa -25 da ƙasa. Limanƙan hannu da ƙarfi sun ba ka damar tono tsire-tsire har ma a ƙarƙashin toshewar dusar ƙanƙara, mita ɗaya ko fiye da haka. Suna rake su da kofuna suna haƙa rami da goshinsu. Dalilin haka ne yasa mutane da yawa ke da tabo a gefen gaban kai.
Kowace rana, dabbobi dole ne su zo wurin shan ruwa don shayar da ƙishirwa. Babu wata hanyar samun isasshen maye kawai lokacin lokacin sanyi da daskarewa na ruwa. Kiwon dabbobi yakan fi faruwa ne da yamma, ko wayewar gari. Don haka haɗarin zama ganima ga mai farauta ya ragu, ƙari kuma, a lokacin rana, a lokacin da hasken rana ke da ƙarfi, suna ɓoye a cikin inuwar ciyayi, ko a cikin wani daji.
Dogaro da yalwa da yawan abinci, garken bison suna yawo daga wuri zuwa wuri. Lokacin zabar hanya, dabbobi suna bin jikin ruwa. Iya iya rufe nesa. Bayan haka, za su iya dawowa tare da ɗumama ɗumi zuwa mazauninsu na da. Rashin abinci, musamman lokacin sanyi, yana shafar ingancin sutura. Sabili da haka, a cikin tsananin sanyi, dabbobin da basu da abincin tsirrai na iya shan wahala daga sanyi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Bizon
Bison dabbobi ne masu kofato. Suna kafa manyan garkunan dabbobi, wanda a da can ya kai mutane 17,000 - 20,000. Shugaban irin wannan babban garken koyaushe shine mafi hikima da tsufa, amma mafi ƙarfi namiji. A cikin irin wannan garken da yawa, maza da yawa na iya raba jagoranci.
Maza, tare da mata da zuriyar da aka haifa, sun zama na daban, ƙananan garke. Babban aikin mutane shine kare garken daga baƙi da makiya. Godiya ga kyakkyawan jinsu da jin ƙamshi, suna iya hangowa da gano haɗari tun kafin ya kusanto.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Bison na iya gano baƙo ta wari a nesa da fiye da mita 3000.
Duk da girman jikinsu, nauyinsu da karfin su, dabbobi na iya zama masu saurin gudu da sauri. Suna iya shawo kan matsalolin har zuwa tsayin mita biyu, tsalle-tsalle da kuma saurin gudu har zuwa 50 km / h. Waɗannan dalilan ne suka sa mazauna Amurka suka yi watsi da ƙoƙarin shigar da wannan katafaren gidan.
Bayan ƙwarewa da rashin jin daɗi a ƙasa, ƙwararrun masu iyo ne kuma suna iya ɗaukar nisan nesa ta hanyar iyo.
A waje, bison yana da alama mai rikitarwa, mai takama da nutsuwa. Idan babu wasu dalilai masu harzuka, dabbar tana da nutsuwa kwata-kwata. Idan kayi fushin bison, zai zama ainihin na'urar mutuwa. Cikin fushi, ya zama mai tsananin tashin hankali, rashin tausayi da tsananin zalunci.
Akwai lokuta lokacin da bison, lokacin da masu farauta suka bi shi, ya kan raunana masu rauni da marasa lafiya. Ta wannan hanyar, sun zubar da ballast ba dole. Wannan wakilin herbivores yana da wayo kuma yana iya kimanta yanayin da gaske. A yayin yakin, lokacin da makiyi ya sami galaba, sai ya ja da baya ba tare da sanya kansa cikin hatsarin mutum ba.
Dabbobi suna son sadarwa da juna ta hanyar samar da wasu sautuka - kurma, tsoratarwa da ƙaramar kara.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Bison Kubu
Baƙon abu ne ga bison ƙirƙirar ƙarfi, masu ɗorewa na dogon lokaci. A lokacin aure, namiji daya na iya samun cikakkiyar mace, wanda ya haɗa daga mata uku zuwa biyar ko fiye da haka. Lokacin saduwa yana da tsayi - yana ɗauka daga Mayu zuwa tsakiyar kaka. A wannan lokacin, maza, ko garken tumaki, suna haɗuwa da yawan mata.
An kafa babban garke, wanda a cikin sa ake fara gasar mai ƙarfi tsakanin maza da gwagwarmayar neman toancin shiga cikin alaƙa da mace. Yakin da ke tsakanin maza yana bayyana a cikin hanyar buga goshi da fuskantar juna. Sau da yawa, irin waɗannan rikice-rikice suna ƙarewa ne ga mutuwar maƙiyi mafi rauni. Ana ba da ladar mai nasara da kulawar mace. A lokacin rutting din, maza suna fitar da wata kara mai karfi, mai karfi, kuma maras dadi, wanda yake tunatar da yanayin tsawa. Ana jin su a nesa na kilomita 5-7.
Bayan saduwa, lokacin cikin ya fara, wanda yakai wata 9-9.5. Mafi yawanci, mace na neman keɓantaccen, wuri mai nisa don haihuwa da ganye a lokacin da suka fara. Idan ba ta da lokacin neman guda, an haifi maraƙin daidai cikin garken. Mace daya zata iya haifar ɗan maraƙi guda ɗaya, haihuwar yara biyu babban rashi ne. Sauran mutanen garken suna nuna taushi da kulawa ga jaririn - suna lasa, suna karewa, suna kula da shi.
A cikin awanni 1.5-2 bayan haihuwa, jariri zai iya riga ya tsaya ya matsa bayan mahaifiyarsa.
Kuranu suna cin mai, mai madara mai yawan kuzari na kimanin shekara guda. Suna saurin samun nauyin jiki da sauri, suna samun ƙarfi da girma. Calananan maruƙa suna da mutble, masu wasa, da hutawa, suna son tsalle da gudu. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin basu da kariya kuma suna da sauƙin ganima ga masu lalata, saboda haka koyaushe suna cikin fagen kallon manya. Bison ya kai ga balagar jima'i yana da shekaru 3-5. Matsakaicin tsawon rai a cikin yanayin yanayi shine shekaru 23-26.
Halittan makiya bison
Photo: Bison dabba
Saboda karfin su, karfi da kuma girman su, bison bashi da wani makiyi tsakanin wakilan duniyar dabbobi a cikin yanayin yanayi. Banda shine kerkeci, waɗanda ke farautar ƙananan maruƙa, da kuma tsofaffi da marasa lafiya. Masu farauta ba za su iya kayar da samari da ƙarfi bison ba, koda kuwa sun ci su, za su afka musu da garken duka. Yawan mutanen Bison sun ragu sosai a cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan saboda sa hannun mutum. Indiyawa suna farautar su sosai, wanda hanyar rayuwarsu ta dogara da waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa masu ƙarfi.
An darajar mahimmanci shine harshe da hump, wanda shine ɗakunan ajiya na mai, wanda daga gare su aka sami hannun jari na tanadi na lokacin hunturu. Fatar dabbobi tayi aiki a matsayin tushen albarkatun kasa na yin tufafi, kuma musamman an yi amfani da yankuna masu kauri da yawa don yin mata takalmi da tafin kafa. Indiyawan sun yi amfani da dukkan sassan jikin dabbobi ba tare da togiya ba.
Ban da tufafi, alfarwansu, kayan hawan abin hawa, reins na amalanke, bel, da sauransu an yi su da fata da fatu. Bison gashi shine silar sakar igiyoyin igiya masu ƙarfi. An yi amfani da kasusuwa wajen yin abubuwa masu yanke kaifi, kayan kicin, da dung anyi man fetur, da kofato ana yin manne.
Duk da haka, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa har zuwa 1840, ayyukan ɗan adam ba su taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hallaka jinsin da rage yawansu ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Bison daga Amurka
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, adadin bison ya ragu zuwa matakin masifa. Karkashin yanayin yanayi, babu sama da kawuna 35,000. Yawancin su ne bison steppe. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa dabbobi suna da saurin cin nasara akan gonaki masu zaman kansu. Dangane da ƙididdigar masanan, adadin unguan ungulayen da aka tsare a hannun ya kai mutane 5,000.
An tsara wannan jinsunan shuke-shuke a cikin Littafin Ja. An sanya shi matsayin jinsi a gab da halaka. Bison ana hada shi sosai don amfanin masana'antu a gonaki na musamman. Dangane da ƙididdigar masana kimiyyar dabbobi, akwai kusan shugabanni rabin miliyan a yankin waɗannan gonakin.
A farkon karni na 18, akwai kusan dabbobi miliyan 60 a cikin yanayin yanayi. Bayan 1840, farauta mai farauta don ciyawar ciyawar dabbobi. Ya ɗauki shekaru masu yawa kawai shekaru 25 daga baya. A waccan lokacin, an fara aikin shimfida layin dogo mai tsallaka zuwa wasu kasashe, kuma don jawo hankalin fasinjoji, sabili da haka, samun kudin shiga, an gayyaci fasinjoji don zama mahalarta tafiya mai kayatarwa.
Fasinjojin jirgin ƙasa masu motsi suna iya buɗe wuta a kan dabbobin kiwo cikin lumana, suna barin mutane da yawa da ke mutuwa. An kuma kashe su ne don su sami nama don ciyar da ma'aikatan da ke aikin gina hanyar jirgin. Akwai irin wadannan bison da yawa wadanda galibi ba a yanke gawawwakinsu, harshe ne kawai aka yanke.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Adadin masu farautar bison ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Zuwa 1965, akwai fiye da miliyan biyu daga cikinsu. Mafi tsananin - Buffalo Beale - ya hallaka mutane 4280.
Buffalo mai gadi
Hotuna: Bison daga littafin Red
An jera Bison a cikin Littafin Red Book na duniya tare da matsayin nau'in haɗari. A cikin 1905, hukumomin Amurka sun fahimci kuma sun fahimci cewa ana barazanar dabbobi da cikakkiyar halaka, kuma sun kirkiro Yarjejeniyar Amurka don Cutar Dabbobin. An ƙirƙiri wurare da yawa - Montana, Oklahoma, Dakota, yankin da yake ƙarƙashin kariyar ƙananan hukumomi. Irin waɗannan abubuwan sun ba da sakamakon su.
A tsakanin shekaru biyar, adadin dabbobi ya ninka, sannan bayan wasu shekaru goma, adadin mutane ya kai 9,000. A Kanada, an kuma aiwatar da wani babban aiki, wanda ya haifar da babban aiki, tare da sa hannun hukumomi da mazauna yankin, da nufin yakar lalata bison.
A cikin 1915, an ƙirƙiri Wood Buffalo National Park, an tsara shi don adana da ƙara yawan bison daji. Buffalo yana da kariya daga masu rajin kare haƙƙin dabbobi kuma a yau yawan jama'arta kusan mutane 35,000 ne.
Ranar bugawa: 27.03.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 19.09.2019 a 9:11
