Sparrowhawk - karamin gashin tsuntsu. Shi mai sauri ne, mai saurin himma, mai karfin gwiwa kuma mai farauta. Sunan baya nuna fifikon abincinsa ta kowace hanya. Tana farautar ƙananan daji da tsuntsayen ƙasa. An san shi a ƙasashen waje kamar "gwara".
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Sparrowhawk
Wannan tsuntsun yana daga asalin ainihin shaho na dangin shaho da kuma umarnin shaho. Ya ɗauki ɗan adam ƙarni ɗaya da rabi don sake rubuta duk ƙananan raƙuman ruwa na sparrowhawk. Sun bambanta kadan daga juna. Akwai ɗan bambanci kaɗan a cikin girma da launi.
Masana kimiyya sun bayyana rabe rabe shida:
- Accipiter nisus nisus yana zaune a cikin Turai, haka kuma yana cikin triangle tsakanin Ural Mountains, Siberia da Iran. Ya samo sunan a cikin 1758. Da farko Carl Linnaeus ya bayyana shi.
- Accipiter nisus nisosimilis ya zauna a Siberia ta Tsakiya da Gabas, Japan, China da Kamchatka. Wanda aka bayyana a cikin 1833 ta Samuel Tickel.
- Accipiter nisus melaschistos yana zaune ne a tsaunukan Afghanistan, da Himalayas, Tibet, da yammacin China. An bayyana a cikin 1869. Wannan Allen Octavius Hume ne yayi shi.
- Accipiter nisus granti ya zaɓi Canary Islands da Madeira su rayu. An tantance shi a cikin 1890 ta Richard Boudler Sharp.
- Accipiter nisus punicus shine mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin gwarazan. Yana zaune a arewa maso yammacin Afirka da arewacin Sahara. An bayyana shi a cikin 1897 ta baron Jamusawa Carlo von Erlanger.
- Accipiter nisus wolterstorffi ya samo asali daga Sardinia da Corsica. An bayyana a cikin 1900 ta Otto Kleinschmidt.
Subsasashen yankin Arewa suna zuwa hunturu a cikin Bahar Rum da Arewacin Afirka.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Sparrowhawk tsuntsu
Sparrowhawk yana da kaifi, karara murya. Amma jin mai farauta yana da wuya. Masu lura da tsuntsaye da masu ra'ayin halitta suna zaune cikin kwantan bauna na sa'o'i. Zai yiwu a yi rikodin muryar tsuntsaye kawai a lokacin farauta da lokacin saduwa. Ba kamar manyan danginsa ba, Accipiter nisus baya afkawa ƙananan dabbobi. Tsuntsayen sune batun farautarsa koyaushe.
Matan Sparrowhawk sun ninka na maza kusan ninki biyu. Matsakaicin namiji yana da nauyin gram 170, yayin da mace take da nauyin gram 250-300. Gajerun fikafukai da doguwar wutsiya suna ba da motsi ga tsuntsu. Fuskar mace ba ta wuce cm 22 tsayi ba, a cikin na miji - cm 20. Jikin yana da cm 38 a matsakaita. Maza suna da launi iri-iri. A saman yana da launin toka, kasan yana da fari mai launin ruwan kasa da halayyar launin ja. Naman kuncin ma ja ne. A cikin maza da mata, gashin gira mai haske yana da bambanci sosai.
Bidiyo na Sparrowhawk:
Ana bambanta mace da launin launin ruwan kasa a saman. Asan shi fari ne da ratsin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Mata, ba kamar maza ba, ba su da jan launi kwata-kwata. A cikin mata da maza, ratsiyoyi masu juzu'i 5 a bayyane suke a kan wutsiyar jirgin. Jikunan suna da ratsi-ratsi iri-iri. Yana ji kamar tsuntsun yana cikin sulke.
Matasa matasa sun bambanta da manya cikin zurfin da hasken launi. A cikin samari tsuntsaye, fararen launi kusan ba ya nan a cikin plumage. An rarrabe su da wani sabon abu mai kama da plumage - tabo a cikin sifar zukata ana bayyane a ƙasa. Sparrowhawks suna da launuka rawaya guda uku sanannu a bangon babban launi. Idanu, kafafu da gemun bakakun rawaya ne. Bakin bakin karami ne, kan yana zagaye.
A ina ne sparrowhawk yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Sparrowhawk namiji
Yankin sparrowhawk yana da faɗi iri-iri. Ana samun tsuntsayen wannan nau'in a Siberia, Gabas mai Nisa, Turai, Afghanistan har ma a cikin wurare masu nisa kamar Himalayas da Tibet. Wasu ƙananan rukunin sun zaɓi zama ba a cikin babban yankin ba, amma a kan Canary Islands, Madeira, Sardinia da Corsica. Wakilan wannan nau'in tsuntsayen sun zauna har a Afirka.
Ba duk ƙananan Span asalin Sparrowhawk ke yin ƙaura ba. Tsuntsayen da ke zaune a cikin Turai ɓangaren hunturu a yankin Bahar Rum, a Gabas ta Tsakiya, kazalika a Japan da Koriya. Suna zama a gidajensu duk tsawon shekara kuma suna da ingantattun wuraren kwana. Hanyoyin ƙaura na ƙananan shaho suna da alaƙa ta kusa da mazaunin ƙananan tsuntsaye, waɗanda wannan mai farautar ke ciyarwa. Zuwa lokacin hunturu, shaho yakan tashi a arewacin Caucasus, Iran da Pakistan - yankuna ne kawai da shaho ke ciyar da kwarto, wanda ake samunsu a can da yawa. Wannan yana haifar da yanayi mai sanyaya yanayi don hutawa da kitse don masu cin ƙaurar ƙaura.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sunan sparrowhawk ya kasance ne saboda sha'awar mutum game da shahararrun shaho kwarto. A yanayi, shaho yakan yi farautar wannan tsuntsu.
Sparrowhawk ya zauna a wurare daban-daban. Ana iya samun sa a cikin dazuzzuka da tuddai, da kuma gefen birni. Yana rayuwa cikin sauki a cikin duwatsu. Ana samun Gurbin Kuail hawk a tsaunin 5000 m sama da matakin teku. Wuraren da suka fi so sune gandun daji marasa yankewa, koguna masu kwari, stepes, kwari da hamada.
Menene sparrowhawk ke ci?
Hotuna: Sparrowhawk mace
Sparrowhawk wani nau'in ornithophagous ne wanda ke ciyar da abinci mai rai. Yana farautar ƙananan tsuntsaye. Abincin ya hada da gwarare da tsuntsaye. Yana son yin biki akan finchi da baƙar fata. Yana farautar tattabaru na itace, tattabaru harma da masu katako. Abincin farautar shaho kwatankwacin wasu lokuta ya ninka na ta girma. Akwai lokuta lokacin da shaho ke farautar kayan goge da hankaka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sparrowhaw yakan farauta ne da rana. Tsuntsu yana hutawa da dare. Koyaya, akwai lokuta idan shaho ya daɗe yana farauta har zuwa faduwar rana, sannan ƙananan mujiya da jemage su bayyana a cikin abincin nata. Birdsananan tsuntsaye musamman sukan aikata wannan.
Abincin Sparrowhaw ya dogara da ƙaura da yanayi. Ana iya tantance abincinsa ta wurin wuraren tsince-tsince. Kafin cin abinci, sparrowhawk yana cire fuka-fukai daga wanda aka azabtar. Za a iya amfani da gashin tsuntsu da tarkacen abinci don yanke hukuncin abincin tsuntsu. Abincin ya dogara ne da lokacin shekara da kuma yankin da sparrowhawks suke ƙaura. A lokacin bazara, masu lura da tsuntsaye suna samun fuka-fukan zoryanka, titmouse da tauraruwa a tsinke.
Kodayake an yarda da cewa sparrowhawks suna yin farauta ne kawai don tsuntsaye, akwai lokuta na farauta don ƙananan beraye da kwaɗi. Kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka lura, kusan 5% na abincin da ake kira sparrowhawk ƙananan ƙananan beraye ne da kuma amphibians. Yayin da suke ƙaura a ƙetare yankin Baltic, tsuntsaye sukan kai wa samari hari, kuma tsuntsayen tsuntsaye suna kai wa aku hari.
Sparrowhawk ba ya son cin naman kaji. Saboda gaskiyar cewa shaho ba ya tsoron zama kusa da mutane, gonaki na masu zaman kansu suna wahala. An samo sama da kayan abinci 150 a cikin kayan abinci na gwaji wadanda masu kula da tsuntsaye suka shirya. Babban sparrowhawk yana cin fiye da ƙananan tsuntsaye 1000 a shekara. Hakanan menu na sparrowhawk ya hada da kwari da acorns.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Sparrowhawk a cikin hunturu
Shaho baya barin filin daga kuma baya barin faɗa ba tare da ganima ba. Hubbaren garken da tsoro ya sa shi ya buge shi. Yana amfani da firgita tsuntsaye yayin farauta. Sparrowhawk, sabanin sauran tsuntsaye masu farauta, baya rataye a cikin iska yayin bin sawun farauta. Gwana ne a harkar tsarawa. Yin amfani da wutsiya mai buɗe, tana shawagi cikin iska na dogon lokaci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Saboda rashin daidaiton girman tsuntsayen biyu, maza na farautar kananan ganima, yayin da mata ke fifita manya.
Yana da babban hankali. Yana magana da mutum. Da kyau hora da horo. Babban abokin farauta. Wannan fasalin shagon kwarto ana rera shi cikin waƙa da karin magana. Kyankyarin shaho tsuntsaye ne da mutane da yawa suka fi so tun daga Tsararru. A Rasha, ana kiran tsuntsun karamin shaho. A al'adance an horar da shi don farautar kwarto. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa sunan "sparrow hawk", sananne a Turai, bai samo asali ba a Rasha.
Yanayin farauta ya ta'allaka ne da yanayin shaho. Gajerun fikafukai suna baka damar motsawa tsakanin ganyen bishiyoyi kuma basa rage gudu. Doguwar wutsiyar gashin tsuntsu tana ba da karfin motsi. Wannan yana ba tsuntsu damar zama a cikin shawagi na dogon lokaci yana neman abin farauta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sparrowhawks suna da iyalai masu karko kuma suna yin sheƙan gida. Idan akwai matsala, shaho biyun baya barin wurin, amma suna ta da gida mafi girma. Rarraba tsohuwar kuma ya gina sabuwa daga wadatar kayan gini.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Sparrowhawk
A ƙarshen shekarar farko ta rayuwa, tsuntsayen sun gama balaga kuma suna shirye don kamawa ta farko. Lokacin zawarci ya ƙare da ƙirƙirar ma'aurata masu karko. Abokan hulɗa sun wuce shekaru da yawa. Wasu iyalai suna da gurbi da yawa lokaci guda. Masana kimiyya sun lura cewa wannan nau'in "yana motsawa" daga wannan gida zuwa wancan. Ana amfani da su kamar yadda ake buƙata, gwargwadon yanayin yanayi da yanayi.
Hawks suna gina gida mai zurfin gaske a tsayin mita 10 ko fiye. Akwai lokatan shaho da ke kiwon gida mafi girma daga shekara zuwa shekara. Wannan halayyar tsuntsayen tana faruwa ne saboda tsangwama daga waje. Ana kwan ƙwai a ƙarshen bazara da farkon bazara. Koyaya, akwai lokuta idan kwanciya ta kammala a ƙarshen Afrilu. A matsakaici, ma'aurata suna yin ƙwai 5. Masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun lura cewa girman dunƙule ya ragu kwanan nan. An yi imanin cewa yanayin muhalli yana tasiri ga rage yawan ƙwai.
Qwayoyin Sparrowhaw masu launin fari ne. Yanayin rikicewa na launi na tubalin da aka ƙona ya rufe su daga manya-manyan mahauta. A cikin ginin nests, shaho kwarto suna amfani da busassun tsire-tsire da ciyawa kawai, gashin fuka-fuka daga tara. Wurin shimfida yana da zurfi, an rufe shi daga idanuwan idanuwa, iska da ruwan sama.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yayin kyankyasar kwan, mace ta zama mai saurin tashin hankali. Akwai sanannun lokuta na hare-hare ta shaho kwarton mutane. A cikin Ryazan, wasu ma'aurata da suka zauna kusa da wurin zama sun auka wa masanin kimiyyar halittu.
Shiryawa da qwai na tsawon kwanaki 30. Bayan kammalawa, kajin sun bayyana. Kwanciya baya tasiri koyaushe. A cewar masanan kimiyyar halittu, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, damar cakuda ya kasance 70-80%. Idan kama ya mutu, sparrowhawks zasu shirya sabo. Wasu lokuta ana samun kaji na shekaru daban-daban a cikin gidajen.
Abokan gaba na Sparrowhawk
Photo: Sparrowhawk tsuntsu
Abokan gaba na Sparrowhawk sune manyan tsuntsayen ganima. Goshawk baya rasa damar farautar ɗan ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa. Kare kan su daga irin wannan barazanar, sparrowhawks ba sa gina gida a kusancin goshawks, suna nisan nisan gida kimanin kilomita 10.
Fiye da sau ɗaya, an bayyana lokutan hare-hare a kan sparrowhawk ta grayanƙara mai toka ko tattabarai, waɗanda, bayan sun haɗu cikin garken tumaki, sun kai hari ga shaho. Ana iya lura da hare-haren rukuni a kan Sparrowhawk a cikin yankunan karkara da ƙauyuka, inda tsuntsaye ke zama kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam don neman abinci. Yawancin garken passerines suna jan hankalin shaho. Amma shaho koyaushe baya sarrafa riba daga sauƙin ganima. Groupsungiyoyin da aka tsara da kyau ba kawai suna kawar da hare-haren shaho ba ne, amma har ma suna fitar da mai farautar daga gidan da ke cikin gida.
Flines ya zama abokan gaba na sparrowhawks. Suna washe gida-gida tare da kajin da aka haifa da kuma tsuntsayen samari.
Hakanan mutane suna kirkirar yanayi don raguwar yawan tsuntsayen:
- Canje-canje a cikin yanayi saboda ayyukan ɗan adam.
- Rage wuraren tsuntsaye na halitta.
- Gandun daji, yankan filayen, ginin gidaje da kuma masana'antu.
- Lalacewar yanayin muhalli na ƙauyukan shaho.
- Gina masana'antun masu guba masu ƙazanta waɗanda ke gurɓata wuraren kiwon kaji, rage samar da abinci, da shafar ikon haifuwa.
- Kama kama tsuntsaye don horo da siyarwa.
- Hanyoyin Barbaric don kare gonakin kaji masu zaman kansu daga shaho.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Sparrowhawk akan itace
Yawan jinsin yana raguwa sannu a hankali sakamakon tasirin mutane a kansa. A ƙarshen karni na ashirin, tsuntsun ya faɗi a ƙarƙashin harbi marar tausayi. An yi amannar cewa Sparrowhawk na haifar da mummunar illa ga noman kiwon kaji na gida. Bayan sun rage yawan tsuntsayen da kusan kwata, daga karshe mutane suka fahimci yadda raguwar yawan gwarazan ya shafi muhalli. Haɓakar kwayayen da ba a sarrafawa ya haifar da mummunar illa ga aikin gona da samar da amfanin gona.
Yanzu a 100 sq. km bazaka iya samun gurbi fiye da 4 ba. Farautar tsuntsaye, ilimin halittu, da sauran abubuwan sun rinjayi lambar.
Dangane da sabon bayanan, akwai sama da nau'i-nau'i 100,000 na sparrowhaw a duniya:
- A Turai, ba fiye da nau'i-nau'i 2,000 ba;
- Akwai nau'i-nau'i 20,000 a Rasha;
- Akwai nau'i-nau'i 35,000 a Asiya;
- Afirka na da nau'i-nau'i 18,000;
- Amurka na da nau'i-nau'i 22,000;
- Akwai nau'i-nau'i 8,000 a kan tsibirin.
Sparrowhawk kanta ba ta kowace hanya da ta shafi raguwar yawan mutanen da ke wucewar, duk da cewa yana ciyar da tsuntsayen wannan tsari. Haka kuma ba wata babbar barazana ba ce ga ci gaban kamfanonin kiwon kaji na masu zaman kansu. Kula da daidaitaccen yanayi.
Ranar bugawa: 03/14/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 18.09.2019 a 10:46
