Damisa mai girgije kyakkyawa mai farauta daga dangi daya kamar kuliyoyi. Ya samar da jinsi daya, wanda ya hada da jinsi iri daya, Neofelis nebulosa. Mai farauta, a haƙiƙa, ba damisa ba ce, duk da cewa tana ɗauke da wannan suna ne saboda kamanceceniya da dangin da ke nesa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: girgije mai girgije
Masanin halitta ɗan Burtaniya Edwart Griffith ya fara bayyana wannan ƙawancen a cikin 1821, yana ba shi suna Felis nebulosa. A cikin 1841, Brian Houghton Hodgson, yana nazarin fauna a Indiya, Nepal, bisa ga kwatancen wani samfurin Nepol, mai suna wannan nau'in Felis macrosceloides. Bayanin mai zuwa da sunan dabba daga Taiwan an bayar da shi ne ga masanin halittu Robert Swinho (1862) - Felis Brachyura. John Edward Gray ya tattara duka ukun zuwa jinsin Neofelis (1867).
Damisar da ke cikin gajimare, kodayake tana wakiltar wani tsaka-tsakin yanayi ne tsakanin kananan yara zuwa manya, ya fi kusa da na baya, wanda yake na jinsin halittu na panthers. A baya can, mai farautar, wanda aka dauka a matsayin daya, ya kasu kashi biyu a cikin 2006.
Bidiyo: girgije mai girgije
Tattara bayanai kan dabbobi masu shayarwa ba abu mai sauƙi ba. Tushen binciken DNA an dauke shi daga fatun dabbobi da aka ajiye a gidajen adana kayan tarihi daban-daban a duniya, najasar dabbobi. Bisa ga waɗannan bayanan da ilimin halittar jiki, kewayon Neofelis nebulosa ya iyakance ne zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, ɓangaren da ke kan babban yankin da Taiwan, kuma N. diardi yana zaune a tsibirin Sumatra, Borneo. Sakamakon binciken ya kuma canza adadin ƙananan ƙananan.
Dukkanin nau'ikan nebulosa sun haɗu kuma an raba yawan diardi biyu:
- diardi borneensis a tsibirin Borneo;
- diardi diardi a Sumatra.
Jinsunan biyu sun karkatar da shekaru miliyan daya da rabi da suka gabata saboda keɓewar ƙasa, yayin da sadarwa ta ƙasa tsakanin tsibiran ta ɓace, mai yuwuwa ne saboda hauhawar ruwan teku ko kuma aman wuta. Tun daga wannan lokacin, jinsunan biyu ba su hadu ko haye ba. Damisar da ke Tsibiri ta girgije tana da alamun alama ƙanana da duhu da kuma launin launi mai duhu.
Duk da cewa felan wasan hayakin biyu masu kama da hayaƙi na iya zama iri ɗaya, sun fi bambancin jinsinsu da juna fiye da yadda zaki yake daga damisa!
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Damisa mai gajimare
Launi mai launin gajimare mai haske ta sa waɗannan dabbobin ba su da kyau kuma sun bambanta da sauran dangin dangin. Yankunan Elliptical sun fi launi launi fiye da bango, kuma gefen kowane wuri an sassaka shi da baki. Suna nesa da bangon filin monochromatic, wanda ya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da rawaya zuwa zurfin toka.
Mulos haske ne, kamar bango, daskararrun tabo masu alamar goshi da kunci. Gefen bakin ciki, gabar jiki alama ce ta manyan bakunan oval. Raɗaɗɗen ratsi-kala biyu masu kauri daga bayan kunnuwa tare da bayan wuya zuwa raƙuman kafaɗa, wutsiya mai kauri an rufe ta da baƙaƙen alamun da suka haɗu zuwa ƙarshen. A cikin yara, aibobi na gefe suna da ƙarfi, ba girgije ba. Zasu canza ne lokacin da dabbar ta kai kimanin watanni shida.
Gwajin samari galibi suna da nauyin kilogiram 18-22, tare da tsayi a bushe daga 50 zuwa 60. Tsawon jiki daga santimita 75 zuwa 105, tsawon wutsiya - daga 79 zuwa 90 cm, wanda yake kusan daidai da tsayin jikin kanta. Kuliyoyi masu hayaki ba su da bambanci mai yawa, amma mata sun ɗan fi kaɗan.
Legsafafun mai farautar ba su da ɗan gajarta idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙananan, ƙafafun baya sun fi na gaban. Theusoshin ƙafa suna da motsi iri-iri, paafafu suna da ƙarfi, suna ƙarewa wajen janye fika. Tsarin jiki, tsayin gaɓaɓɓuka, doguwar wutsiya sun dace da hawa bishiyoyi, sama da ƙasa. Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da gani mai kyau, ji da kuma wari.
Dabban, idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran dangin wannan dangi:
- kunkuntar, tsayin kwanya;
- canines mafi tsawo, dangane da girman jiki da kwanyar mutum;
- bakin yana budewa sosai.
Canines na iya zama fiye da cm 4. Hancin ruwan hoda ne, wani lokaci tare da tabo baƙi. Kunnuwa gajere ne, an ware su daban, zagaye. Iris na idanu yawanci launin rawaya-launin ruwan kasa ne ko launin toka-mai-toka-toka-toho-kore, ana matse ɗalibai zuwa gaɓuwa na tsaye.
A ina damisa mai girgije take zaune?
Hoto: Tsuntsauran Girgije da Ke Cikin Girgije
An samo nau'ikan Neofelis Nebulosa kudu da tsaunukan Himalaya a cikin Nepal, Bhutan, a arewa maso gabashin Indiya. Yankin kudu na zangon ya takaita ne zuwa Myanmar, kudancin China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia (manyan yankuna).
Subsungiyoyi uku suna cikin yankuna daban-daban:
- Neofelis n. nebulosa - Kudancin China da babban yankin Malaysia;
- Neofelis n. brachyura - ada tana rayuwa a cikin Taiwan, amma yanzu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin batattu;
- Neofelis n. macrosceloides - an samo daga Myanmar zuwa Nepal;
- Neofelis diardi wani nau'in halitta ne mai zaman kansa daga tsibirin Borneo, Sumatra.
Masu farauta suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka masu zafi, suna isa yankuna a tsawo na mita dubu 3. Suna amfani da bishiyoyi don nishaɗi da kuma farauta, amma suna ɓatar da lokaci sosai a ƙasa fiye da yadda aka zata. Abun lura na masu farauta ya nuna cewa galibi ana samunsu a wurare masu zafi na dazuzzuka. Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna zaune a cikin dazuzzuka na bishiyun bishiyoyi, na biyun da ke busasshiyar ƙasa, dazuzzuka na bakin teku, ana iya samunsu a daushon mangrove, yankuna da makiyaya.
Me damisa mai gajimare take ci?
Photo: girgije Leopard Red Book
Kamar kowane ɗanɗanar daji, waɗannan dabbobin suna farauta. An taɓa yarda cewa suna ɓatar da lokaci mai yawa suna farauta a cikin bishiyoyi, amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa damisa da girgije suna farauta a ƙasa kuma suna hutawa a kan bishiyoyi da rana.
Dabbobin da mahauta ke farauta sun haɗa da:
- lori;
- biri;
- kai macaques;
- barewa;
- sambara;
- Kadangaren Malay;
- muntjacs;
- dabbobin daji;
- aladu masu gemu;
- gophers;
- dabino;
- kayan miya.
Masu farauta suna iya kama tsuntsaye kamar su pheasants. Ragowar kifin an same shi a cikin najasar. Akwai sanannun lokuta na hare-hare daga waɗannan kuliyoyin daji a kan dabbobi: maruƙa, aladu, awaki, kaji. Wadannan dabbobin suna kashe ganima ta hanyar hakoran hakora a bayan kai, suna karya kashin baya. Suna cin abinci ta hanyar ciro nama daga gawar, suna shiga ciki tare da hammatarsu da abubuwan ciki, sannan kuma suna karkatar da kawunansu da baya. Sau da yawa dabbar na zaune cikin kwanton bauna akan bishiya, ana matse shi da ƙarfi a kan reshe. An farautar ganimar daga sama, tana tsalle a bayanta. An kama ƙananan dabbobi daga ƙasa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: girgije mai girgije
Jikin da ya dace da wannan salon yana ba ku damar cimma waɗannan ƙwarewar ban mamaki. Legsafafunsu gajere ne kuma masu ƙarfi, suna ba da kayan aiki da ƙaramar cibiyar nauyi. Kari akan haka, wutsiyar mai matukar tsayi na taimakawa da daidaito. Don riƙe manyan yatsun hannu suna ɗauke da makamai masu kaifi da pads na musamman. Legsafafun baya suna da ƙafafun kafa masu sassauƙa waɗanda ke ba da damar kafa ya juya baya shima.
Wani fasalin wannan damisar shine kokon kai wanda ba a saba gani ba, kuma mai farauta shima yana da kannoni mafi tsayi mafi tsayi idan aka kwatanta da girman kwanyar, wanda hakan yasa ake iya kwatanta shi da dadadden saber mai hakora.
Binciken da Dokta Per Christiansen na Copenhagen Museum of Museum ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin waɗannan halittu. Nazarin halaye na kokon kai na dabbobin da ke raye da na kare sun nuna cewa tsarinta a damisa mai kama da saber mai hakora, kamar Paramachairodus (kafin kungiyar ta takaita kuma dabbobin suna da manyan canines na sama).
Duk dabbobin suna da babbar buɗe baki, kusan digiri 100. Ba kamar zaki na zamani ba, wanda zai iya buɗe bakinsa 65 ° kawai. Wannan yana nuna cewa wani jinsi na zamani, wanda damisa mai gajimare kawai yanzu ta rage, anyi wasu canje-canje na yau da kullun tare da kuliyoyin saber-hakori. Wannan yana nufin cewa dabbobi na iya farautar farauta mai yawa a cikin daji ta wata hanya daban da ta sauran manyan dabbobin.
Girgizar girgije wasu daga cikin mafi kyaun hawa a gidan kyanwa. Zasu iya hawan bishiya, ratayewa daga rassan da ƙafafun kafa na baya, har ma su sauko kai da kai kamar ɓarna.
Cats masu haƙoran haƙoran sun cinye abincinsu a wuya, ta yin amfani da haƙoransu masu tsattsagewa don yanke jijiyoyi da jijiyoyin jini kuma kama makogwaro don ya shake wanda aka azabtar. Wannan dabarar farauta ta bambanta da harin manyan kuliyoyi na zamani, waɗanda ke kama wanda aka kama da wuya don makogwaro abin da yake kama.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: girgije Leopard Kub
Halin zamantakewar waɗannan dabbobi ya ɗan yi karatu. Dangane da salon rayuwar sauran kuliyoyin daji, suna tafiyar da rayuwarsu ta kadaici, suna sanya kansu cikin kawance kawai don saduwa. Suna iko da yankunansu, dare da rana. Yankin sa na iya kaiwa daga 20 zuwa 50 m2.
A Tailandia, dabbobi da yawa da ke rayuwa a cikin tudu. ajiyar, an sanye ta da sadarwa ta rediyo. Wannan gwajin ya nuna cewa mata uku suna da yanki na 23, 25, 39, 50 m2, kuma maza na 30, 42, 50 m2. Babban shafin ya kasance kusan 3 m2.
'Yan kama-karya suna yiwa yankin alama ta hanyar fantsama fitsari da goge abubuwa, suna tauna bawon bishiyoyi da fikarsu. Vibrissae yana taimaka musu suyi yawon dare. Waɗannan inesan adam ba su san yadda ake yin tsarkakewa ba, amma suna yin sautuna masu daɗaɗawa, haka kuma sauti mai ƙarfi irin na meowing. Ana iya jin ƙaramin kukan nishi daga nesa, ba a san dalilin wannan sautin ba, wataƙila an yi shi ne don jawo hankalin abokin tarayya. Idan kuliyoyi suna da abokantaka, sukan miƙa wuyansu, suna ta da alwala. A cikin halin tashin hankali, suna fallasa haƙoransu, suna murde hancinsu, suna gurnani tare da raɗaɗi.
Jima'i na dabba na faruwa bayan shekaru biyu. Mating na iya faruwa a cikin dogon lokaci, amma galibi daga Disamba zuwa Maris. Wannan dabba tana da rikici sosai har ma lokacin da suke neman aure, suna nuna halin su. Maza sau da yawa suna cutar da ƙawayen su mata, wani lokacin har zuwa wata ɓarkewar ƙashi. Maimaitawa yana faruwa sau da yawa tare da abokin tarayya, wanda ya cinye mace a lokaci guda, tana amsawa da sautuka, yana ƙarfafa namiji ya ƙara aiwatar da ayyuka.
Mata na iya haihuwar 'ya'ya kowace shekara. Matsakaicin lokacin rayuwar dabbobi masu shayarwa shekaru bakwai ne. A cikin bauta, masu farauta sun rayu tsawon rai, kusan 11, an san shari'un lokacin da dabbar ta rayu tsawon shekaru 17.
Ciki ya kai kimanin makonni 13, yana ƙarewa da haihuwar yara makafi 2-3, jarirai marasa taimako, masu nauyin 140-280 g. Akwai litters daga 1 zuwa 5 inji mai kwakwalwa. Nests itace ramuka itace, ramuka a ƙarƙashin tushen, nooks sun mamaye bishiyoyi. Da makonni biyu, jarirai na iya gani, da wata guda suna aiki, kuma zuwa uku suna daina cin madara. Mahaifiyar tana koya musu farauta. Kittens ya zama mai cin gashin kansa gaba ɗaya har tsawon watanni goma. Da farko, launi yana da cikakkun duhu, wanda ya fadada tare da shekaru, yana haskakawa a tsakiya, yana barin yankin mai duhu. Ba a san inda kittens ɗin suke ɓoye yayin farautar mahaifiya ba, wataƙila a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi.
Abokan gaba na damisa mai gajimare
Hoto: Damisa mai gajimare
Manyan masu kashe dabbobi masu shayarwa mutane ne. Ana farautar dabbobi don kyawawan fatunsu na al'ada. A cikin farauta, ana amfani da karnuka, suna tuka maharan da kashe su. Dabbar tana ƙoƙari ta zauna nesa da ƙauyukan mutane. Yayinda mutum yake fadada kasashensa na noma, lalata daji da shiga mazaunin wannan nau'in, shi kuma, yakan afkawa dabbobin gida. Al'umar yankin suna amfani da guba wajan kashe kuliyoyi.
A cikin daji, damisa da damisa gasa ce ta abinci ga gwarzonmu kuma suna iya kashe shi don kawar da abokan hamayya. A irin waɗannan wuraren, kuliyoyi masu hayaƙi ba su da dare kuma sun fi so su ba da ƙarin lokaci a cikin bishiyoyi. Suturar suturar jikinsu suna taka rawa mai kyau; ba shi yiwuwa a ga wannan dabbar, musamman a cikin duhu ko da yamma.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: girgije mai girgije
Abun takaici, saboda rayuwar sirrin, yana da wahala ayi magana game da ainihin adadin wadannan dabbobi. Dangane da ƙididdigar kimantawa, yawan jama'a bai kai samfurin dubu 10 ba. Babban barazanar ita ce farauta da sare bishiyoyi. Wasu daga cikin wuraren da suka rage ba su da yawa kuma ba za su iya samar da haihuwa da kiyaye halittun ba.
Suna farautar dabbobi don kyawawan fatunsu. A cikin Sarawak, wasu kabilun na amfani da doguwar hauka a matsayin kayan adon kunne. Wasu sassan gawar ana amfani dasu don magani ga al'ummomin yankin. A gidajen cin abinci a cikin China da Thailand, naman damisa mai gajimare yana kan jerin wasu gidajen cin abinci na masu yawon buɗe ido masu yawon buɗe ido, abin da ke motsa farauta. Ana ba da jarirai don farashi mai tsada kamar dabbobin gida.
Wadannan dabbobin da aka yiwa lakabi da sun bace a kasar Nepal a karshen karni na 19, amma a cikin shekaru 80 na karnin da ya gabata, an sami manya hudu a kwarin Pokhara. Bayan haka, ana yin rikodin samfuran da ba a san su ba lokaci-lokaci a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar da kuma keɓewar ƙasar. A Indiya, yammacin Bengal, tsaunukan Sikkim, an kama dabbar ta kyamarori. Aƙalla mutane 16 aka ɗauka a kan tarkon kyamara.
Ana samun damisar girgije a yau a tsaunukan Himalayas, Nepal, yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, China. A baya can, ya yadu a kudancin Yangtze, amma bayyanannun dabbobin ba su da yawa kuma nesa ba kusa ba, kuma ba a san komai game da kewayonsa da lambarta ta yanzu. Ana samun dabba mai shayarwa a sassan kudu maso gabashin Bangladesh (yankin Chittagong) a tsaunuka, tare da mazaunin da ya dace.
Rarraba wuraren zama ya ƙara saukin kamuwa da dabbobi zuwa cututtukan cututtuka da bala'o'i. A cikin Sumatra da Borneo, akwai saurin sare bishiyoyi kuma damisar Bornean ba wai kawai ta halaka ba, an hana ta mazaunin ta, amma kuma ta faɗa cikin tarkunan da aka sa wa wasu dabbobi. IUCN suna ɗaukar giragizai masu gajimare
Kariyar damisa mai girgije
Photo: girgije Leopard Red Book
An haramta farautar dabbobi a cikin ƙasashe: Bangladesh, Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam kuma ana tsara su a Laos. A cikin Bhutan, a waje da wuraren kariya, ba a tsara farauta.
An yi ƙoƙari a Nepal, Malaysia da Indonesia don kafa wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa don tallafawa yawan masu lalata. Adana ƙasar Sabah ta Malesiya da aka ƙididdige ƙididdigar matsuguni. Anan, mutane tara suna rayuwa akan kilomita 100². Ba shi da wuya fiye da na Borneo, ana samun wannan dabba a Sumatra. Wurin kula da namun daji na Tripura na Sipahihola yana da wurin shakatawa na ƙasa inda gidan zoo ke ɗauke da damisa mai girgije.
Yana da wuya a samu zuriya daga wadannan dabbobin a cikin bauta saboda halayensu na zafin rai. Don rage matakin ƙiyayya, ana kiyaye yara biyu tare tun suna kanana. Lokacin da zuriya suka bayyana, yawancin lokuta ana ɗaukar yara daga mahaifiyarsu kuma ana ciyar dasu daga kwalba. A watan Maris na 2011, a gidan Zoo na Grassmere (Nashville, Tennessee), mata biyu sun haifi cubasa uku, waɗanda aka tashe su a lokacin bauta. Kowane maraƙi yana da nauyin 230. An sake haihuwar wasu yara huɗu a can a cikin 2012.
A watan Yunin 2011, wasu damisa sun bayyana a Point Defiance Zoo a Tacoma, WA. An kawo iyayensu daga Khao Kheo Patay Open Zoo (Thailand) ta hanyar tsarin ilmantarwa da ilmi. A watan Mayun 2015, an sake haihuwar wasu jarirai huɗu a wurin. Sun zama zuriya ta huɗu daga Chai Li da budurwarsa Nah Fan.
Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2011, akwai nau'ikan 222 na wannan dabbar da ba ta da kyau a cikin gidan zoo.
A baya can, kiwo na fursuna yana da wahala, saboda akwai karancin gogewa da masaniya game da rayuwar su a yanayi. Yanzu al'amuran kiwo sun zama ruwan dare, ana ba dabbobin wuri tare da wurare masu duwatsu da ƙugiyoyi waɗanda aka ɓoye daga gani. Ana ciyar da dabbobin bisa ga tsarin ciyarwa na musamman mai daidaitawa. Don ƙara yawan dabbobi a cikin daji, ana buƙatar matakan don adana mazaunin halittar damisa mai girgije.
Ranar bugawa: 20.02.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/16/2019 a 0:10
