Chipmunk - karamin ɗan sanda mai kyau, dangi na kusurwa. Laxman ya bayyana jinsin mutanen Asiya a shekarar 1769 a matsayin Tamias sibiricus kuma ya kasance daga jinsin Eutamias. Innaan uwanta Ba'amurke Tamias striatus ya bayyana Linnaeus a cikin 1758.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Chipmunk
Tsibirin Asiya ya banbanta da yawancin mazaunan nahiyar ta Amurka ta yadda ba za a iya bayyana raunin kai da wasu alamun alamun fasalin tsarin kwanyar ba. Kwancen sanannen kwanan wata daga farkon Holocene. An samo sifofin burbushin halittu irin su Miospermophilus Black a cikin Manyan Miocene na Amurka, a cikin tekun Irtysh.
Tare da kurege, wannan dabba tana da kusanci kuma tsari ne na canzawa daga waɗanda ke zaune a bishiyoyi zuwa burrowing. Yawancin jinsunan squirrel na Arewacin Amurka suna da alaƙa da chipmunks. A Turai, jinsi ne Sciurotamias Miller, wanda ya rayu a dazukan tsaunuka a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma ya zauna a yammacin Turai a cikin Pliocene; an kuma wakilci wani tsoffin ɗan adam a gabashin Turai (Ukraine).
Bidiyo: Chipmunk
Ana samun manyan makarantu a Yammacin Turai a wajan wuraren zama na zamani. A cikin Pleistocene, ana samun ragowar a cikin kewayon zamani. Kabilar tana da alkibla guda biyu na ci gaba, suna samun wakilcin Tamias chipmunks - dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda ke rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka, da kuma Sciurotamias - nau'in bishiyoyin kasar Sin da ke rayuwa a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka masu tsaunuka masu wuya a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sun mallaki gungun squirrels a can.
Mutanen Amurka suna da wakilci da nau'ikan iri-iri, a yau akwai sanannun nau'ikan 16. Kusan nau'ikan 20 na wannan berayen sun kasu kashi biyu: manyan mazaunan Arewacin Amurka mazaunan dazuzzuka da dabbobin Eigasia. Wani jinsin yana zaune a cikin Tarayyar Rasha.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Chipmunk dabbobi
Chipmunks ana iya gane su ta sauƙaƙan launuka masu launin fari da duhu a kai da baya. Akwai ratsiyoyi duhu guda biyar a baya, tare da na tsakiya mai haske. Raunuka masu haske suna da launin rawaya mai launin rawaya ko launuka masu launin ja, farin ciki. Wutsiyar launin toka a saman. Gajeren lokacin rani da Jawo hunturu baya canza launi kuma yana da rumfa mai rauni.
Daga ƙasa, gashin dokin an shimfiɗa shi a kowane gefen a tsakiyar. Legsafafun gaba sun fi guntu, suna da doguwar yatsu (3-4) masu girma iri ɗaya, A ƙafafun baya akwai na huɗu mafi tsawo. Kunnuwa kaɗan ne tare da ƙasa kaɗan. Nau'in Asiya wanda ke zaune a Rasha yana da tsayin jiki na 27 cm, wutsiya 18 cm.
Babban bambancin ra'ayi daga ƙasashen Arewacin Amurka:
- wutsiya ta fi tsayi;
- kunnuwa sun fi guntu kuma an zagaye kadan;
- launuka masu haske masu duhu da sassan gaba na farkon na farkon na gefe;
- ya haskaka kan iyakar duhun haske a bakin bakin daga ido har zuwa karshen hanci;
- duhun duhu a kan kunci ya fi fadi kuma sau da yawa yana haɗuwa tare da raunin gefen duhu na baya.
Launin gurnani ya zama ya yi duhu daga arewa zuwa kudu. A cikin yankunan kudu na kewayon, launuka masu launin ja suna ƙaruwa daga yamma zuwa gabas, saman kai, kunci mai duhu, gindi, da gindin wutsiya sun fi launuka masu haske.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A Amurka, munan kuli-kuli suna son cin abinci a kan ƙwayoyin beech kuma suna iya haɗuwa da guda 32 a kan kumatun su lokaci guda, amma ba za su iya hawa santsin jikin wannan itaciyar ba. Lokacin da girbi ya yi kadan, dabbobin suna amfani da taswirar a matsayin "tsani", da suka ga tarin goro, sai suka dan latse sai suka sauko don karba.
A ina chipmunk yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Siberian chipmunk
A Rasha, iyakar zangon tana gudana a arewacin Siberia tare da iyakar haɓakar larch, a arewa maso gabas tare da iyakar gandun daji fir. A arewa, ya tashi zuwa 68 ° N. sh shimfidawa a kan kwatancen, yana kaiwa bakin Yenisei, Indigirka.
A yamma da kudu, ya fadada zuwa Vologda, Vetluga, ya sauka gefen bankin hagu na Volga, ya kama bankin dama na Kama, Belaya, yawo daga Ural ya isa Tara, Tafkin Chany, ya juya kudu, ya kama Altai, ya wuce iyakar kudancin kasar. Bugu da ari, ana samun shi ko'ina zuwa mafi yawan ƙasashe na gabas, gami da tsibirai, amma ba a samun shi a Kamchatka. A wajen Rasha, tana zaune a Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan.
Yankin Arewacin Amurka ya haɗa da mafi yawan gabas daga kudancin Kanada zuwa Tekun Mexico, ban da yankuna da yawa na kudu maso gabas. A cikin tsaunukan Adirondack, yakan faru ne a tsaunuka har zuwa mita 1220. A can ya fi son gandun daji masu daɗa da gauraye kuma ya fi yawa a cikin manyan balagaggun (tsoffin-girma) na bishiyar maple da beech.
Dabbar tana son gandun daji tare da ci gaba da yawa, faduwa da guguwar iska, dazuzzuka daji. A cikin Asiya, a cikin tsaunuka, ya hau zuwa kan iyakar gandun daji na larch-eled. A cikin dazuzzuka masu tsabta, yana zaɓar wuraren da ciyawa mai yawa. A wasu wurare yana zaune a yankunan daji-steppe, yana mamaye yankuna tare da shrubs da cikin ravines. Burrows ana yin shi ne ta hanyar sanda a kan tsaunuka, a cikin busassun wurare, a cikin wuraren sanya duwatsu.
Menene chipmunk yake ci?
Hotuna: chipmunk na Rasha
A lokacin bazara, beraye suna nazarin yanayin ƙasa sosai, suna neman seedsa seedsan da suka rage daga faduwar. Tunda akwai kaɗan daga cikinsu a wannan lokacin, harbe-harben shrubs da bishiyoyi, buds, ganye suna shiga cikin abinci har sai sabbin fruitsa fruitsan itace da seedsa seedsan sun bayyana. A lokacin bazara, bazara, kaka, kayan kwalliya, kwari, tururuwa, da molluscs suna cike menu. Wani lokacin dabbobi suna cin ƙwai na ɓaure, mushe, har ma da ƙananan al'amuran da aka lura lokacin da suke farautar ƙananan tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Suna son yin biki akan furanni da 'ya'yan itace: lingonberries, cherries, raspberries, cherry tsuntsaye, ash ash, viburnum.
Babban abincin waɗannan dabbobin shine 'ya'yan itaciya masu ɗaci da' ya'ya. Musamman suna son goro. Abincin ya hada da tsaba: tsakuwa, gero na daji, hawan buckwheat, buttercup, knotweed, peat pea, fure na daji, laima, hatsin daji, kayan lambu da kayan lambu. Suna ciyarwa akan lalacewar mosses na polytrichous, namomin kaza. Yawancin abincin sun ƙunshi 'ya'yan itacen maple, elm, Linden, elm, euonymus, Manchurian hazel.
A ƙarshen bazara, thean sanda ya fara cika kayan abincin ta, yana tattara fruitsa fruitsa da seedsa ofan tsire-tsire. Yana dauke da su sama da kilomita daya. A cikin duka, nauyin irin waɗannan blanks na iya zuwa zuwa kilogiram 3-4. A cikin Siberia da ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya, idan akwai gazawar amfanin gona, dabbobin suna yin motsi mai yawa zuwa filayen hatsi na hatsi, peas, sunflowers, ko mai da hankali kan filayen berry: lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, da dai sauransu.
Jerin manyan tsirrai na tushen abincin dabbobi ya hada da fiye da nau'ikan 48, wanda:
- 5 - nau'in bishiyoyi (itacen oak, larch, aspen, baƙi da fari birch);
- 5 - shrubby (Lespidetsa - nau'ikan 2, fure daji, hazel, Willow);
- 2 - S-shrubs (lingonberry, blueberry);
- 24 - na ganye (na namo - alkama, hatsin rai, wake, gero, sha'ir, sunflower, masara, da sauransu).
Mafi yawan abincin dabbobin Amurkawa sun ƙunshi kwayoyi, bishiyoyi, 'ya'yan itace, namomin kaza,' ya'yan itatuwa, 'ya'yan itace, da masara. Suna kuma cin kwari, kwai tsuntsaye, katantanwa, da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar ƙananan beraye. A cikin ma'ajiyar kayan abinci, rodent yana ajiyar hannayen jari na tsaba iri-iri (98%), ganye, allurar larch da harbe harbe. A wani lokaci, rodent na iya kawo sama da gram takwas a cikin kumatun kunci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin shekarun 30 na karnin da ya gabata, an sami wurin ajiya a cikin Yankin Primorsky, inda chipmunk ya tattara g 1000 na hatsin rai, 500 g na buckwheat, 500 g na masara, da kuma 'ya'yan sunflower. An samo hatsin alkama na 1400 g da 980 g a lokaci guda a cikin wasu minks biyu.
Lokacin cin abinci, rodent yana ajiye fruitsa fruitsan itace da seedsa seedsan ɓarnar gaban goshi. Tare da taimakon dogayen ingila aka dosa gaba, yana cire kwaya daga kwasfa ko kuma ɗebo tsaba daga kwanten. Bayan haka, yana amfani da harshensa don zame su baya kuma ya zame su tsakanin haƙoransa da fatar da za a iya ƙarawa akan kumatunsa. A can ake rike su yayin dabba tana cikin aikin tattara abinci.
Capacityarfin kunci yana ƙaruwa da shekaru. Lokacin da kumatun kunci suka cika, dabbar za ta kai kwayar zuwa gurinta ko ta binne su a cikin ramuka marasa zurfin, wanda ta tono a ƙasa, sannan kuma ta yi kama da ƙasa, ganye da sauran tarkace.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Chipmunk
Dabbar tana cinye mafi yawan ranakinta tana dibar tsaba, wadanda sune mafi mahimmancin tushen abinci. Kodayake yawancin jinsunan suna yawan samun abinci a ƙasa, amma duk a sauƙaƙe suna hawa bishiyoyi da daji don tara goro da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Dabba yana aiki a rana. Tare da farkon lokacin hunturu, entan sanda masu nutsuwa har ma a yankunan kudancin Rasha. A nahiyar Amurka, dabbobi ba sa yin bacci a duk lokacin hunturu, amma ba sa barin raminsu, suna yin barci na makonni da yawa, suna farkawa lokaci-lokaci don cin abinci, kuma wasu mutane ma suna nuna hali a kudancin yankin na Mongolia.
A ɓangaren Turai na Tarayyar Rasha, akwai sasantawar biyu a cikin gida ɗaya. A cikin yankuna da ke da dusar ƙanƙara, akwai ɗaki ɗaya a cikin burrow; a waɗannan halayen, ɗakin ajiyar kayan abinci yana ƙasa da gida. Beraji yana yin ramuka don kansa kuma yana gina kyamarori a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Yana sanya musu ƙofar a wuraren da ba a fahimta ba a tsakanin bishiyoyi ko duwatsu, a ƙarƙashin duwatsu. Wasu nau'ikan zasu iya yin gida a cikin ramin bishiyoyi kuma suna ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa a cikin bishiyoyi.
Yawancin burbushin sun ƙunshi ƙofar ɗaya, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa rami mai karkata, tsawonsa ya kai kimanin cm 70. A ƙarshensa akwai ɗakin kwana, 15 cm zuwa 35 cm a diamita, an rufe shi da busasshiyar ciyawa, daga kan shukoki iri iri, da ganyayyun ganye. Yana ɓoye tsaba na shuke-shuke, kwayoyi a ƙarƙashin gida ɗaya ko a cikin ɗaki na dabam, yana azurta kansa da wadataccen abinci don yanayin sanyi. Akwai rami har tsawon mita huɗu, tare da cokula masu yatsu da gefen gida. A cikin gidajen dabbobi, babu alamun najasar; yana yin banɗaki a cikin tsaunuka na gefe.
A lokacin bazara, da zaran ya ƙara dumi kuma dusar kankara ta fara narkewa, beran yakan farka. A lokacin bazara, beraye suna yin mafaka a cikin ramuka, a cikin kututtukan bishiyoyi da kututture. Da farkon yanayin sanyi, gurnani ya ɓace a ɓoye. A halin yanzu, ba a san takamaiman abin da ke faruwa yayin da dabbobin suka yi ritaya zuwa burbushinsu don hunturu. An yi imanin cewa nan da nan suka shiga wani yanayi na azabtarwa. A wannan yanayin, yanayin zafin jiki, yawan numfashi da bugun zuciya sun sauka zuwa matakan da ba su da yawa, wanda ke rage adadin kuzarin da ake bukata don kiyaye rayuwa. Daga kwanakin dumi na farko na bazara, dabbobi sun fara bayyana, wani lokacin sukan ratsa kaurin dusar kankara.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Chipmunk dabbobi
Wadannan dabbobin suna da kyau. Kowa yana da burodin kansa kuma ya yi biris da 'yan uwansa, ban da lokacin da rikice-rikice suka taso, haka nan a yayin saduwa, ko lokacin da mata ke kula da' ya'yansu. Kowace dabba tana da yankin ta na kansa (0.04-1.26 ha), wani lokacin waɗannan yankuna suna juyewa. Manya maza suna da yanki fiye da mata da samari. Iyakoki suna canzawa koyaushe kuma ya dogara da tushen wadataccen abinci. Yawancin dabbobi suna daidaita kusan iri ɗaya daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Dabbobin suna yin mafi yawan lokacinsu a kusa da kabarin. A cikin wannan wurin, babu wasu yankuna masu haɗuwa tare da yankin wasu mutane kuma maigidan ya mamaye nan. Masu kutse cikin sauri sun bar yankin, suna gujewa karo kai tsaye. Waɗannan iyakokin mamayar sun fi karko fiye da yankunan kewayon. Chipmunk yana yin sautuna daban-daban lokacin da firgita da kuma lokacin da aka gano haɗari: busa ko wani abu mai kaifi, mai kama da murƙushewa. Wasu lokuta yakan zama kamar yana kururuwa, yana kama da "zvirk-zvirk" ko "chirk-chirk" tare da tazarar secondsan daƙiƙa. Ana yawan jin wannan sautin lokacin da dabbar ke kallon wani daga nesa.
An fara gasar tsuntsaye na dabbobi a watan Afrilu. Mata suna yin aure akai-akai tare da ɗa ko maza fiye da ɗaya a lokacin ɓarna, wanda yake ɗaukar awanni 6-7. Daga ƙarshen Mayu zuwa shekaru goma na biyu na Yuni, suna kawo cuba 3-5a 3-5 a cikin zuriyar dabbobi. Yaran da aka haifa nauyinsu yakai gram 3 kuma makaho ne kuma tsirara. Gashi ya fara bayyana daga rana ta goma, naman buɗe ido yana buɗewa daga 28, idanu daga kwana 31. Jarirai suna zuwa sama tun suna da makonni shida kuma suna fara yin abincinsu da kansu. Da farko ba su da kunya sosai, amma yayin da suka girma, suna yin hankali sosai.
A farkon kaka, kananan yara sun riga sun kai girman dabba baligi. Balaga ta jima’i tana faruwa ne a shekara ta biyu, amma ba dukansu ne zasu fara haifuwa a wannan shekarun ba. A wasu yankuna na zama, mata na iya kawo zubin na biyu: a Arewa. Amurka, Primorye, Kuriles. Matsakaicin tsawon rai shine shekaru 3-4.
Abokan gaba na chipmunks
Hotuna: Chipmunk dabbobi
Yawancin masu farauta suna farautar dabbobi:
- kauna;
- kuskure;
- martens;
- dawakai;
- fararen fata
- kerkeci;
- lynx;
- solongoi;
- baƙin fure;
- karnuka raccoon;
- badgers.
Wannan dabba ce mai ban sha'awa, sau da yawa yakan shiga ƙauyuka, gidajen rani, lambunan kayan lambu, inda ya zama ganima ga karnuka da kuliyoyi.A wasu wurare, hamsters ba kawai suna ci da kayan masarufin mai ɗakin abincin ba, har ma da kansa. A cikin Vost. Berayen Siberia, hakar rami, ramuka a cikin ɗakunan ajiya da cin naku. Macizai ma suna cikin jerin makiyan dabbar. Daga cikin tsuntsayen, masu farauta, goshawk, kestrel, ungulu, da kuma wani lokaci mujiya, amma sau da yawa, tunda waɗannan tsuntsayen ba na dare ba ne, kuma beraye suna aiki da rana.
Beraye sukan yi rauni sosai yayin faɗa da ke faruwa a lokacin rutting. Maza suna fada don mata. Mata na iya kare yankunansu, suna kiyaye gida daga sauran samari. Za a iya kai musu hari da rauni ta wasu, manyan rodents, kamar squirrels. Yawan chipmunk zai iya shafar bala'oi na masarufi: gobara, wanda galibi yakan faru a cikin yanayin Siberian, shekarun tsufa. Kwayoyin cututtukan ƙwayoyi kamar su kwandon ruwa, ƙuru, ƙoshin ƙwayoyi na iya haifar da gajiya, sau da yawa mutuwa, ta dabbobi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Chipmunk dabbobi
Wannan nau'in jinsin yana wakiltar babban adadin kuma yana yadu. Babu wata barazanar gaske don rage lambar. Mafi yawan kewayon wannan nau'in yana Asiya, iyakokin Turai sun kara zuwa yamma da Turai. Ana samun sa daga arewacin Turai da Siberia na Rasha zuwa Sakhalin, yana kame tsibiran Iturup, da Kunashir, daga gabashin gabashin Kazakhstan zuwa arewacin Mongolia, arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar China, har zuwa arewa maso gabashin China, a Koriya da Japan daga Hokkaido, Rishiri, Rebuna.
A Japan, an gabatar da chipmunk zuwa Honshu a Karuizawa. Hakanan an wakilta a Belgium, Jamus, Netherlands, Switzerland da Italiya. A Mongolia, yana zaune ne a yankunan daji, da suka hada da Khangai, Khovsgel, Khentiy da tsaunin Altai. Duk a ciki. A Amurka, wani nau'in, Tamias striatus, ya bazu ko'ina cikin gabashin Amurka da ke kusa da Kanada, daga kudu maso gabashin Saskatchewan zuwa Nova Scotia, daga kudu zuwa yammacin Oklahoma da gabashin Louisiana (a yamma) da kuma gabar Virginia (a gabas).
Chipmunks ba su cikin haɗari, an haɗa su cikin jerin waɗanda ke haifar da ƙaramar damuwa. Wannan bera yana taimakawa wajen yada ciyayi akan manyan yankuna. Yana ajiye ajiyar sa a cikin rami. Hannun tsaba waɗanda dabbar ba ta cinye ba suna iya yin tsiro a cikin ƙasa fiye da yadda suke a sama.
Rodents na cutar da shi, wani lokacin ma mummunan lahani, gonakin noma, ana ɗauke su zuwa ɗakunan ajiya da wuraren girki. Suna lalata cucumber, kankana da gourds ta cin 'ya'yansu. Chipmunk, cinye tsaba na tsire-tsire, yana rage yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyi masu daraja (itacen oak, itacen al'ul, larch), a gefe guda, yana gasa ne ga dabbobi da tsuntsaye, waɗanda suke fafatawa a cikin abinci.
Wannan yana da ban sha'awa: A cikin 1926 (gundumar Birobidzhan), dabbobi sun lalata dukan girbin hatsi.
Idan akwai dabbobi da yawa, zasu iya tsoma baki tare da sake dashen wasu bishiyoyi na yau da kullun, musamman pines, ta hanyar cin eatinga theiran su. Amma farautar su, musamman bautar magungunan kashe qwari, ba abune mai yarda ba saboda illolin da ke tattare da sauran namun daji, gami da tsuntsayen daji. Chipmunk - kyakkyawa, kyakkyawar dabba mai saurin kama idanun mutane, tana ba da jin daɗi sosai ga masu yawon buɗe ido da matafiya. Gandun dajinmu zai zama da talauci sosai idan wannan ƙaramar sandar tsintsiyar ba ta zauna a cikinsu ba. Ana sauƙaƙe shi kuma a ajiye shi a cikin keji a gida.
Ranar bugawa: 02/14/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 16.09.2019 a 11:53
