Dappled barewa na daga nau'ikan nau'ikan - barewa. Waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa ne daga gidan artiodactyl waɗanda ke cin wasu nau'ikan abincin tsirrai. Suna cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi (garken shanu), wanda a cikinsu akwai namiji guda ɗaya kuma har zuwa mata biyar masu ɗiya. Suna da rufin asiri da tsoro, suna ba da fifiko ga gandun daji irin na Manchu.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hoto: Sika barewa
Bawon fure (sika barewa) yana da wuri na musamman a cikin dangin barewa. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yana kan gab da raguwa saboda haka aka jera shi a cikin Littafin Ja. Duk saboda gaskiyar cewa yawan ƙasashen gabashin, musamman China da Tibet, suna matuƙar yaba da tasirin maganin ƙwayoyi, tushen ƙera su wanda ya kasance ƙahonin da ba'a ɓace ba. An cire Pantocrine daga antle of sika deer, wanda ke da tasiri mai amfani akan tsarin juyayi na tsakiya.
Kudin tururuwa ya yi yawa, shi ya sa farautar naman alade ya ƙaru, kuma yawan su yana ta sauka ƙasa da sauri. A wannan yanayin, a farkon karni na ashirin a cikin USSR kusan da kawuna dubu ne na barewa, kuma a wasu yankuna na Asiya wannan jinsin ya bace gaba daya. Dangane da bincike, masanan burbushin halittu sun kammala cewa kakannin barewar zamani sun koma Kudancin Asiya. An yi amannar cewa barewar sira ta daɗaɗɗun asali, wannan gaskiyar an tabbatar da shi ta wurin kasancewar tsari mai sauƙi da sifar tururuwa fiye da jan barewa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Littafin Sika barewa
Deka ba su da girman girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran dangi. Ya banbanta cikin sifa da siririn jiki. Jikin mutanen duka gajere ne, sacrum yana da siffa mai zagaye. Wuce yarda mobile. Godiya ga wannan, zasu iya haɓaka saurin sauri, kuma su kai tsayin tsayi har zuwa mita 2.5, kuma zuwa tsayi zuwa mita 8.
Maza ne kawai masu ƙaho. Siffar kambi ta dace daidai da ƙarami kaɗan. Tsawon da nauyin ƙahonin dabba ya canza yayin girmarsa, kuma yana iya zama daga 65 zuwa 80 cm a kan ƙaho ɗin ba a fi matakai biyar ba, a cikin ƙananan lamura akwai shida. Harbe-harbe suna da santsi ga taɓawa, suna da launin rawaya kusan kusan bambaro, launin ruwan kasa kusa da tushe. Launi na gashin dabbobi ya dogara da yanayi. A lokacin rani, Jawo yana da bayyananniyar launi ja, wanda ke juya zuwa launi mai haske yayin da yake sauka zuwa cikin ciki. Akwai ɗan furcin duhu kusa da dutsen, kuma ƙafafu launuka ja ne ja.
Halin halayyar shine kasancewar farin tabo wanda aka rarraba akan baya. A lokaci guda, a lokacin bazara, lambarsu ba ta da yawa a gefuna da cinyoyi kuma abubuwan da aka tsara ba su da tsauri. Kari akan haka, ba duk baligai bane yake dasu, kuma idan bazara ta zo, gaba daya suke bacewa. Da farkon lokacin hunturu, fur na maza yana canzawa, yana samun launin toka, wani lokacin launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kuma ya zama launin toka mai haske a cikin mata. Launi na farin-madubi, wanda yake a cikin cinyoyin ciki, ya kasance kusan ba'a canza shi ba. Dabbobin sun zubda cikin watan Afrilu da Satumba.
Nauyin balagaggen namiji ya banbanta tsakanin kewayon 115 - 140, na mata 65 - 95 kilogiram, tsayin a bushe zai iya kaiwa 115 cm, kuma tsawon jiki yana da 160 - 180 cm. Tsawon rayuwar barewar sikari a cikin daji ya kai shekaru 14, a tsare 18 - 20 shekara
Ina sika barewa take rayuwa?
Hotuna: Ussuriisky sika barewa
Ofasashen silar barewa sun haɗa da ƙasashe kamar China, Koriya, Vietnam ta Arewa da Taiwan. Hakanan an daidaita shi don zama a cikin Caucasus, Turai, Amurka da New Zealand. Amma mafi kyawun yanayi ga wannan nau'in dabbobi shine Japan da Gabas mai nisa. Musamman ma a Japan da yankin Hokkaido, yawan su ya murmure saboda kashe kerkeci kuma adadin mafarautan ba su da yawa.
Kowane jinsi yana da wasu buƙatu na yanayin rayuwa:
- Barewar Sika ta fi son gandun dajin bishiyoyi masu fadi-tashi maimakon dazuzzuka masu fadi-tashi da yawa, kodayake wani lokacin ana samunsa a karshen;
- Maraloli suna ajiye a saman ɓangaren daji da kuma yankin makiyaya masu tsayi;
- Bugun Tugai (Bukhara) zai zaɓi shuke-shuke da dazuzzuka a bakin kogin ko tabkuna.
A cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana iya samun dabbar a Primorye. Yankin da ya fi dacewa shi ne a yankunan kudu na Primorsky Territory, wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa dusar ƙanƙara ba ta kwance sama da kwanaki 8 - 10, kuma kuma saboda dajin Manchurian da ke da kyakkyawar bishiyoyi. Ba da daɗewa ba, ana iya samun su a cikin yankuna masu buɗewa, wanda hazo a cikin yanayin dusar ƙanƙara na iya haye alamar 600 - 800 mm. Tunda wadannan yanayin suna da matukar wahala kuma suna matukar hana motsi, kuma dabbar ta fi gajiya.
Da farko a cikin 1930s, an yi ƙoƙari a cikin USSR don daidaitawa da barewa, sannan maido da gidan ɗaba'ar. Don yin wannan, an kawo su wuraren ajiya (gonakin reindeer), yanayin da ya dace da rayuwarsu, sune:
- Sukhudzin ya ajiye;
- Reshen Ilmensky (wanda yake a Urals);
- Kuibyshevsky ya ajiye;
- Yankin Teberda;
- Ajiyar Khopersky;
- Ajiyar Okskom;
- Ajiyar Mordovian
A wasu lokuta ya yi nasara, amma kuma akwai wadanda farautar dabbar ba ta tsaya ba har ta kai ga wani mahimmin abu, wanda ya haifar da kusan karewa baki daya.
Menene silar barewa take ci?
Photo: Sika barewa dabba
Abincin barewa ya ƙunshi nau'ikan shuke-shuke sama da 390, mafi yawansu rassan itaciya ne da bishiyoyi. A cikin Yankin Primorsky, ciyayi masu tsayi suna gaba amma ba bishiya da ciyawar shrub ba. A lokacin rani, itacen bishiyoyi, ganye, buds, harbe-harbe da ƙananan rassa, ɓarkewar linden, itacen oak, da Manchurian aralia sun zama babban abincin.
Amma ba mafi ƙarancin fifiko su ne irin goro na Manchurian, Amur inabi da karammiski, lespedetsa, acantopanax, elm, maples, ash, sedges, a lokacin rani, laima da sauran nau'ikan da ke yanke jiki. A jajibirin hunturu, dabbar tana cin abincin wadancan nau'ikan shuke-shuke wadanda suke iya biyan bukatun abinci mai gina jiki yayin kitse.
Hakanan, wannan abincin wani lokacin yakan faɗi akan rabin rabin hunturu:
- acorns, kwayoyi, 'ya'yan itatuwa na beech;
- rassa, da itacen oak, da aspen, da Willow, da chozeni, da tsuntsayen, da alder, da euonymus;
- harbe-harben matasa pines, elms, euonymus, gaggawar buckthorn;
- ci haushi.
Reindeer ba ya son cin kelp da zoster algae, wanda ya ƙunshi gishirin da ake buƙata don dabbobi. Idan akwai masu ciyarwa a cikin dajin, barewar ba ta kyamar cin ciyawa. A yayin neman ma'adinai masu buƙata, barewa ta shiga yankin maɓuɓɓugan ma'adinai masu dumi. A can za su iya lasar algae, toka da sauran hayaƙi daga tekun da ke kan tudu. Dabbobin da suka dace da yankin kudu suna ziyartar yankunan da ke da lasar gishiri mai wucin gadi.
Yankin da barewa take a ciki ya dogara da lambar su a cikin garken. Idan mutum daya tilo yana da fili daidai da hekta 200, yayin da namijin da ke da rukunin mata zai kasance ya kai kadada 400. Manyan garkunan garken dabbobi sun mamaye yanki na 800 - 900 ha.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Sika barewa a Rasha
Barewa Sika ba su da tsoro kuma suna da rufin asiri. Haɗuwa da wannan dabba mai hankali a fili, ban da kauri mai yawa, an daidaita ta da sifili. Zai iya jin kusantar baƙon da ba a so ko mafarauci a nesa mai nisa. Tunda yana da matukar ji da ƙamshi sosai. Tare da canjin yanayi, halayen dabba shima yana canzawa.
A lokacin bazara, barewa suna cikin motsi kuma suna ciyarwa a raye. A lokacin hunturu, kuzari ya sauka sananne, sun zama basa aiki, galibi suna zama kwance. Tare da motsi mai ƙarfi kawai ya zama dole don neman mafaka a cikin gandun daji mai yawan gaske. Sika barewa suna da sauri da tauri. Su kwararrun masu iyo ne, zasu iya rufe nisan teku har zuwa kilomita 12.
Dabbar tana da saukin kamuwa da cututtuka, an rubuta al'amuran cututtuka:
- rabies, necrobacteriosis, pasteurellosis, anthrax da tarin fuka;
- ringworm, candidiasis;
- dicroisliosis, helminths (madaidaiciya, zagaye da tef);
- kaska, midges, horseflies, kwarkwata da sauransu daga dangin ectoparasite.
Thearshen abubuwan da ke sama, suna haifar da rashin jin daɗi da damuwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Sika barewa
Balagar balaga na faruwa a shekara 1 da watanni 6, amma galibi mata na zagawa a cikin shekaru uku. Maza a shirye suke don yin takin zamani fiye da shekaru huɗu. Lokacin saduwa yana farawa a watan Satumba kuma yana ƙarewa a farkon Nuwamba. Tsawancin sa shine kwanaki 30 - 35. A wannan lokacin, ana jin muryar namiji a nisan da ya kai mita ɗari da yawa. Mating yana faruwa a cikin 'yan kwanaki, wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa mace ba za ta hadu ba. Tsarin yana faruwa sau da yawa tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci, a kan igiyar ruwan da hooves na namiji ya buge musamman.
Tsawon lokacin daukar ciki na iya zama kwanaki 215-225 ko (watanni 7.5). Calaya daga cikin maraƙi koyaushe ana haifuwa kuma, a cikin lokuta na musamman, tagwaye. Calving yana faruwa a watan Mayu, da wuya a watan Yuni. Sabbin jariri da aka haifa na iya auna tsakanin kilo 4.5 zuwa 7. Nono na uwa, sabon maraƙin da aka haifa ya fara shan nono kusan nan da nan bayan ya fito, bayan wasu awanni ya ɗauki matakan farko. ’Yan maruƙa na iya fara kiwo kwanaki 15 - 20 bayan haihuwa, kuma su sha nono har zuwa na gaba, idan ba a doke uwar ba.
Yara masu tasowa suna haɓaka sosai a lokacin rani, tare da shigowar hunturu waɗannan matakai suna ɗan jinkirta kaɗan. Sai bayan shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa akwai bambancin halayya, mace ta kasance karama, kuma namiji yana samun kananan tarin fuka a gindin kokon kai, wanda daga karshe zai zama kaho.
Abokan gaba na barewa
Photo: Daren silar barewa
Abun takaici, barewar sikari tana da adadi da yawa na marasa lafiya, gami da:
- Wolves (wani lokacin karnukan raccoon);
- damisa, damisa, damisa;
- launin ruwan kasa (kai hare-hare da ƙima);
- foxes, martens, kuliyoyin daji (ganima akan ƙaramin ƙarni).
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran masu farauta, kerkeci masu ruwan toka ba su da wata illa ga wannan nau'in. Wolves suna farauta a cikin fakitoci, suna tuƙi kuma suna kewaye da ƙaramar garke. Wannan na faruwa ne galibi a cikin hunturu da farkon bazara, lokacin da motsi na barewar sika ke da matsala ƙwarai. Raunana da kasalar dabba, ta dalilin rashin adadin abincin da ake buƙata, shi ma yana shafar. Masu yawan kada ransu galibi suna zama ganima ga dangin dangi, su ne ƙwararrun mafarauta.
Ana iya yi wa barewa da ba ta da hankali. Tunda waɗannan kuliyoyin suna iya motsawa koda kan dusar ƙanƙara ne, wanda aka azabtar ba shi da wata dama ta tserewa. A lokacin sanyi da sanyi, dabbar na iya mutuwa saboda gajiya, saboda ba ta iya samar wa kanta abinci. Ya zama mai rauni da raɗaɗi, wanda ke jan hankalin matsakaita da ƙananan masu farauta. Iyakar abin da zai kare shine ya tsere. Kar ka manta cewa dabbobin sun wahala da yawa daga sa hannun mutane waɗanda suka farautar samari ƙura don yin magani.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Sika barewa daga littafin Ja
A cikin littafin ja, barewar sika tana da matsayi na nau'ikan 2 - "raguwa cikin lambobi".
Raguwar ƙarfi mai yawa a cikin jinsin halittu masu saurin lalacewa yana da alaƙa da zama cikin rashin kwanciyar hankali kuma mai saurin sauyin yanayi cikin yanayin yanayi. Sanarwa game da farauta kullun, saboda hakar fata, nama da tururuwa.
Akwai wasu abubuwa marasa mahimmanci:
- nazarin sabon yanki tare da sare dazuzzuka mai zuwa;
- babban kerkeci, karnukan daji da sauran masu cin nama;
- gina sabbin matsugunai, kusa da yankin ƙasar dabbar;
- halin kamuwa da cututtuka, yunwa;
- gazawar gida.
An yi ƙoƙari don kiyaye barewa a wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiya. A wasu, dabbobi suna karbar abinci shekara-shekara ba tare da samun wurin kiwo ba. A wasu, ana basu abinci ne kawai a lokacin sanyi kuma suna yin kiwo cikin filaye. Amma jinkirin dawo da bishiyoyi da kuma dazuzzuka masu yawa sun shafi ingancin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda kuma ya lalace sosai. Wannan ya zama babban dalilin da ya sa aka tashi daga masu kiwon dabbobi daga makiyaya.
Kula da dawakai kusa, ba tare da rabuwa ba, ya rinjayi tsawon rai. Halin cutar ya karu, mata sun zama bakararre kuma ba sa iya haihuwar zuriya a nan gaba. Kodayake, an sami nasarar dawo da jinsin halittar a cikin Yankin Primorsky, saboda daidaitaccen tsarin amfani da albarkatun kasa, da kuma kariya ta dabbobi ta wani bangare.
Sika kariya
Hoto: Sika barewa
An saka barewar Sika a cikin Jerin IUCN Red. Babban aikin shi shine karewa da kiyaye rayuwar wasu nau'ikan halittu wadanda ke dab da bacewa. Jinsunan da aka sanya a cikin littafin Red Book na ƙasashen bayan Soviet-Soviet suna samun kariya ta atomatik a matakin doka. Tunda yana da muhimmiyar takaddar doka kuma tana da jagororin aiki don kariya daga nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba safai ba.
Anyi canje-canje da yawa kuma anyi ƙoƙari don kiyaye jinsin, wanda ya haifar da nazarin abubuwan:
- mazaunin ƙasa (rarraba ƙasa);
- lamba da tsari tsakanin garken;
- halaye masu ilimin halitta (lokacin kiwo);
- Abubuwan ƙaura na ƙaura dangane da yanayi (amma yawancin dabbobi ba sa barin yankunansu, wanda ya faɗaɗa sama da ɗaruruwan kadada).
A halin yanzu, akwai yiwuwar taɓarɓarewar yawan jama'a a cikin daji, kuma ana ba da hankali sosai ga wuraren ajiyar yanayi da yankunan da ke kusa da su. An haɓaka matakai da yawa, waɗanda suka sami ƙarfin doka bayan an ɗauke su a matsayin shirin jihar.
Babban aiki shine:
- adana nau'ikan halittu na barewa (idan zai yiwu, ku guji cakuda jinsin);
- aikin maido da wuraren ajiya wanda dabbobi ke rayuwa a ciki;
- gyare-gyare da kirkirar sabbin wuraren kariya;
- kariya mafi kyau daga masu farauta da mafarauta (na farko ana aiwatar da shi ta harbin kyarketai).
Duk da kafa dokar farauta, yawan sikirin dawa a zahiri ba ya canzawa, kuma yana raguwa lokaci-lokaci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yadda mafarauta ke ci gaba da yin barna mai yawa, suna bin dabbar domin su lashe kyautuka masu tamani a cikin fatar da ke da ni'ima ko kuma samarin da ba a san su ba. Ba a sani ba ko a nan gaba akwai yiwuwar faɗaɗa iyakokin wuraren gandun daji, aikinsu na farko ba wai kawai cire pantas ba ne, amma har ma da cike gandun daji gabaɗaya. Dappled barewa yana buƙatar kariya daga mutane, in ba haka ba da sannu zamu rasa wannan kyakkyawar dabba.
Ranar bugawa: 04.02.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 16.09.2019 a 17:04
