Chamois Dabba ce ta dabba mai tsari ta artiodactyls. Hargitsi na dangin bovids ne. Wannan shine ɗayan ƙaramin wakilai. Babban misali ne na dangin akuya. Sunan Latin na dabba a zahiri yana nufin "dutsen dutse". Don haka ne, chamois suna rayuwa a cikin wurare masu duwatsu, sun dace sosai don motsawa tare dasu.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Serna
An yi imanin cewa a matsayin jinsin kwarjini ya tashi daga shekaru dubu 250 zuwa dubu 400 da suka wuce. Har yanzu ba a sami tabbatacciyar amsa game da asalin chamois ba. Akwai shawarwari da ke nuna cewa yanayin rikitarwa na yanzu shine ragowar yankin ci gaba da rarraba wadannan dabbobin a da. Duk abubuwan da suka rage na zamanin Pleistocene.
Akwai nau'ikan rabe-raben da yawa, sun bambanta a cikin bayyanar su da tsarin jikin su. Wasu masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan ma suna da asali daban-daban. Peasashe suna rayuwa a cikin yankuna daban-daban kuma saboda wannan dalili basa haɗuwa. Gabaɗaya, sanannun raƙuman ruwa guda bakwai sanannu ne. Biyu daga cikinsu, Anatolian da Carpathian chamois, bisa ga wasu rabe-raben, na iya kasancewa daga jinsuna daban. Sunayen rabe-raben suna da alaƙa da mazaunin su na yau da kullun, ban da mafi yawan rikice-rikice na yau da kullun.
Bidiyo: Serna
Babban dangi shine Pyrenean chamois, kodayake yana da suna iri ɗaya, amma yana da nau'in otal ɗin. Kwalliyar wata karamar dabba ce. Yana da karami, jiki mai kauri tare da siraran kafafuwa, tare da kafafuwan baya sun fi na gaban. Ya kai tsayi kusan santimita 80 a busassun, tsayin gaɓoɓi rabin wannan ƙimar ne, tsawon jiki ya ɗan fi mita, ya ƙare da gajeren wutsiya, kawai aan santimita, a ƙananan ɓangaren wanda babu gashi. Nauyin jikin chamois na mata a matsakaita daga kilo 30 zuwa 35, yayin da a cikin maza zai iya kai kilo sittin. Wuya siriri ce, galibi tsawonta yakai 15 zuwa 20.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Dutsen chamois
Mumola mara nauyi ƙarami ne, gajere, ƙuntatacce. Idanun suna da girma, hancin hanci ya kankance, kamar tsaga yake. Saho suna girma sama da idanuwa, daga yanki mai girma na maza da mata. Suna santsi ga taɓawa, zagaye a ɓangaren giciye, mai lankwasa baya a ƙarshen. A mata, ƙahonin suna da gajarta kwatankwacin na maza kuma ba su da lankwasa kaɗan. A yankin baya akwai ramuka da ke dauke da gland na musamman; a lokacin rutting suna fara aiki, suna fitar da wani kamshi. Kunnuwa masu tsayi ne, tsayayyu, masu kaifi, kimanin cm 20. Hooves suna da ci gaba sosai, suna barin hanya kusan faɗi 6 cm.
Launi na furcin chamois ya bambanta da yanayi. A lokacin hunturu, yana samun ƙarin tabarau masu banbanci, ɓangarorin waje na gaɓoɓi, wuya da baya launin ruwan kasa ne masu duhu, kuma ɓangarorin ciki da ciki haske ne. A lokacin bazara, launi yana canzawa zuwa kaho, launin ruwan kasa, kuma sassan ciki da na bayan sassan gabar jiki sun fi sauƙi fiye da na waje da na baya. A kan bakin bakin, a gefen daga kunne zuwa hanci, akwai ratsi masu duhu, wani lokacin kuma baki. Sauran gashin akan fuska, akasin haka, sunfi dukkan jiki haske, wannan yana kara bambanci. Tare da wannan launi, chamois suna da ban sha'awa sosai da haske.
Tsawon rayuwar maza a matsakaita ya kasance daga shekaru goma zuwa goma sha biyu. Mata suna rayuwa daga shekara goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan rayuwar tsawon lokaci, tunda ba irin ta dabbobi bane irin wannan ƙaramin girman.
A ina chamois yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Dutsen dabba na dabba
Chamois suna zaune ne a yankunan tsaunuka a mahadar manyan duwatsu da dazuzzuka. Dukansu sun zama dole don rayuwarsu, saboda haka zamu iya cewa chamois dabba ce ta gandun daji. Chamois sun bazu a kan wani yanki mai yawa daga gabas zuwa yamma, daga Spain zuwa Georgia, kuma daga Turkiya da Girka a kudanci zuwa Rasha a arewa, chamois ke zaune a duk tsarin tsaunuka. Jama'a sun fi rinjaye a cikin mafi kyaun yankuna na Alps da Caucasus.
Abin lura ne cewa shida daga cikin rabe-raben rami guda bakwai sun samo sunayensu daga mazauninsu:
- Rikicin gama gari;
- Anatoliya;
- Balkan;
- Carpathian;
- Chartres;
- Caucasian;
- Tatranskaya.
Misali, chamois din Anatolian (ko Baturke) yana zaune a gabashin Turkiya da kuma yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar, ana samun kawancen Balkan a yankin Balkan, haka kuma ana samun kawancen Carpathian a Carpathians. Chartres chamois gama gari ne a yammacin Faransa Alps (sunan ya fito ne daga tsaunin Chartreuse). Caucasian chamois, bi da bi, suna zaune a cikin Caucasus, da Tatranskaya - a cikin Tatras. Rikicin da aka saba da shi shine mafi yawan ƙasashe, sabili da haka zaɓaɓɓu. Irin wannan rudanin ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsaunukan Alps.
A lokacin bazara, chamois yakan hau zuwa ƙasa mai duwatsu a tsawan kimanin mita 3600 sama da matakin teku. A lokacin sanyi, suna sauka zuwa tsayin mita 800 kuma suna ƙoƙari su kasance kusa da gandun daji, galibi zuwa conifers, don sauƙin neman abinci. Amma chamois bashi da ambaton ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci, sabanin sauran marasa kulawa. Matan da suka haihu kuma sun fi son zama tare da yaransu a cikin dazukan da ke gindin tsaunuka kuma su guji buɗe wurare. Amma da zaran thean ya ƙara ƙarfi, sai su tafi kan tsaunuka tare.
A farkon 1900s, an gabatar da chamois zuwa New Zealand a matsayin kyauta, kuma sama da shekaru ɗari sun sami damar yaɗuwa sosai a tsibirin Kudu. A zamanin yau, ana ba da kwarin gwiwar farautar farauta a wannan ƙasar. Mutanen da ke zaune a New Zealand ba su da bambanci sosai da danginsu na Turai, amma a lokaci guda, kowane ɗayan yana ɗaukar nauyin 20% ƙasa da na Turai. Abin lura ne cewa an yi ƙoƙari sau biyu don sasanta rikice-rikicen a cikin tsaunukan Norway, amma dukansu biyu sun ƙare cikin rashin nasara - dabbobin sun mutu ba tare da wasu dalilai ba.
Menene chamois ke ci?
Hotuna: Dabbar Chamois
Chamois dabbobi ne masu daɗi, dabbobi masu ciyawar dabbobi. Suna ciyar da makiyaya, galibi ciyawa.
A lokacin rani kuma suna cin abinci:
- hatsi;
- ganyen bishiyoyi;
- furanni;
- ƙananan bishiyoyi na shrubs da wasu bishiyoyi.
A lokacin bazara, chamois ba shi da matsala game da abinci, saboda suna samun ciyayi masu yawa a mazauninsu. Koyaya, a sauƙaƙe zasu iya yin ba tare da ruwa ba. Raɓa safe da ruwan sama wanda ba safai suke isa ba. A lokacin hunturu, ana amfani da ganye iri ɗaya, ganye, hatsi, amma a cikin busasshiyar sifa kuma a ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa. Dole ne a tono abinci daga ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara.
Saboda rashin koren abinci, chamois yana cin mosses da bishiyar bishiyar, ƙananan rassa na shrub, bawon wasu bishiyoyi da ke iya taunawa, Willows ko tokawar dutse, misali. Hakanan ana samun Evergreens a lokacin hunturu; abinci shine spruce da allurar Pine, ƙananan rassan fir. A yayin tsananin rashin abinci, yawancin kwari suna mutuwa. Wannan yana faruwa a kai a kai, kowane lokacin hunturu.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Chamois a cikin duwatsu
Kamar sauran yankuna, garken birni. Suna da tsoro da sauri, a wata 'yar alamar haɗari da suke gudu zuwa cikin daji ko ɓoye cikin duwatsu. Chamois yayi tsalle sosai kuma sama, wannan filin ya dace dasu sosai - zaku gujewa makiya da mummunan yanayi da yawa. A lokacin iska mai karfi, ruwan sama da sauran hadari, chamois suna ɓuya a cikin tsaunukan dutse da raƙuman ruwa.
Chamois ya fi ƙarfin zuciya, tarawa, a ƙalla a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mutane biyu ko uku. Matsakaicin adadin mutane a cikin garke ya isa daruruwan, a wuraren da aka fi rarraba su ko kuma a kokarin kebe kansu da sauran dabbobin garken a yankin. A lokacin sanyi da damuna, kwarjinin kan tattara galibi a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, saboda haka yana da sauƙi a sami abinci da kuma tsira da sanyi. A lokacin bazara, lambobin su suna ƙaruwa a cikin zuriya, kuma chamois suna natsuwa suna kiwo a cikin babban garken.
Chamois suna iya sadarwa tare da juna. Don sadarwa tare da juna, suna amfani da ƙara, matsayi na mamaya da sallamawa, gami da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na al'ada. Da daɗewar mutane da kyar suke keɓewa daga matasa, yawanci garke garke. Da safe akwai dogon abinci, bayan cin abincin rana kwalliyar ta huta. Kuma suna yin hakan ne ɗaya bayan ɗaya, wani dole ne ya lura da yanayin kuma, idan wani abu ya faru, ɗaga ƙararrawa. A lokacin hunturu, dabbobi suna tilastawa motsawa koyaushe don neman abinci da mafaka. Galibi suna sauka kusa da gandun daji, inda akwai karancin iska kuma akwai busassun abinci.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Chamois da ɗiya
A lokacin bazara, daga tsakiyar watan Oktoba, chamois suna da lokacin haihuwa. Mata suna ɓoye wani sirri na musamman da maza suka aikata, wanda ke nufin a shirye suke su yi aure. Suna da lokacin saduwa a watan Nuwamba da Disamba. Bayan kimanin makonni 23 ko 24 (a wasu ƙananan rabe-raben ciki, ciki yana ɗaukar makonni 21), an haifi jariri. Lokacin haihuwa ya faɗi tsakanin tsakiyar watan Mayu da rabin farkon Yuni.
Galibi mace ɗaya tak ta haifi ɗa ɗaya, amma wani lokacin akan sami biyu. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan bayan haihuwa, ɗayan zai iya yin motsi da kansa. Iyaye mata suna basu abinci da madara har tsawon wata uku. Ana iya daukar kwarjinin dabbobi na zamantakewar al'umma: jarirai, a cikin wannan yanayin, sauran mata daga garke na iya kulawa.
A watanni biyu na farko, dole ne garken ya zama kusa da daji. Ya fi sauƙi ga yara su zaga can kuma akwai inda za su ɓuya. A cikin wuraren budewa, suna da ƙarin haɗari. Yara suna ci gaba da sauri. A lokacin da suka cika watanni biyu, sun riga sun yi tsalle suna wayo kuma a shirye suke su bi iyayensu zuwa tsaunuka. Yana da shekara ashirin da haihuwa, chamois ya kai ga balagar jima'i, kuma a shekaru uku sun riga sun sami theira firstan farko.
Chaananan yara, yara da mata suna haɗuwa. Tsohuwa mace ce shugabar garken. Maza yawanci basa cikin rukuni, sun fi son kasancewa tare dasu a lokacin saduwa don cika aikin su na rayuwa. Baƙon abu ba ne ga mazan da ba su da aure su yi yawo a kan duwatsu da kansu.
Abokan gaba na rikice-rikice
Hotuna: Serna
Don kwalliya, dabbobin farauta suna da haɗari, musamman ma idan sun fi su girma. Wolves da beyar na iya jiransu a cikin dazuzzuka. Abu mafi hatsari shi ne cewa chamois shi kaɗai ne; har ma da masu matsakaicin girman dabbobi kamar su fox ko lynx na iya cinye ta. Duk da kasancewar kaho wadanda zasu iya kare kai, masu kwarjinin sun fi son kada su kare kansu daga hare-hare, amma su gudu.
Mafarauta mafi yawanci ba sa farauta ba manya ba, amma yaransu, tunda har yanzu suna da rauni da rauni. Bayan ya yi yaƙi da garken, ɗan akuya zai iya mutuwa: har yanzu yana gudu a hankali kuma ba shi da ƙwarewar motsawa tare da duwatsu, bai fahimci haɗarin sosai ba. Zai iya kamawa a cikin ƙasa ko dusar ƙanƙara, ya faɗi daga dutsen. Tunda har yanzu yana da ƙanƙanci sosai kuma ba shi da nauyi kaɗan, ban da dabbobi, tsuntsayen dabbobi ma masu haɗari gare shi. Misali, gaggafa ta zinariya, wacce zata iya kama ɗan akuya a kan tashi, ko gaggafa ta zinariya da ke zaune a Faransa.
Ruwan dusar ƙanƙara da faduwar dutse suma suna da haɗari ga manya. Akwai lokuta idan kwarjinin ya gudu zuwa tsaunuka don neman mafaka, amma a lokaci guda ya mutu daga tarkacen. Yunwa wani haɗari ne na halitta, musamman a lokacin hunturu. Saboda gaskiyar cewa chamois dabbobi ne na garken dabbobi, suna da saukin kamuwa da cututtuka masu yawa. Wasu cututtukan, kamar scabies, na iya shafe yawancin garken.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Dutsen chamois
Yawan chamois suna da yawa kuma suna hayayyafa da kyau. Yawan adadin nau'in kusan mutane dubu 400 ne. Ban da chamois na Caucasian, wanda ke cikin halin “rauni” kuma yana da ɗan ƙima fiye da mutane dubu huɗu. Godiya ga kariya a cikin fewan shekarun da suka gabata, an sami ci gaban haɓaka a cikin adadin ta. Chartres chamois na cikin hatsari, amma masana kimiyya suna da shakku game da tsarkin jininsa. Sauran biyar daga cikin jinsunan bakwai an lasafta su a Leananan Damuwa.
Koyaya, ya kamata a sani cewa don ci gaban al'ada na al'ada da wanzuwar chamois, yanayi ne na larura da suka dace. Shanun da ke kiwo a cikin ciyawar tsaunuka suna dankwafar da hargitsi, kuma ana tilasta musu su matsa don neman wasu kebabbun wuraren. Zai yiwu cewa tare da ci gaban kiwo, yawan chamois a hankali ya ragu. Wannan kuma ya shafi yaduwar yawon buda ido, wuraren shakatawa na tsaunuka, cibiyoyin shakatawa a wuraren da suke.
A yankunan arewacin a lokacin hunturu, abinci na iya zama ƙaranci kuma, a cikin sabon bayanan, yawan mutanen Tatra chamois da ke zaune a arewacin Turai, wannan na iya yin barazanar rage yawan mutane. Yawan mutanen Balkan ya kai kimanin mutane 29,000. Ko da farautar su doka ta ba da izinin, amma ba a Girka da Albaniya ba. A can, an fara farautar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kuma yanzu yana cikin kariya. Hakanan an ba da izinin farauta a kan kwarjinin Carpathian. Horaho nata sun kai 30 cm kuma ana ɗaukarsu kyauta ce. Mafi yawan al'ummomin suna zaune a kudancin yankin Carpathians, a cikin yankunan sanyi masu yawa ba safai ba.
Yawan Chartres chamois yanzu ya ragu zuwa mutane 200, an lasafta su a cikin Lissafin IUCN, amma wannan nau'in na chamois ba shi da cikakken kariya. Wasu masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa an ware rararrun ne kawai a banza. Dangane da halaye na kwayar halitta, kawai mazaunin karkara ne na yau da kullun ko kuma ya daɗe da rashin tsarkinsa.
Chamois mai gadi
Hotuna: Dabbar Chamois
Theungiyoyin ƙananan Caucasian ne kawai ke da matsayin kariya. An lasafta su a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red a yankuna da yawa da jamhuriyoyin Caucasus da Gundumar Tarayya ta Kudancin. Babban dalilan da suka sa aka samu raguwar mutane a wani lokaci su ne abubuwan da suka shafi halittar dan adam, alal misali, raguwar dazuzzuka. A lokaci guda, hakar ma'adanai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga wannan aikin.
Yawancin mutane suna rayuwa ne a cikin wuraren ajiya, inda suke kula da yanayin rayuwarsu. Samun damar yawon bude ido zuwa gare su yana da iyaka, kuma an rage tasirin abubuwan cutarwa. An haramta sare bishiyoyi a cikin ajiyar, an kiyaye yanayi sosai. Kowane mutum a cikin ajiyar yana kula. Godiya ga wannan, Caucasian chamois ta sami damar kara yawan jama'arta da sau daya da rabi a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.
Ranar bugawa: 03.02.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 16.09.2019 a 17:11
