Ermine na jinsin Mustela erminea na mallakar masu cin naman ne kuma na dangin mustelids ne. Weasels da ferrets suna cikin jinsi iri ɗaya tare da shi. Animalsananan dabbobi suna yin rayuwarsu a ƙasa ko hawa bishiyoyi, suna farautar ƙaramin jini mai ɗumi, wani lokacin maƙasudi.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Ermine
Cikakken bayanin jinsunan shine Linnaeus ya fara bayarwa a cikin 1758. Karamin mai farauta ne mai dogon jiki mai sassauci, akan gajerun kafafu, tare da haske da kaifi. A wuyan motsi yana zaune da ɗan gajeren kai tare da abin bakin ciki, wanda aka naɗa rawanin kunnuwa masu faɗi. Wutsiyar tsaka ce mai tsaka-tsaka, amma a wasu ƙananan raƙuman ruwa, alal misali, ɓarnar mai ƙwanƙwasa, ta fi rabin girman jiki girma.
An samo burbushin dabbobi a Yammacin Turai a cikin layin Late Pliocene, a Arewacin Amurka a cikin Middle Pleistocene. A cikin Quididdigar Manyan Quaternary ana samun su a Ingila, Faransa, Poland, Crimea, Arewa. Caucasus (Kogon Matuzka), Altai (Kogon Denisov). Duk a ciki. Ragowar da aka samo a cikin Amurka na cikin tsananin ƙyalli. Girman masu farauta a lokutan sanyi sun fi ƙanana da na dumi yawa.
An ba da bayanin ƙananan ƙananan 35. A Rasha, tara sun fi yawa. Sun banbanta a wasu halaye na tsari, da waje - a cikin girma da launi na furcin bazara:
- arewa - matsakaici, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu;
- Rashanci - matsakaici, daga launin ruwan duhu zuwa ja;
- Tobolsk - mafi girma, launin ruwan kasa;
- Berengian - matsakaici, daga launin ruwan kasa mai haske zuwa rawaya;
- Caucasian - ƙananan, launin ruwan kasa na tubali;
- Fergana - mafi ƙanƙanta da na baya, mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa ko toka;
- Altai - ya fi ƙanƙan da Fergana, mai launin ja-ja-ja;
- Transbaikal - karami, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu;
- Shantar - karami fiye da Transbaikal, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Hakanan, ba a gano nau'ikan waɗannan mustelids daga Sakhalin da Kuriles ba, mai yiwuwa na toasashe ne da ake yawan samu a tsibirin Japan.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Kuskuren dabba
Ermine ya daɗe da shahara saboda farin farin dusar ƙanƙara. Rigarsa tana da wannan launi a lokacin hunturu, ƙarshen wutsiyar kawai baƙi ne. Wani lokaci ciki yana da launi mai launin rawaya. Gashin gashi a wannan lokacin yana da kauri, mai yawa, amma ba mai tsayi ba. Launin tip na wutsiya ba ya canzawa tare da yanayi. Dabbar kanta a lokacin bazara tana da launi mai launi biyu tare da iyakar iyaka. Wutsiya, har da saman kai, baya, gefuna, gefen waje na ƙafafu, launin ruwan kasa ne, tare da tabarau daban-daban. Ciki, makogwaro, leben sama, kirji, hannaye farare ne. Murfin rani bashi da ƙasa da murfin lokacin hunturu.
A cikin mata:
- tsawon jiki - 17-26 cm;
- wutsiya - 6-11 cm;
- nauyi - 50-180 g.
A cikin maza:
- tsawon jiki - 20-32 cm;
- wutsiya - 7-13 cm;
- nauyi - 110-260 g.
Dabbar tana gudana da kyau, ta san yadda ake iyo sosai, kodayake ba ta yin ƙoƙari don wannan, amma da wuya ta hau bishiyoyi. Wannan mai farautar, kodayake ba mai girma bane, yana da mummunan hali, yana da gaba gaɗi. A cikin maza, yankin da yake yawan farauta ya ninka na mata sau 2-3. A cikin yini, yana tafiyar nesa har zuwa kilomita 15, amma galibi ba ya farauta, amma yana alama da kare yankin. Mata suna motsawa ƙasa, nisan tafiyar su kilomita 2-3 ne.
Lokacin farin ciki, dabbar zata fara kuwwa da karfi, haushi, tayi ihu. Lokacin da wani ya kusanci kabarin tare da mahaifa, sai matar ta yi ihu tana tsoratarwa.
Gwanin dubura yana ƙarƙashin wutsiyar dabba. Ta hanyar bututun su, ana fitar da wani sirri mai dauke da wani wari, wanda da dabba mai shayarwa yake nuna yankin. Jarirai na wannan nau'in na gidan weasel suna motsawa bayan mahaifiyarsu tam, hanci zuwa wutsiya, suna layi a cikin sarkar. Thean da ya fi ƙarfi koyaushe yana gaba. Idan wani ya kasance a baya, to waɗanda suka fi girma su jawo ta kunne.
A ina ermine take rayuwa?
Photo: Tsaya a lokacin rani
Yankin rarraba wannan dabba mai shayarwa yana da fadi sosai - shine duk ɓangaren Turai, har zuwa Pyrenees da Alps, tsaunukan Caucasus. A cikin yankin Asiya, ana samun shi ko'ina a kudancin Kazakhstan, da Pamirs, a tsaunukan Altai, a arewacin Mongolia da kuma arewa maso gabashin China, a tsibirin Hokkaido da Honshu. A Arewacin Amurka, kuskuren ya zauna har zuwa Maryland, a cikin Great Lakes, Saskatchewan. A gefen tsaunukan Cordillera, ya koma California, zuwa ɓangarenta na tsakiya kuma zuwa arewacin New Mexico. A arewa, yana zaune har zuwa gabar tekun Arctic, ana samunsa a tsibirin Arctic da Kanada, bakin tekun Greenland (arewa da gabas).
An kawo ƙaramin mai farautar zuwa New Zealand don yaƙar zomayen kiwo, amma dabba mai laushi, ba tare da samun abokan gaba a wurin ba, ba kawai ya jimre da ɓarawon kunnen kayan amfanin gona ba, har ma ya koma tsuntsaye masu haɗari - kiwi. Waɗannan tsuntsayen ba su san yadda za su tashi ba kuma su sa ƙwai a cikin sheƙarsu a ƙasa, kuma ɓatattun halaye suna lalata su.
A cikin Rasha, gwarzonmu yana zaune tare da dukkanin bakin tekun Arctic, a tsibirin Novosibirsk. A kudu, yankin ya isa arewacin yankin Bahar Maliya, ya bi ta ƙasan Don da zuwa bakin Volga. Akwai keɓaɓɓun wuraren zama a cikin yankin Elbrus, a cikin Ossetia, sannan ko'ina, har zuwa iyakar kudu da gabashin ƙasar, a kan Sakhalin da tudun Kuril.
Menene ermine ke ci?
Hoto: Smallananan dabbobin dabba
Wannan mai farautar shine mafarauci mai kyau, yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don samun abinci.
Mafi yawan abincin wannan nau'in weasel yana dauke da rodents:
- mice beraye;
- berayen daji;
- pikas;
- lemmings;
- hamsters;
- shrews.
Hakanan, dabbar tana farautar tsuntsaye da 'yan amshi, ba ya watsi da dabbobi masu rarrafe, ya rusa gidajen tsuntsaye, kama kifi, kwari, kuma ya ci' ya'yan itace. Har ila yau yakan kai hari ga kayan itace da kayan alatu. A wasu lokuta, yana ciyarwa akan gawa. Yana farautar haƙoran linzamin kwamfuta, yana bin su a ƙasa, a cikin ramuka, a cikin itace da ya mutu da ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara. Tsalle daga baya da kuma daga sama kuma ya ciji bayan kai. Tare da adadi mai yawa, yana lalata su fiye da yadda yake ci, yana samar da kayayyaki. Dangane da ƙarfin zuciya da rashin girman kai, ba shi da kwatankwacin ɗabi'a. Yana afkawa dabbobi da tsuntsayen da suka fi shi ninki da yawa, zai iya ma mutum da sauri.
Mai farauta yana farautar zomaye ta amfani da dabaru masu ban sha'awa. Ganin wanda aka azabtar daga nesa, kuskuren ya fara tsalle sama, faɗuwa, birgima. Zomo mai ban sha'awa yana duban sha'awar dabba "mahaukaci". Shi, tsalle da juye-juye, sannu a hankali yana kusantowa ga abin da aka nufa. Bayan ya kai ga mafi karancin tazara, sai jarumin namu ya doki kan zomo, ya kamo bayan kansa da rikon mutuwa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Ermine a cikin yanayi
Kuskuren ya daidaita a yankuna daban-daban na yanayi, amma ya fi son wurare tare da kasancewar wuraren samun ruwa. A cikin tundra, ana iya samun sa a gefen ciyawar bakin teku da kuma gangaren kwari. A cikin dazuzzuka, waɗannan yankuna ne masu ambaliyar ruwa, gefen wuraren fadama, a gefuna, sarari, sharewa, a wuraren da suka cika da ciyayi, amma ba za ku gan shi a cikin dajin daji ba. A cikin stepes da gandun daji, ya kuma fi son bakin ruwa, ya zauna a cikin ramuka, a cikin bishiyoyin bishiyoyi, a cikin dazuzzuka na pine. Sau da yawa ana iya samun sa kusa da gidaje na ƙauyuka, a makabartu, filayen lambu. A cikin tsaunukan Caucasus, yana zaune ne a cikin makiyaya mai tsayi (mita dubu 3 a saman teku), a cikin Altai - a cikin masu sanya duwatsu.
Dabbar ba ta yin ramuka, sai dai ta ɗauki ɗakunan ajiya na ɓoyayyiyar ɓoye a ƙarƙashin mafaka Gidan gida yana da insulated tare da busassun ganye da ulu. Hakanan yana zama a cikin tsaunukan dutse, a ƙarƙashin kututture da saiwoyi, a cikin tarin itace da ta mutu da kuma raƙuman iska, suna mamaye ramuka. A lokacin hunturu, yakan shirya masauki na ɗan lokaci a wurare guda - mafaka. Filin mutum na iya zama kusan kadada 10, wani lokacin har zuwa kadada 200.
Yana haifar da salon rayuwa galibi da dare, ko da yamma. A cikin rana, yana da 4-5 irin waɗannan lokutan, jimlar lokacin yana kusan awa biyar. Dabbar tana farauta kimanin minti 30-60, kuma bayan cin abinci, sai ta huta. A lokacin hunturu, yayin tsananin dusar ƙanƙara ko sanyi, idan akwai wadataccen abinci, ɓarnar ba ta barin mafaka har tsawon kwanaki. Dabbobin suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 2-3, suna mutuwa daga abokan gaba. A cikin yanayin zaman talala, tsawon rayuwarsu na iya zuwa shekaru shida.
Yayin binciken dabarun farautarta, dabbar tana nuna son sani. Zai iya kama idanun mutum, kuma idan ya gan shi, sai ya yi tsalle a kan dutse, ya tsaya a tsaye yana kallo, yana kimanta girman haɗarin.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby ermine
Mata da maza suna rayuwa dabam da mazauninsu. Maza sun yi auren mata da yawa. A tsakiyar Maris, suna fara rutting, wanda yake har zuwa Satumba. Mata na ɗaukar zuriya daga kwanaki 240 zuwa 393. Yaɗuwa a kan tsawon lokacin ɗaukar ciki yana haifar da tsaikowar jinkiri. A wannan lokacin, amfrayo baya manne a bangon mahaifa. Irin wannan inji ana bayar dashi ta yanayi don zuriya su iya bayyana a mafi kyawun lokacin. Mafi sau da yawa a cikin zuriyar dabbobi akwai daga 'ya'yan cubs 6-8, wannan adadi yana zuwa daga biyu zuwa 18. Nauyin jarirai ya kai 0.8-2.6 g. A lokacin haihuwa, makafi ne da kurame, a bayan ƙafafun gaban kan ƙananan jikin akwai ƙarancin raguwa.
Bude kofofin kunne da watan, idanuwa - kwana 4-10 daga baya. Hakoran yara suna bayyana a cikin jarirai cikin makonni 2-3. Canza su zuwa na dindindin yana farawa ne daga ranar arba'in bayan haihuwa, yana maye gurbin su kwata-kwata a ranar 70. Yaran da aka haifa suna fitowa tare da santsin abin lura a wuya, wanda zai ɓace wata. Uwa tana kula da yara, da farko ba safai take barinsu ba. Ya bar burrow kawai don shakatawa.
Da kimanin wata ɗaya da rabi, san kwiyakwiyan suna haifar da sautunan halayya, fara nuna zalunci. Mahaifiyarsu tana koya musu farauta. Yara suna wasa da juna koyaushe. Barin ramin don yawo, suna bin mahaifiyarsu. Bayan watanni biyu, jariran da suka ɓace sun fara barin ramin. A wannan lokacin, kusan sun cika kama da manya. Balagagge na jima'i na maza yakan faru ne daga shekara ɗaya. Mata na girma da wuri sosai, ishararsu ta farko tana faruwa ne a ranar 17th daga haihuwa. Ana iya rufe su tun kafin su gani.
Haihuwar jarirai nan da nan suna nuna ikon dunƙulewa. Wannan saurin fahimta, godiya ga wanda suka shaku da juna sosai, yana taimaka musu suyi dumi. Wannan yana sa su sami kwanciyar hankali. Idan ka raba su, zasu sake hawa, tsugunne kuma suna manne da juna. Abinda yake gani baya bacewa lokacin da dabbobi zasu ga haske.
Abokan gaba na kuskuren
Hotuna: Ermine
Karamin wakilin mustelids yana da makiya da yawa, da farko, manyan takwarorinsu: sable, ferret, weasel na Siberia, mink. Suna iya tsira daga ɓarna daga shafukanta ta hanyar farautarta. Masu gwagwarmayar gwarzonmu don wadatar abinci suma suna da barazana. Tunda tare da rashin abinci, dole ne yayi ƙaura. Waɗannan su ne, da farko, dangi mafi kusa - gishiri da weasel, tsuntsaye masu ganima: ƙananan jinsunan falcon da mujiya. Yawaitar karamin mai farauta ya ragu ƙwarai a cikin kwarin Ob saboda ƙaura mai yawa na ƙwayoyin Siberia a nan.
Foxes suna da haɗari; Foxn Arctic suna farautar ƙananan dabbobi masu rai a cikin tundra. Da rana, ƙwayoyi na hankaka, gaggafa zinariya, da dare - ta mujiya. Daga wasu dabbobi, ermine na iya ɓoyewa a cikin bishiya ya zauna a wurin. Yayin ƙaura, dabba, shawo kan matsalolin ruwa, yakan zama ganima ga babban kifi: taimen, pike. Paras na iya kashe dabbobi. A lokacin rani mai ɗumi, lokacin damina, suna cin katantanwa na amber, wanda tsutsar Scriabingilus ke rayuwa a ciki, kuma tsutsotsi su kamu da wannan nau'in mustelids.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Kuskuren dabba
Yawancin lokaci, ermine tana rayuwa wuri ɗaya, amma idan aka sami rashin abinci, yakan yi doguwar tafiya. An lura cewa tare da wadatattun ƙananan beraye - babban abin farautar mai farauta, zai iya yin ƙaura zuwa nesa mai nisa. Wannan dabba mai shayarwa yana da halin motsi na yanayi. A cikin lambobi, manyan tsalle-tsalle na iya faruwa, amma bai canza sau goma ba - daga 30 zuwa 190. Wannan ya dogara da wadatar abinci, ɓacewar hanyoyin ruwa ko ambaliyar ruwa, gobara, cututtukan dabbobi da haɗuwarsu da tsutsotsi.
Wannan nau'in weasel yana da ɗorewa, siliki mai farin dusar ƙanƙara. Shi ne wanda koyaushe ya zama abin kama kifi. Dabbar karama ce, don gashin gashi guda ɗaya ko rigar fur ana buƙatar kama kusan mutane 200. A cikin karni na 17, an gurfanar da wani mai adawa a kotun Ingila. Ya kalubalanci hukuncin mai kula da doka kuma ya ci nasara, yana tabbatar da cewa ɓataccen tufafin bawan Themis ɗin na bogi ne. Tun da yake mai shayarwa mai saurin tashin hankali ne kuma yana lalata voles da yawan gaske, har ma an sanya takunkumi akan farautarta akan Sakhalin. Farautar beraye, masu ɗauke da cututtuka masu haɗari ga mutane, yana da babbar fa'ida.
Za'a iya rarraba kuskuren a matsayin ɗayan mafi yawan mustelids a Rasha. Musamman idan kayi la’akari da yankunan da ta mamaye a duk fadin kasar. Kimanin adadin dabbobi a cikin Tarayyar Rasha sun fi miliyan biyu.
Mafi yawan jama'a, kusan 60% ana samunsu a Gabas mai nisa da Gabashin Siberia, 20% suna cikin Yakutia. A arewacin yankin Turai da Yammacin Siberia, wani kashi 10% na masu cin nama suna rayuwa, musamman a gandun daji-steppe. Duk yankin gandun-tundra na yankunan arewa yana da yawan jama'a.
Yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da tasirin sanyi da sanyi, ambaliyar ruwa da gobara. Tun daga tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata, yawan masu dauke da fur mai daraja ta fara raguwa saboda ci gaban da ake samu na filaye don amfanin gona, amfani da ciyawar da maganin kwari. Dangane da wannan, dabbar ta rasa yankuna da ta saba, musamman ma magudanan ruwa na koguna inda wuraren tafki suka tashi.
Saboda bakin cikin abin da ya faru a New Zealand, IUCN ta sanya lalatacciyar dabba a matsayin dabba mai haɗari mai haɗari. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kusan fatuna dubu 100-150 na Jawo mai tamani aka haƙa, wanda ke nuna raguwar yawan jama'a, tunda an girbe ƙarin samfura a baya. A gefe guda, rage ƙimar ganima na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da canji cikin hanyoyin gargajiya na farautar ƙaramin wasa, asarar ƙwarewa da ƙarnin gwaninta. Ermine mai sauƙin daidaitawa zuwa yanayi daban-daban. Raguwar kamun kifi ya kamata ya zama ƙarfin ɗaukar matakan sa ido kan musabbabin da yuwuwar matsaloli a cikin rarrabawa da kuma haifar da ɓarnatar
Ranar bugawa: 05.02.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 16.09.2019 a 16:51
