Akwai su da yawa na musamman da wadanda za'a iya mantawa dasu a dabi'a. Daga cikin mazaunan tekuna, kifi ɗaya mai ban sha'awa misali ne, watau kifin da ke tashi. Tabbas, yara suna tunanin wani kifi mai tashi sama da birni, masana kimiyya suna tunani game da ilmin jikin mutum da asalin wannan nau'in, kuma wataƙila wani zai iya tuna ƙananan tobiko caviar, wanda ake amfani da shi don yin sushi da mirgina. A farkon karni na 20, kifin da ke tashi sama ya jawo hankalin kwararru a masana'antar aerodynamic, kamar kananan samfuran rayuwa na jirgin sama.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Yawo kifi
Kifin kifi ya bambanta da danginsa da ba sa saurin tashin hankali galibi a tsarin fincinsu. Iyalan kifi masu tashi sama suna da nau'ikan sama da 50. Ba su girgiza “fikafikan” su, kawai sun dogara ne da iska, amma a yayin tafiyar fuka-fukan na iya rawar jiki da motsi, wanda ke haifar da rudanin aikin su. Godiya ga fikafikan su, irin su kifin kamar masu gwal suna iya tashi nesa daga dubun dubbai zuwa ɗaruruwan mita a cikin iska.
Masu goyon bayan ka'idar juyin halitta sunyi imanin cewa wata rana, kifin talakawa yana da mutanen da suke da fika fikai da yawa fiye da yadda suka saba. Wannan ya basu damar amfani da su azaman fuka-fukai, suna tsalle daga cikin ruwa na tsawon dakika da gudu daga maharan. Don haka, mutanen da ke da ƙoshin lafiya suka zama masu fa'ida kuma suka ci gaba da bunkasa.
Bidiyo: Yawo Kifi
Koyaya, abubuwanda aka gano da abubuwan da masana burbushin halittu suka gano ya nuna burbushin kifaye masu tashi daga zamanin Cretaceous da Triassic. Tsarin ƙirar da ke cikin samfuran bai dace da mutane masu rai ba, amma kuma ba shi da alaƙa da tsararrun sarƙoƙin juyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, ba a sami burbushin halittar da ke daɗaɗa ƙyallen ƙusoshin ba sam.
Kwanan nan, an gano rubutun tsohuwar kifi mai tashi a yankin kasar Sin ta zamani. Dangane da tsarin kwarangwal, an bayyana cewa kifin Potanichthys Xingyiensis na cikin tsohuwar kungiyar thoracopterids. Shekarunta kusan shekaru miliyan 230-240. Anyi amannar shine mafi tsufa a cikin kifi.
Mutanen zamani suna cikin gidan Exocoetidae kuma sun samo asali ne shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa mutane na waɗannan iyalai biyu ba su da wata dangantaka ta kowace hanya ta halitta. Wakilin wakilin kifin Diptera mai tashi sama shine Exocoetus Volitans. Kifi masu fuka-fukai masu tashi huɗu sunfi yawa, sun haɗu cikin zuriya ta 4 kuma a cikin fiye da nau'in 50.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya kifin da ke tashi sama yake
Kowane mutum na kifaye masu tashi, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba, suna da ƙaramin jiki, a matsakaita 15-30 cm tsayi kuma nauyinsu yakai gram 200. Babban mutumin da aka samo ya kai cm 50 kuma ya auna kaɗan akan kilo 1. Suna da tsayi da kuma shimfidawa a ɓangarorin, wanda ke ba su damar daidaitawa yayin tashi.
Babban bambancin da ke tsakanin kifi a cikin iyali shine a cikin fikafikan su, mafi daidai a cikin adadin su:
- Kifi na Diptera masu tashi sama suna da fika biyu kawai.
- Baya ga fika-fikai na wucin gadi, tetraptera kuma yana da ƙananan ƙegeɓɓɓukan ƙafafu. Kifi ne mai fuka-fukai huɗu wanda ya sami saurin gudu da nisa mai nisa.
- Hakanan akwai kifin "na baya" mai tashi sama da gajere fika-fikai.
Babban bambanci tsakanin dangin kifi masu tashi da sauransu shine tsarin fins. Sun mamaye kusan tsawon jikin kifin, suna da haskoki da yawa kuma suna da faɗi sosai idan aka faɗaɗa su. Fikafikan kifin suna haɗe kusa da ɓangarensa na sama, kusa da tsakiyar nauyi, wanda ke ba da damar daidaita daidaito yayin tashi.
Finafinan caudal shima yana da fasalin fasalin sa. Da farko dai, kashin bayan kifin yana lankwasawa zuwa ga wutsiya, saboda haka kasan lobe din na fin kadan kadan fiye da na sauran dangin kifi. Abu na biyu, yana iya yin motsi mai motsi kuma yana aiki a matsayin mota, yayin da kifin kansa yake cikin iska. Godiya ga wannan, tana iya tashi sama, yana mai dogara da "fikafikan".
Hakanan mafitsara mai iyo tana da kyakkyawan tsari. Siriri ne kuma yana shimfiɗa tare da dukan kashin baya. Wataƙila wannan tsari na gaɓoɓin ya faru ne saboda buƙatar kifin ya zama siriri kuma ya daidaita don ya tashi sama kamar mashi.
Yanayi ma ya kula da kalar kifin. Babban kifin tare da fika-fikai yana da haske. Yawancin lokaci shuɗi ko kore. Tare da irin wannan launin daga sama, yana da wuya tsuntsaye masu farauta su lura da shi. Ciki, akasin haka, haske ne, launin toka kuma ba a gani. A bayan sararin samaniya, shi ma yana da ribar da aka rasa, kuma yana da wahala masu cin abincin karkashin ruwa su gan shi.
A ina kifaye masu tashi suke rayuwa?
Photo: Yawo kifi
Kifayen da ke tashi sama suna zaune a gefen fili na dumi da tekuna masu zafi a sararin samaniya. Iyakokin mazaunan kowane jinsi sun dogara da yanayi, musamman a yankunan da ke iyakar ruwa. A lokacin rani, kifi na iya yin ƙaura mai nisa zuwa latitude mai kaifin yanayi, saboda haka ana samun su koda a cikin Rasha.
Kifin kifi ba ya rayuwa a cikin ruwan sanyi inda yanayin zafi ke sauka kasa da digiri 16. Zaɓuɓɓukan zafin jiki sun dogara da takamaiman nau'in, amma yawanci suna shawagi a kusan digiri 20. Bugu da ƙari, rarrabawar wasu nau'in tasirin gishirin ruwan da ke saman ruwa, ƙimar mafi kyau shine 35 ‰.
Sau da yawa ana samun kifaye masu yawo a yankunan bakin teku. Amma wasu nau'ikan kuma suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa, kuma suna zuwa bakin gabar tekun ne kawai don lokacin haɓaka. Duk wannan yana da alaƙa da hanyar haifuwa. Yawancin jinsuna suna buƙatar ɓoyayyen abin da za su iya haɗa ƙwai a ciki, kuma ƙananan speciesan jinsin Diptera na jinsi na Exocoetus spawn, wanda sai yin iyo a cikin ruwan buɗewa. Irin waɗannan nau'in ne kawai ake samu a cikin tekuna.
Menene kifin da ke tashi ke ci?
Hotuna: Yaya kifin da ke tashi sama yake
Kifin Kifi ba kifi bane mai farauta. Suna ciyarwa akan plankton a cikin matakan ruwa na sama. Plankton suna da nasu abubuwan biorhythms, yana tashi da faɗuwa yayin yini a cikin matakai daban daban. Sabili da haka, kifaye masu tashi suna zaɓar wuraren da ake ɗaukar katako na katako, kuma suna haɗuwa a can cikin manyan makarantu.
Babban tushen abubuwan gina jiki shine zooplankton. Amma kuma suna cin abinci:
- ƙananan algae;
- sauran larvae;
- caramin ɓawon burodi kamar krill da euphausiid crayfish;
- molluscs mai kafafun kafa.
Kifi na cinye kananan kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar tace ruwan da duwawunsu. Fishi mai yawo dole ne ya raba abinci tare da masu fafatawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da garkunan dawakai, kogin saury da mackerel. Whale sharks na iya cin plankton a kusa, kuma wani lokacin kifin da kansa ya zama abincin da aka kama a hanya.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Yawo kifi
Godiya ga keɓaɓɓu fins, biyu pectoral da caudal, kifi mai tashi da kyau ya dace da rayuwa a kusa da sassan saman teku. Babban mahimmin fasalin su shine ikon rufe nesa ta iska. Lokacin motsawa daga wani wuri zuwa wani, suna tsallakewa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci suna tashi sama da mitoci sama da saman ruwan, koda kuwa babu ɗayan masu farautar da ke barazanar rayuwarsu. Hakanan, suna iya yin tsalle yayin da haɗari ya gabato daga kifin mai farautar yunwa.
Wasu lokuta kifayen sukan tsawaita jirginsu tare da taimakon ƙananan ɓangaren ƙararrakin caudal, kamar suna yin jijjiga tare da shi, suna turawa sau da yawa. Yawancin lokaci jirgin yana faruwa kai tsaye sama da saman ruwa, amma wani lokacin suna hawa sama sama kuma suna samun kansu a tsawan mita 10-20. Sau da yawa matuƙan jirgin ruwa suna samun kifi a cikin jiragen ruwa. Suna amsa ga haske mai haske kuma cikin duhu suna ruruwa da shi kamar asu. Wasu daga cikinsu sun faɗi a gefe, wani ya tashi sama, amma wasu kifaye ba su da sa'a, kuma suna mutuwa, suna faɗuwa a saman jirgin.
A cikin ruwa, firam ɗin kifaye masu matsi suna matse jiki sosai. Tare da taimakon ƙazamai da saurin motsi na wutsiyar su, suna haɓaka saurin gudu cikin ruwa har zuwa kilomita 30 / h kuma suna tsalle daga saman ruwan, sa'annan suna buɗe "fikafikan su". Kafin yin tsalle a cikin ruwa mai zurfin jini, zasu iya haɓaka saurin su zuwa 60 km / h. Yawancin lokaci jirgin kifin da ke tashi ba ya daɗewa, kamar secondsan daƙiƙoƙi, kuma suna tashi kimanin mita 50-100. Jirgin da aka yi rikodin mafi tsawo shi ne sakan 45, kuma matsakaicin nisan da aka rubuta a cikin jirgin ya kai mita 400.
Kamar yawancin kifi, kifaye masu tashi suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa a cikin ƙananan makarantu. Yawancin lokaci har zuwa wasu mutane goma sha biyu. A cikin makaranta ɗaya akwai kifaye iri ɗaya, kusa da juna girma. Hakanan suna tafiya tare, gami da yin haɗin gwiwa. Ya yi kama daga gefe kamar garken manyan mazunan da ke yawo a saman ruwa a cikin lebur mai faɗi. A wuraren da yawan kifin da ke tashi sama ya yi yawa, an kafa makarantu gaba ɗaya. Kuma yankunan da ke da wadataccen kayan abinci suna da ƙuƙumai marasa adadi. A can kifin ya yi nutsuwa sosai kuma ya kasance cikin ruwa matuƙar suna jin cewa ba su cikin haɗari.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Kifi da fuka-fukai
Ofayan hanyoyin haɓaka rayuwa shine tarawa cikin rukuni na mutane 10-20. Yawanci kifaye masu tashi suna rayuwa a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, amma wani lokacin suna iya ƙirƙirar manyan mahaɗan har zuwa ɗaruruwan su. Idan akwai matsala, gaba dayan garken sun tsere daga mai farauta, saboda haka, daga dukkan kifaye, wasu ne kawai ake ci, sauran kuma suna ci gaba da mannewa. Babu bambancin zamantakewar kifi. Babu ɗayan kifayen da ke taka rawa ta babba ko na ƙasa. Yawancin jinsuna suna yin kiwo duk shekara. Amma wasu kawai a lokacin wani lokaci, yawanci daga Mayu zuwa Yuli. A wannan lokacin, yayin yaduwar bakin teku na kifaye masu tashi, zaku iya lura da ruwan kore kore.
Dogaro da jinsin, kifin da ke tashi a cikin sassan teku da tekuna daban-daban. Dalilin bambance-bambance shi ne cewa ƙwai ɗinsu daban an daidaita su don haihuwa. Yawancin jinsunan da aka haifa, sanye take da zaren igiya masu tsini, kuma ana buƙatar irin wannan matattara don haɗa ƙwai, kuma akwai abubuwa da yawa masu dacewa a cikin yankunan bakin teku. Amma akwai nau'ikan da ke yaduwa akan abubuwa masu shawagi, akan algae, misali, algae na samaniya, gutsutsuren bishiyar, kwakwa masu ninkaya, har ma akan sauran abubuwa masu rai.
Hakanan akwai nau'ikan Diptera guda uku na dangin Exocoetus waɗanda ke zaune a cikin buɗe teku kuma ba sa yin ƙaura koda a lokacin da suke tsire-tsire. Suna da ƙwai masu shawagi don haka basa buƙatar kusanto bakin teku don ci gaba da tserensu.
Maza, a matsayin mai mulkin, kiyaye su tare da mata. Yayin da ake haihuwa, suma suna yin aikinsu, galibi maza da yawa suna bin mace. Wadanda suka fi saurin zubewa kan kwai da ruwan kwaya. Lokacin da soya ta ƙyanƙyashe, suna shirye don rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Har sai sun girma, suna cikin haɗari mafi girma, amma yanayi ya samar musu da ƙananan laulayi kusa da bakin, wanda ke taimaka musu su ɓoye kansu kamar shuke-shuke. Bayan lokaci, za su sayi kamannin kifin na yau da kullun, kuma su kai girman masu haɗuwa kimanin 15-25 cm. Matsakaicin ran kifi mai tashi kusan shekaru 5 ne.
Abokan gaba na kifaye masu tashi
Photo: Fuka-fuka fuka
A gefe guda, ikon zama a cikin iska cikin kifi na taimakawa ga guje wa masu neman farauta. Amma a hakikanin gaskiya, ya zamana cewa kifin yana sama da saman ruwa, inda tsuntsaye ke jiran sa, wadanda suma suna cin abincin kifi. Wadannan sun hada da kifin teku, albatrosses, frigates, mikiya, da kites. Wadannan mahautan samaniya ba su mallaki saman ruwa ba ko da daga tsayi, suna farautar makarantu da garken dabbobi. A lokacin da ya dace, suna saurin faɗuwa don ganima. Kifin da ya ɗauki sauri yana tashi sama kuma ya faɗi daidai cikin ƙafafun. Mutum ma ya ƙware da wannan hanyar. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, kifayen suna kama su sama, suna rataye raga da raga a saman ƙasa.
Koyaya, kifaye masu tashi suna da ƙarin magabta a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Misali, tuna, wanda aka saba da shi a cikin ruwan dumi, yana rayuwa kafada da kafada da ciyar da kifaye masu tashi. Hakanan yana matsayin abinci ga irin kifin kamar bonito, bluefish, cod da wasu wasu. Kifayen da ke tashi suna fuskantar kifin dolphins da squids. Wasu lokuta yakan zama ganima ga sharks da whales, waɗanda ba sa farautar irin waɗannan ƙananan kifin, amma da farin ciki su sha shi tare da plankton idan haɗari ya buge.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yawo kifi
Jimlar yawan kifin da ke tashi a cikin Tekun Duniya ya kai tan miliyan 50-60. Yawan kifin yana da karko kuma yana da yalwa, saboda haka a ƙasashe da yawa, misali, a Japan, jinsunansa suna da matsayin kifin kasuwanci. A cikin Tekun Pacific mai zafi, yawan kifin dake tashi daga kilo 20 zuwa 40 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. Kimanin tan dubu 70 na kifin ake kamawa duk shekara, wanda hakan baya haifar da raguwa, tunda ba tare da raguwar matsakaicin lamba na shekara ba, yiwuwar kauda kai ga balagaggun mutane na iya kaiwa kashi 50-60%. Wanda ba ya faruwa a halin yanzu.
Akwai manyan rukuni guda uku na kifaye masu tashi wadanda ke zaune a Indo-West Pacific, Gabas ta Tsakiya da yankuna masu arzikin Atlantic. Tekun Indiya da yammacin Pacific suna gida ne ga nau'ikan kifaye sama da arba'in. Waɗannan sune ruwan da kifayen tashi suka fi yawa. A cikin Tekun Atlantika, haka kuma a gabashin Tekun Fasifik, akwai kadan daga cikinsu - kimanin jinsuna ashirin.
A yau an san nau'ikan 52. Duba yawo kifi ya kasu kashi takwas na zuriya biyar. Yawancin nau'ikan jinsin ana rarraba su ne ta hanya daban-daban, ma'ana, mazaunin su ba sa juyewa, kuma wannan yana basu damar guje wa gasar ta musamman.
Ranar bugawa: 27.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/18/2019 da 22:02
