Mouse vole aboki ne na mutumtaka. Saboda gaskiyar cewa wadannan kananan dabbobi suna dauke da cutuka da dama masu hadari kuma suna cutar da shukar noma, mutane suna daukar beraye a matsayin abokan gaba. A lokaci guda, a cikin al'adun gargajiya zaka iya samun linzamin kwamfuta sau da yawa - mataimaki mai ban mamaki, amintaccen abokin kasuwanci.
Wannan kayan yana magana ne akan beran filin, wata karamar dabba mai kayatarwa wacce ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da tsarin halittu a cikin yankuna da yawa, a cikin yanayi da yawa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Bera mai tsinkaye, kamar yadda ake kiran dabba mai shayarwa (Apodemus agrarius), ya kasance daga jinsin Gandun daji da berayen filaye, wanda memba ne na dangin Mouse, wanda ke cikin tsarin Rodents.
Dabbobi suna da cikakkun siffofi na ƙungiyar Rodent:
- Samun nau'ikan incirai na sama da na ƙananan waɗanda suke girma koyaushe kuma basu da tushe;
- Yi amfani da abincin tsire;
- Shin dogon cecum;
- Balagar farko;
- Suna da yawan haihuwa, suna kawo litters da yawa a kowace shekara.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Mouse vole
Beran filin wata karamar dabba ce, tana da tsayi mai tsawon 10-13 cm, wutsiyar ta ɗan gajarta kuma tana da kashi 70% na tsawon jiki. Beraye suna da gajere mai tauri, wanda yawanci launin toka ne, launin ruwan kasa ko ja a bayansa, akwai motley da mutane masu ratsi. Jawo tare da dutsen yana da launi mai launin baƙar fata a cikin tsiri (“bel”) wanda ya fara daga wuya zuwa gindin wutsiya. Jawo akan ciki yawanci yana da sauƙi, mai launi a launuka masu launin toka.
A kan tabo, bakin bakin bakin (2.1 - 2.9 cm cikin girman) akwai kananan baƙaƙen idanu da ƙananan gajerun kunnuwa, waɗanda ke ƙayyade kyakkyawan ji game da beraye. Wani gashin-baki mai saukin kai yana tsirowa kusa da hanci, wanda ke baiwa beraye ikon iya zagawa da yanayin muhallinsu, koda cikin duhu. Beraye ba su da kumatun kunci waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a yawancin jinsin beraye. Don filayen beraye. Sabanin sauran membobin jinsin Apodemis, kokon kansa yana da tsari na musamman. Beraye suna da gajerun kafafu masu yatsu biyar.
Bidiyo: Mouse vole
A kan yatsun akwai ɗan gajerun fiɗa, maras ban sha'awa daga ci gaba da haƙawa. Feetafusun baya suna tsawaita, suna zuwa gaba yayin motsi, kuma suna da girman girman cm 2.5. Wutsiyar doguwa ce, ta kai har zuwa 9 cm, a saman akwai ma'aunin fata mai keratinized tare da ƙananan gashi.
Ina beran filin yake zaune?
Photo: Mouse vole dabba
Akwai manyan yankuna biyu a cikin ƙauyuka masu tasowa: Turai - Siberian - Kazakhstan da Gabas ta Tsakiya - Sinanci. Yankin farko (yamma) yana daga Tsakiyar Turai zuwa Lake Baikal, yanki na biyu na kewayon - daga Amur zuwa Yangtze na China. A cikin Transbaikalia, fashewar yankin yana faruwa. An kirkiro kewayon beran filin a ƙarƙashin rinjayar dalilai da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine fasalin ciyayi da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam.
Wani abin da ke iyakance a cikin yaduwar beraye shi ne damshi, saboda haka wurin zama na asali shi ne yankunan da ke makwabtaka da rafuka da tabkuna, suna da dausayi, tare da shuke-shuke iri daban-daban da makiyaya kusa da ita, ciyawar ciyawar ciyawa, ciyawar da take girma daban, gefan dazuzzuka masu dausayi, makiyaya, yankewa da gauraye gandun daji masu yanke ciki.
Mafi yawan jama'a suna cikin yankin gandun daji na arewacin kewayon, inda ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana cikin kewayon 500 - 700 mm. A cikin dazuzzuka da stepes (adadin hazo bai kai 500 ba), ɓerayen filaye ba su da kwanciyar hankali, saboda haka suna zama a ƙasa, wasu nau'ikan taimako masu dausayi.
Girman wuraren zama na ɓeraye ɗaya suna da girma ga irin wannan ƙaramar dabba - har zuwa dubun dubun murabba'in mita.
Yawancin lokaci beraye suna haƙa burrow masu sauƙi da zurfi (har zuwa zurfin 10 cm), tsari mai sauƙi, sun ƙunshi ɗakuna ɗaya ko biyu tare da ramuka na shiga 3-4. A cikin wurare tare da hadadden microrelief, ɓeraye na iya haƙa maƙarai huɗu har zuwa tsawon mita 7, inda mazaunan dabbobi ke zama. Lokacin rayuwa a cikin filayen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, inda ba zai yuwu a haƙa rami ba, ɓerayen filaye suna yin sheƙan gida a kan bishiyoyi a cikin ƙwallan ƙwallo, waɗanda hanyoyin ciyawa suke kusa da su.
A ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau, waɗanda basu dace da rayuwa ba, ɓeraye suna iya yin ƙaura na tsawon kilomita da yawa. Berayen filaye galibi sukan ziyarci wuraren zubar da shara da wuraren shara na ƙauyuka. Yanayin gari ya dace da rayuwar ɓerayen filaye, amma suna guje wa gidajen mutane. Ana iya samun su a cikin ƙananan yankuna na birni a cikin gidajen ƙasa da kuma a cikin rumbunan ajiyar kaya.
Menene beran ɓoye?
Hoto: Beran filayen
Thearfin jirgi mai kama da shuɗar ciyawa, abubuwan haɓaka suna girma cikin rayuwarta. Bayyana a cikin watanni 2 na rayuwar beraye, suna girma 1-2 mm kowace rana. Don hana manyan hakora, dole ne beraye su nika su koyaushe. Saboda wannan, dabbobi suna cizon abubuwa masu ƙarfi da ba za su iya cin su ba wanda ke kewaye da su.
Linzamin kwamfuta ya ci kowane irin abincin da yake akwai:
- 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari (berries, tsaba);
- Sassan iska na shuke-shuke (ganye, mai tushe, buds);
- Partsananan sassan tsire-tsire (Tushen, tushen m, tubers mai dadi, kwararan fitila);
- Barkaunar ƙaramin ƙaramin bishiyar bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi masu ɗanɗano.
Tsaba sun fi yawa a cikin abincin vole, amma ɓerayen filaye suna cin koren abinci da yawa (musamman ganye da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire), fiye da sauran ƙwayoyi. Beraye ba sa ƙin cin abincin dabbobi (kwari, larvae na caterpillars, beetles, earthworms), wanda shima akwai shi a cikin abincin. Suna cinye samfuran (hatsi, hatsi, hatsi, gari, kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayayyakin burodi, nama, naman alade, tsiran alade) da aka samu a mazaunin mutum.
Gabaɗaya, da rana, babban beran filin gona dole ne ya ci abinci ya sha ruwa a cikin adadin daidai da nauyinsa (gram 5 na busasshen abinci da 20 na ruwa). Tare da rashin ruwa, dabbar tana karɓar ta daga ɓangarorin tsire-tsire masu daɗi. Beran filayen ya tara kayan abinci na kilogiram har 3 na kayan hunturu, tunda ɗan toiler ya fara yin tanadi tuni daga tsakiyar lokacin bazara. A lokacin lokacin hunturu, tana cin duk abin da ta sarrafa a cikin kabarin a lokacin dumi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Mouse vole a cikin yanayi
Berayen filaye halittu ne masu hayaniya da saurin magana. Zafin jiki na linzamin kwamfuta yana zuwa daga 37.5 ° C zuwa 39 ° C. Don kiyaye shi, dabbobi suna buƙatar yin aiki ba dare ba rana duk tsawon shekara kuma suna cin abinci mai yawa. Idan linzamin kwamfuta ya daina motsi a lokacin sanyi, zai daskare; idan ya daina motsi a lokacin bazara, zai iya mutuwa saboda yawan zafin rana. Dukan rayuwar bera tana cikin motsi - samun abinci, cin abinci, wasanni na aure, haihuwar zuriya da kula da su.
Ayyukan yau da kullun suna canzawa ko'ina cikin shekara: a lokacin rani - da dare, a lokacin kaka - da rana da dare, a lokacin hunturu, ayyukan rana zasu ƙaru. A cikin yanayin rashin abinci da tabarbarewar yanayin rayuwa, a farkon lokacin sanyi, beraye suna yin ƙaura zuwa mafi kyawun yanayi, galibi suna gab da mazaunin ɗan adam, kuma suna dawowa cikin bazara.
Don ingantaccen kariya, samar da abinci da kuma renon zuriya, ɓerayen filaye suna rayuwa cikin ƙungiyoyi. Akwai babban namiji a cikin garken beraye - shugaba, wanda ke kiyaye tsari da ƙayyade lokacin hutu da farkawa. Mutane marasa ƙarfi suna ƙoƙari su nuna halin nutsuwa da rashin fahimta kamar yadda zai yiwu, aikin ya dogara da wurin da dabbar take zaune a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar.
Beraye mata suna da natsuwa da kwanciyar hankali, yayin da maza lokaci-lokaci suke ƙoƙarin kawar da shugaba. Ana iya gano halin rashin gamsuwa ta hanyar bugun kafafun baya da kuma buga wutsiya da wuya a ƙasa. Wasu lokuta rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙungiyar na iya haifar da wargajewar fakitin, tare da samuwar sabon daga baya.
Burburun kowane beraye suna da alaƙa ta matattakala, don haka ƙirƙirar sulhu wanda ya ƙunshi burbushin 20-40 ko fiye. A lokacin bazara hanyoyi suna bi ta ƙasa, lokacin da ciyawa ke tsirowa kuma suna samun mafaka daga masu farauta, ɓerayen suna amfani da hanyoyin ƙasa. Bayan girbi, motsawar ƙasa ba shi da aminci kuma suna komawa cikin ƙasa. An kafa manyan yankuna tare da hadaddun hanyoyin sadarwa na hanyoyin ƙasa da hanyoyin ƙasa a filayen noma.
Berayen filaye suna aiki a lokacin sanyi, suna ɓoyewa daga sanyi da abokan gaba ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara, suna yawo da amfani da kayan abincinsu. Ya kamata a sani cewa sabanin yadda ake yadawa game da tsoratar da beraye, dabbar za ta kare zuriyarsa da gidanta ko da daga dabbar da ta ninka kanta girma sau da yawa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: mousean berayen filaye
Berayen filayen suna da dausayi sosai, kamar kowane beraye. A mata, balaga na farawa daga watanni 3, ta zama mai iya ɗaukar ciki da kuma haihuwar cuba cuba. A cikin berayen da suka balaga, estrus yana farawa, wanda yakai kwanaki 5 kuma ana bayyana shi da halayyar ɗabi'a.
Maza sun girma kadan kadan. Beraye suna auren mata da yawa, a dabi'ance namiji na iya rufewa daga mata 2 zuwa 12. Idan ɗaukar hoto bai ƙare da juna biyu ba, mace na cikin zafi cikin mako guda.
Idan hadi ya samu nasara, a matsakaici bayan kwana 22, da daddare, beran yana haihuwa. Kowace zuriyar dabbobi tana ɗauke ne daga yara 3 zuwa 12. An haifi tsirara, marasa hakori da makafiran beraye marasa ƙarfi, girma daga 2 zuwa 3 cm.
Beraye yana ciyar da yaranta da madara na kimanin wata ɗaya, jariran bera suna girma da haɓaka sosai da sauri:
- a rana ta 3 ta rayuwa, fulawa zata tsiro a jikinsu;
- a rana ta 5, beraye na iya ji;
- a rana ta 7, nauyin jikin jarirai ya ninka;
- zuwa rana ta goma, an rufe jikin da cikakkiyar ulu;
- a makonni 2 an yanke idanu;
- bayan kwanaki 19, berayen sun ci kansu;
- a rana ta 25, tsawon jiki ya kai 5 cm (wutsiya ya fi ta dabbobi girma), berayen suna iya rayuwa kai tsaye.
Domin shekara guda, dangane da mazaunin, ɓeraye na iya bayarwa daga litar 3 zuwa 8. Kiwan berayen daji a cikin yanayin yanayi yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin yanayi mai dumi. A cikin hunturu, koda a cikin tsaka-tsalle da tarin ciyawa da bambaro, ɓeraye kusan ba sa kiwo. Beraye da aka ƙusance a gidajen mutane masu zafi irin na shekara-shekara.
A karkashin kyakkyawan yanayin muhalli, yawan mutane yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri. A matsakaita, ɓerayen filayen daji suna rayuwa daga shekara ɗaya zuwa ɗaya da rabi. A cikin gidan ɗan adam, wasu mutane suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 7-12.
Abokan gaba na ɓerayen ɓeraye
Photo: Mouse vole
A dabi'a, beraye suna da adadi da yawa na makiya wadanda ke tsara yawan su. Beraye su ne abincin da aka fi so da tsuntsaye masu ganima. Mujiya, mujiya, ungulu, ungulu, da sauran masu cin nama suna farautar ɓeraye. Misali, mujiya babba na iya cin dabbobi sama da 1000 a shekara.
Ga dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa (badger, kerkolfci, fox, marten, weasel, ferret), ɓeraye sune manyan, sau da yawa abinci na musamman. Wani babban baƙi ya kama kuma ya ci kusan beraye 12 a rana. Weasel yana da matukar hatsari ga beraye, tunda yana da kunkuntar jiki, mai iya lankwasawa da ramuka na linzamin kwamfuta, yana kashe kananan yara.
Voles da dabbobi masu rarrafe (macizai da manyan kadangaru), bushiya, kuma, tabbas, shahararren maharbin linzamin kwamfuta, kuli, ana cinsa cikin nishaɗi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Mouse vole dabba
Nau'ikan ɓerayen filaye suna da banbanci sosai, kusan an bayyana ƙananan nau'ikan 60 a hukumance. Sau da yawa suna da matukar wahalar rarrabewa ta bayyanar su; ana buƙatar nazarin kwayoyin halitta don ganowa. A lokaci guda, ɓerayen da kansu suna ban mamaki suna rarrabe mutane daga wata alƙarya daban kuma basa yin tarayya da su. Ta yaya wannan ke faruwa, kuma menene hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a wannan yanayin, har yanzu ba a san su ba.
Yawan berayen filin ya dogara da shekara da lokacin. Girman girma da raguwar alƙaluma ana lura dasu duk bayan shekaru 3-5. Matsakaicin yawan jama'a shine mutane 2000 a kowace kadada 1, mafi karanci - 100. A baya, an yi amannar cewa dalilan da ke tabbatar da yanayin canjin yawan beraye sune akasarin abubuwan da ke faruwa: yanayi, matsin lamba daga makiya na halitta, tasirin kamuwa da cututtuka.
Binciken zamani, ba tare da yin watsi da dalilan da aka lissafa a baya ba, suna nuni zuwa abubuwan da ke haifar da larura, ko kuma tsarin sarrafa kai na yawan jama'a. Musamman ma, tsarin mai ban dariya yana da mahimmin matsayi.
Babu wata barazanar bacewa ga berayen filin. Dangane da Rukunin Lissafin IUCN da Ka'idoji, nau'ikan Apodemus agrarius an kasafasu azaman Least damuwa. Linzamin linzami na iya daukar wasu cutuka masu tsananin gaske wadanda suka shafi mutane kuma zai iya zama sanadin mutuwa (tularemia, typhus, zazzabin cizon sauro tare da ciwon koda, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, da wasu wasu).
Gaskiyar cewa voles na ɗauke da cututtuka, kuma an ba da lahani ga masu samar da aikin gona, yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa ana ɗaukar matakan wargaza ƙwayoyi akan ɓerayen filin.
A cikin gwagwarmaya mara iyaka game da beraye, kada mu manta cewa ɓerayen filaye sun mallaki matsayinsu na halayyar halittu. Beraye sune babban abincin abinci na yawancin farauta da dabbobin farauta. Ta hanyar cin tsaba, suna tsara bambancin jinsinsu da yalwar su.
Dalilin cewa linzamin kwamfuta galibi yakan zo wajan mazaunin ɗan adam da shukokin noma, raguwa ce a yankin yankin su, wanda yawanci ya kasance ne saboda ayyukan tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam da ci gaban birane.
Ranar bugawa: 21.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 13:22
