Mai cin maciji tsuntsu ne daga dangin Hawk da tsari mai kama da Hawk. Wakilin mai cin nama na dangin Maciji kuma sananne ne a karkashin sunayen kaguwa ko gaggafa-maciji, gaggawar maciji ko gaggafa.
Bayanin macijin
Duk da cewa a wasu lokutan ana kiran gaggafar macijiya mikiya, akwai kamanni kadan a cikin bayyanar irin wadannan tsuntsaye, don haka kusan ba zai yuwu a rude su ba. "Mikiya mai gajeren yatsu" - wannan sunan gaggawar macijin da Birtaniyya ta sani, kuma ana kiran wannan tsuntsu kaguwa, yana nufin wasu tsuntsaye masu farauta.
A cikin fassara ta zahiri daga Latin, sunan wannan tsuntsu wanda ba a saba gani ba yana kama da "chubby", wanda ya faru ne saboda girman kai da zagaye na kai, wanda ya sa ya zama kamar mujiya.
Bayyanar
Ga daya daga cikin tsananin tsoro da rashin amintuwa da mutane, masu farauta masu fuka-fukai suna da yanayin rashin launin toka-launin ruwan kasa na ɓangaren jikin mutum. A lokaci guda, akwai manyan nau'ikan rashi na masu cin maciji:
- Bakar-nono-maciji-mai cin maciji mai cin gashin tsuntsu, wanda ya kai tsawon cm 68, tare da fika-fikai na 178 cm, nauyinsa bai wuce kilogiram 2.2-2.3 ba. An yi wa shugaban wannan tsuntsu da yankin kirji ado da farar launuka masu launin ruwan kasa mai duhu ko baƙi. Akwai wurare masu haske a cikin yankin ciki da ciki na fikafikan. Idanuwa suna halaye da kasancewar zinare mai launin shuɗi;
- Baudouin's serpentine babban ɗan tsuntsu ne mai farauta wanda yake da fika-fikai sama har zuwa cm 170. Akwai kalar ruwan toka mai ruwan toka a baya da kai, har ma da kirji. Cikin wannan tsuntsun yana da launi mai haske tare da kasancewar ƙananan ratsi masu launin ruwan kasa. Elongated kafafu an bambanta su da launi a cikin launuka masu launin toka;
- Maciji-mai cin Brown shine babban wakilin wannan nau'in. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin baligi shine cm 75, tare da fikafikan 164 cm kuma nauyin kilogram 2.3-2.5. Fentin ɓangaren tsuntsun an zana shi cikin launuka masu duhu masu duhu, kuma akwai launi mai ruwan toka a cikin fikafikan. Yankin jelar launin ruwan kasa ne tare da ratsi masu haske;
- Kwarin da aka tsaga a kudu tsuntsaye ne masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, tsayinsa ya kai cm 58-60. A yankin baya, haka kuma a kirjin maharbin mai fuka fukai, akwai duhun launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Kan shugaban yana da halin kasancewar launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Akwai ƙananan ratsi-ratsi a ƙetaren ciki. A elongated wutsiyar zane fasali da dama a tsaye fari ratsi.
Erananan yara suna kama da tsuntsaye masu girma a cikin launi mai launi, amma suna da gashin tsuntsaye masu haske da duhu. An zana yankin wuyan macijin gama-gari cikin launuka masu ruwan kasa, kuma cikin tsuntsu fari ne mai launuka da yawa na launin duhu. Fuka-fukan babban mai rarrafe, da jelarsa, ana samar da su da kyawawan duwatsu masu duhu.
Har ila yau, an san shi kuma an yi nazari: Kwango-eagle mai rikitarwa (Dryotriorchis spectabilis), Madagascar macijin-mikiya (Eutriorchis astur), Philippine da aka haƙa da macijin-maciji (Spilornis holospilus), Culawess macijin-mikiya (Spilornis rufipectuilis), Spi Nicobar Crested Snake Eagle (Spilornis klossi), da Andaman Crested Snake Eagle (Spilornis elgini), da kuma Western Striped Snake Eagle (Circaetus cinerascens).
Girman tsuntsaye
Jimlar tsuntsun da ya farauta na farauta, a ƙa'ida, ya bambanta daga 67 zuwa 75 cm, tare da matsakaiciyar fikafikan 160-190 cm kuma tsayinsa bai fi cm 52-62 ba. Matsakaicin nauyin jikin mafarautan farauta mai fuka-fuka ya kai kilo biyu ko kuma fiye da haka.
Salon rayuwa
Masu cin maciji suna da sirri mai ban mamaki, masu taka tsantsan da shiru tsuntsaye wadanda ke sauka a wuraren da ake samun bishiyoyi babu kowa. Tsuntsun mai cin nama ya fi son tsaunuka masu bushewa, wanda ya cika da ciyawa da tsire-tsire. Wannan tsuntsayen yana da sha'awar wasu ciyayi mara kyawu tare da banbancin taimako, da kaurin bishiyoyi da bishiyun bishiyoyi.
A yankin Asiya, masu cin maciji sun saba da zama a yankuna masu tudu, kuma jama'ar arewa sun fi son yankuna kusa da gandun daji masu dausayi, dausayi da bakin kogi. Adadin yankin filin farautar mutum ɗaya ya girma, a matsayin mai mulkin, 35-36 sq. km A lokaci guda, tsaka tsaki mai nisan kilomita biyu galibi galibi ana kasancewa tsakanin yankuna kusa da juna, kuma tsuntsaye masu cin nama suma suna lura da mafi ƙarancin tazara tsakanin gurbi.
Masu cin maciji suna da damar yin ƙaura zuwa tazara mai nisan gaske (har zuwa kilomita 4,700), amma lokacin hunturu na yawan jama'ar Turai yana faruwa ne kawai a yankin Afirka da kuma a arewacin ɓangaren mahaɗinta, galibi a yankunan da ke da yanayi mara kyau da ƙarancin ruwan sama. Tsuntsayen sun fara yin ƙaura zuwa yankuna masu ɗumi kusan ƙarshen watan Agusta, don haka a tsakiyar watan Satumba irin waɗannan tsuntsayen sun riga sun isa yankunan Bosphorus, da Gibraltar ko Isra'ila. A matsakaici, tsawon lokacin tafiyar bai wuce makonni uku ko huɗu ba.
Numberananan jinsin basu baiwa masana kimiyya damar yin cikakken nazarin hanyoyin ƙaura na masu cin maciji ba, amma sananne ne cewa tsuntsayen dabbobi masu farauta suna dawowa daga hunturu ta hanya ɗaya, suna amfani da wannan dalilin don fadada gaban motsi.
Tsawon rayuwa
A cikin yanayin gasa na daji, koda kuwa akwai wadataccen abinci, wakilan dangin Hawk da dangin Hawk ba su cika rayuwa fiye da shekaru goma sha biyar ba.
Jima'i dimorphism
Manya mata na wakilcin ɗan adam na wakilcin dangin Serpentine, a ƙa'ida, sun fi maza girma kuma sun fi ƙarfin gaske, amma babu wani bambancin da ke bayyane a cikin launin launi. Dangane da juna, manya masu cin maciji suna da alaƙa da zamantakewa da wasa, saboda haka, yana yiwuwa sau da yawa a lura da yadda maza da mata suke wasa cikin nishadi, kuma suna bin juna.
Abin birgewa shine gaskiyar cewa mahaukacin namiji yana da murya mai daɗin gaske wanda yayi kama da sautunan sarewa ko yayi kama da waƙar talakawa. Ana raira waƙa irin wannan waƙar farin ciki lokacin da tsuntsu ya koma gida. Mata suna samar da sautin sauti iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙaramar magana. An bambanta waƙar waƙoƙin ta hanyar karin waƙoƙin da ke cikin baƙaƙen itace da baƙar fata.
Wurin zama, mazauni
A yau zangon masu cin maciji ya tsargu. Ya mamaye yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka da Kudancin Eurasia. Wuraren da tsuntsayen ke farautar su suna arewa maso yamma na yankin Palaearctic, da kuma yankin India.
Ana lura da kasancewar jama'a daban-daban a yankunan Larabawa na Larabawa, Islandsananan Tsibirin Sunda, da kuma na Mongoliya ta ciki. Mafi sau da yawa, ana samun wakilan wannan nau'in a cikin ƙasashe masu zuwa: Spain, Maghreb, Portugal, da kuma a cikin Apennines da Balkans, a yankin tsakiyar Asiya a gabashin tafkin Balkhash.
Don gida gida, wakilai masu cin nama na gidan maciji sun zaɓi arewa maso yammacin Afirka, kudu da tsakiyar Turai, yankin Caucasus da Asia Minor, da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kazakhstan.
Abincin maciji
Abincin masu cin maciji yana da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa ta musamman, sabili da haka menu nasu yana da iyakancewa kuma wakilcin macizai, macizai, jan ƙarfe da macizai. Wani lokacin tsuntsun mai farauta yana cin kadangaru. Da farkon lokacin hunturu, macizai da yawa, waɗanda suka zaɓi keɓantaccen wuri, sun faɗa cikin yanayin dakatar da motsa jiki kuma suna da ƙarfi, wanda ke buɗe lokacin farautar masu cin macijin.
Mafarauta masu fuka-fukai masu annashuwa suna fara bin kayan abincinsu da tsakar rana, lokacin da aka lura da iyakar abin da ke jan ciki. Wadanda cutar ta fi shafa a jikin su, su ne macizai masu matsakaici, da kuma macizai masu dafi, gami da macizai, gurza da macizan. Tsuntsayen suna yin ayyukan walƙiya-waɗanda ke saurin cinye juna. Horahonin da ke ƙafafu kuma sun zama kariya ga tsuntsu.
Kofunan farautar macijin sun hada da ‘yan amshi da kunkuru, bera da zomaye, beraye da hamster, da kuma tattabaru da hankaka, kuma daya daga cikin irin wadannan manya tsuntsaye na cin macizai masu matsakaiciya biyu da rana.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Sabbin ma'aurata suna samarda kowane yanayi. Wasu lokuta ma'aurata suna kasancewa da aminci ga juna har tsawon shekaru. A lokaci guda, babu wata tsinkaya da ta wuce kima a cikin jigilar mataimakan wakilan Hawk da tsari mai kama da Hawk. Mazaje suna nitsewa kimanin mita goma sha biyar, bayan haka kuma wani motsi na fuka-fuki yana bawa tsuntsayen damar saurin tashi sama. Wasu lokuta mazan da suka manyanta suna daukar mataccen dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin bakinsu a gaban waɗanda suka zaɓa, wanda lokaci-lokaci ba zato ba tsammani yakan sauka ƙasa. Wannan aikin yana tare da ihun ihu.
Tsuntsaye suna fara gina gida nan take bayan sun dawo daga yankuna masu dumi, kusan Maris, amma masu cin maciji sun bayyana a yankin Indochina a watan Nuwamba, nan da nan bayan ƙarshen lokacin damina. Duk abokan huldar biyu suna cikin aikin gini lokaci daya, amma maza ne suka fi maida hankali, lokaci da himma don tsara gidansu. Tsuntsayen tsuntsaye suna kan duwatsu da saman bishiyoyi, a kan bishiyoyi masu tsayi, kuma an fi so da itacen pines da spruces.
Matsakaicin diamita na gida na rassan rassan da rassan shine 60 cm, tare da tsayi fiye da kwata na mita, kuma ɓangarenta na ciki tsuntsaye ne da ciyawa, kore ko kuma gashin jela. Kwantawa yana faruwa daga Maris zuwa Mayu a yankin Turai na kewayon, kuma a cikin Hindustan a watan Disamba. Qwai ne elliptical da fari a launi. Lokacin shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 45-47. Duk wani nauyin ciyar da mace mai dauke da abin ya hau kan kafadar namiji, don haka mahaifa za su kasance a shirye don gwajin jirgin wata daya kawai bayan haihuwar kajin.
Da farko, jariran suna cin yankakken yankakken nama, amma daga shekara biyu zuwa biyu, ana ciyar da kananan macizai zuwa ga tsintsin. A cikin makonni uku da haihuwa, kajin wakilan dangin Hawk da tsari mai kama da Hawk suna iya sauƙaƙa jimre wa nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe 40 mm da tsawonsu zuwa 80 cm da kansu, kuma wani lokacin samari tsuntsaye na iya jan abinci kai tsaye daga makogwaron iyayensu. A lokacin da ya kai kimanin watanni biyu ko uku, yaran sun zama a fukafukai, amma na wata biyu kuma tsuntsayen na rayuwa ne daga iyayensu.
Masu cin maciji sun kai ga balagar jima'i ne kawai lokacin da suka cika shekaru biyar, lokacin da wakilan jinsin suka sami damar tsara tsaruwa da kansu tare da kula da 'ya'yansu.
Makiya na halitta
Tsuntsu mai farauta kuma mafi girma, wakilin babban dangin Hawkers da kuma tsari na masu siffa irin ta Hawk, a cikin yanayin yanayi kusan ba shi da abokan gaba, ban da mutane.
Yawan mutane da matsayin jinsinsu
Rage mazaunin mazaunin an tsokane shi ta hanyar lalata yanayin shimfidar wuri wanda ya dace da gida da kuma raguwar abinci a cikin abinci, sabili da haka, yanzu an jera sunayen wasu tsuntsaye masu haɗari, waɗanda ba kasafai ake samunsu ba a shafukan Red Book na Rasha da Red Book of Belarus. Adadin yawan jama'ar Turai a wannan lokacin bai wuce mutane dubu shida ko bakwai ba.
