Shi ne wanda ake kira magidancin tunkiyar. Mouflon, kodayake ya fi sauran tumakin dutsen, amma kamar su, an tilasta masa ɗaukar ƙahonin da ya karkace a duk rayuwarsa.
Bayanin mouflon
Ovis gmelini (aka Ovis ovis) yana da kere-kere artiodactyl daga jinsin tumaki, wanda wani ɓangare ne na babban dangi. Dangane da ɗayan rarrabuwa, jinsin ya ƙunshi ƙananan raƙuman 5: Bature, Cyprus, Armenian, Isfahan da Laristani mouflons.
Bayyanar
Fiye da wasu, an yi nazarin ƙananan raƙuman mouflon 3 (Turai, Transcaucasian da Cypriot), waɗanda aka bambanta da yankinsu da wasu nuances na waje.
Cypriot, saboda keɓantaccen wanzuwarsa a tsibirin, ya sami fifikon kansa: wannan mouflon, yana zaune ne kawai a cikin gandun daji, ya ɗan fi ƙanƙanta da dangi daga wasu ƙasashe. Launi ya fara daga haske zuwa zinariya mai haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, amma cikin ciki, kofato da ƙananan hanji da hanci farare ne.
A tsakiyar lokacin bazara wani “sirdi” ya bayyana a bayan dabbar - farin-launin rawaya ko launin toka mai haske. Ta lokacin sanyi, mouflon ya sami abin ɗamara: gashin kan nape ɗin ya zama mai yawa da taushi. Bayanin halayyar sifa ce ta baƙar fata wacce ta samo asali daga kan kai, yana tafiya tare da ɗaukacin abun kuma yana ƙare akan gajeren jela.
Gaskiya. Mollon don mouflons yana farawa a ƙarshen Fabrairu kuma ya ƙare zuwa Mayu. Daga Mayu zuwa Agusta, suna sanya rigunan bazara, wanda zuwa Satumba za a fara maye gurbinsu da rigar sanyi, wanda ke ɗaukar fasalinsa na ƙarshe kafin Disamba.
Baƙin Turai ana kiransa ragon ƙarshe a cikin Turai. Tana da gajeren gashi mai santsi (mai tsayi akan kirji) mai launi mai launi-ja-launi a baya da fari a ciki. A lokacin hunturu, gefen sama na ƙwanso ya zama ruwan kasa-kirjin.
Mouflon na Transcaucasian ya ɗan fi tumaki na gida girma, siriri kuma ƙaƙƙarfa, yana da jaja-jaja mai ɗanɗano, wanda aka gauraye da farin-toka-toka (a cikin yanayin sirdi). Kirjin yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu, tare da inuwa iri ɗaya da ake gani a gaban goshin gabanta.
A lokacin hunturu, rigar tana haskakawa kaɗan zuwa ja-launin ruwan kasa, ja-rawaya da kirji-ja. Hakanan, ta sanyin sanyi, mouflon yana girma (a wuya / kirji) ɗan gajeren baƙi ƙirin, amma ciki da ƙananan ƙafafun sun kasance fari.
Yaran dabbobi suna lulluɓe da ulu mai launin ruwan kasa mai laushi.
Girman Mouflon
Mouflon dutsen Transcaucasian yana gaban sauran mouflons a cikin girma, yana girma har zuwa 80-95 cm a ƙeƙasasshen tare da tsawon mita 1.5 kuma yana samun kusan kilogram 80 na taro. Mouflon na Turai yana nuna matsakaita - jiki mai mita 1.25 (inda 10 cm ya faɗi a kan jela) kuma har zuwa 75 cm a bushe tare da nauyin 40 zuwa 50 kg. Tsawon mouflon na Cyprus ya kai kusan 1.1 m tare da tsayi a bushewar 65 zuwa 70 cm kuma matsakaicin nauyin 35 kilogiram.
Rayuwa
Summerungiyoyin rani na mouflons sun ƙidaya daga dabbobi 5 zuwa 20: a matsayinka na ƙa'ida, waɗannan mata da yawa ne tare da ɗiya, waɗanda wasu lokuta sukan kasance tare da mazan 1-2. Na biyun, koyaya, galibi suna ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, yana barin kasancewar mata a can. Tsoffin maza ana tilasta musu su yi zaman bauta, su kaɗai.
A ƙarshen kaka, ƙananan garken garken tumaki suna haɗuwa cikin garke guda ɗaya masu ƙarfi, adadinsu har zuwa kawuna 150-200, wanda shugaban su namiji ne mai ƙwarewa. Yana jagorantar garken kuma a lokaci guda yana aiki a matsayin mai aikawa, yana hawa dutse / tsauni kuma yana hangowa daga nesa lokacin da mouflons suke hutawa ko kiwo.
Abin sha'awa. Ganin haɗari, shugaban yana taka ƙafarsa da ƙarfi da gudu, yana kafa misali ga dukan garken. Gudun moufflon yana da sauƙi da sauri - wani lokacin ba zai yuwu a lura da yadda kofato ya taɓa ƙasa.
Idan ya cancanta, mouflon ya yi tsalle har zuwa 1.5 m sama ko tsalle 10 m ƙasa, ba tare da ƙoƙari tsalle kan bishiyoyi da manyan duwatsu. Tsalle, ragon ya jefa kansa da ƙaho kuma ya rufe gaba da ƙafafun kafa, saukowa ya riga ya faɗi nesa.
A cikin yankin da aka zaɓa, mouflons suna jagorantar salon zama mara kyau tare da wuraren "keɓewa" don hutawa, kiwo da shayarwa. Yayin miƙa mulki, suna tafiya tare da hanyoyi iri ɗaya, suna taka manyan hanyoyin da sauran dabbobi ke amfani da su lokaci-lokaci.
A rana mai zafi, tumaki suna hutawa a ƙarƙashin kankara, a kwazazzabai, ko kuma a inuwar manyan bishiyoyi. Gadoron na dindindin kuma wani lokacin suna kama da burbushin, tunda raguna sun tattake su sosai, kusan mita daya da rabi. A lokacin hunturu, garken yana kiwo har zuwa faduwar rana, yana ɓuya a ɓoye lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ke busawa ko kuma tsananin sanyi da aka buga.
Mouflon yana kururuwa kamar tumaki na gida, amma sautunan suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da tsawa. Dabbobi suna amfani da siginar murya ba safai ba, suna faɗakar da haɗari da kuma danna mambobin garken.
Tsawon rayuwa
Mouflons, ba tare da la'akari da ƙananan ba, suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi na kusan shekaru 12-15. Mutane ƙalilan ne suka san cewa ƙahoninta masu nauyi suna da alhakin tsawon rai na mouflon. Sun ƙunshi ɓarke na ƙashi, wanda ke samar da ƙwayoyin jini. Su ne ke ɗaukar iskar oxygen cikin jiki, ba tare da hakan ba mouflon zai shaƙa a cikin duwatsu, inda iska ke da siriri ƙwarai. Matsayin da ya ɗaga sama, ana buƙatar ƙashin kashin kuma ƙahonin ya kamata su zama da yawa.
Jima'i dimorphism
Zai yuwu a banbanta namiji da mace ta gaban / rashi ko girman kaho, da nauyi da tsawo na dabba. Mata ba wai kawai sun fi maza sauƙi da sauƙi ba (suna da nauyi rabin ko sulusi ƙasa), amma a mafi yawan lokuta ba su da ƙaho. Horahonin mouflons mata suna girma da ƙyar, amma har ma suna da ƙananan.
Mazajen Turai na mouflon suna alfahari da kauri (30-40 folds) da ƙahonin triangular har zuwa 65 cm a tsayi. Mouflons na Cypriot suma suna sanya manyan ƙahonin juyawa.
Theahonin maza na Transfaucasian mouflon sun bambanta cikin girma da tsayi, haka kuma a cikin ɗamara a gindi - daga 21 zuwa 30 cm. horahonin mata ƙanana ne, masu ɗan lankwasa kuma sun daidaita, tare da wrinkles masu wucewa da yawa, amma galibi ba su nan.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Ana samun Mouflon daga Transcaucasia da yankunan kudanci na Tajikistan / Turkmenistan har zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum da arewa maso yammacin Indiya. Turawan mouf na Turai suna zaune ne a tsibiran Sardinia da Corsica, da kuma a kudancin nahiyar Turai, inda aka gabatar da shi cikin nasara.
A lokacin bazarar 2018, an sami mouflon a yammacin Kazakhstan (Ustyurt plateau). Transfaucasian mouflon yana kiwo a yankunan tsaunuka na Azerbaijan da Armenia (gami da tsaunukan Armenia), har zuwa tsarin tsaunin Zagros a Iran, Iraq da Turkey.
Bugu da kari, an gabatar da nau'ikan a cikin wuraren farautar Amurka. An kawo dabbobi zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka don a farautar su.
Akwai ƙaramin mulkin mallaka na mouflons a Tsibirin Kerguelen a yankin kudancin Tekun Indiya. Subsananan raƙuman ruwa, Cyprus mouflon, suna zaune a Cyprus. Wurin da aka saba zama shi ne dutsen dazuzzuka. Raguna (sabanin awaki) ba sa fifita musamman kan duwatsu masu duwatsu, sun fi son kwanciyar hankali a bude tare da kololuwa masu tasowa, plateaus da gangara mai laushi.
Don wanzuwar nutsuwa, mouflons ba kawai buƙatar makiyaya mai kyau tare da kallo mai faɗi ba, amma har ma da kusancin ramin ban ruwa. Hijirar yanayi baƙon abu ne ga wakilan jinsin kuma yakan faru da wuya, amma ana lura da zirga-zirgar jama'a na tsaye.
A lokacin dumi, tumaki suna hawa sama zuwa duwatsu, inda akwai ciyayi masu yawa da yawa kuma iska tana sanyaya. A lokacin hunturu, mouflons suna saukowa zuwa ƙananan ƙasa, inda ya fi ɗumi. A shekarun rani, garken shanu yakan yi yawo don neman abinci da danshi.
Abincin Mouflon
A lokacin rani, dabbobi sukan fita zuwa makiyaya lokacin da zafi ya lafa, su bar su da yamma. Mouflon, kamar sauran raguna, nasa ne na shuke-shuke, tunda ciyawa da hatsi sun fi yawa a cikin abincinsa. Yawo cikin filayen noma, garken moufflons na daji suna farin cikin cin abinci akan alkama (da sauran hatsi), suna lalata amfanin gona mai girma.
Abincin rani na mouflon ya hada da sauran ciyayi:
- sedge da gashin tsuntsu;
- berries da namomin kaza;
- gansakuka da lichen;
- fescue da alkama.
A lokacin hunturu, raguna suna kokarin yin kiwo a wuraren da babu dusar ƙanƙara, inda ya fi sauƙi don samun ciyawar busasshe, ko kofofin kofato daga ƙanƙarar da kankara. Ba sa son musamman darasin na ƙarshe, don haka mouflons sun fi son canzawa zuwa ƙananan rassa ko ɗan cizon haushi.
Suna zuwa ramin ban ruwa a faɗuwar rana har ma da daddare, bayan sun huta, kuma tare da farkon hasken rana suna sake shan ruwa kuma suna hawa tsaunuka. Mouflons an san su da ikon iya shayar da ƙishirwa da ba kawai sabo amma har da ruwan gishiri.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Yawancin mata suna fara gudana a ƙarshen Oktoba. Kusan lokaci guda, farawar mouflons fara, yana farawa daga Nuwamba zuwa farkon rabin Disamba.
Yakai mata
Mouflons ba masu zubar da jini bane, har ma suna yaƙi don zuciyar wata baiwar Allah, ba sa kawo batun kisan kai ko mummunan rauni, suna iyakance ga nuna fifiko. Abin da kawai ke barazana ga masu gwagwarmaya, wadanda suka rasa kulawar su ta asali cikin soyayyar soyayya, shi ne fadawa cikin tarkon mai farauta ko kuma zama ganimar farauta.
A lokacin rutting, mouflons suna ajiye a cikin ƙananan garken kawunan 10-15, inda akwai wasu mazan da suka manyanta, wanda ake faɗa tsakanin gida. Raguna suka watse kimanin mita 20, sannan suka ruga da juna, suna ta karo da ƙahonin da aka murda don amsa kuwwa daga tasirin ya bazu zuwa kilomita 2-3.
Abin sha'awa. Mouflons lokaci-lokaci suna tarewa da ƙahoninsu, suna yin dogon lokaci kuma wani lokacin suna faɗuwa, suna fitar da wani irin nishi. Gajiya, maza sun daina faɗa, sake dawowa bayan hutu.
Amma, ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon gasar ba, duk tumaki suna da ‘yancin rufe matan a lokacin zafi, duka wadanda aka kayar (wanda ba wanda ya fitar da su daga garken shanu) da wadanda suka yi nasara. Mata a lokacin ƙarancin kwanciyar hankali suna cikin natsuwa kuma suna cikin nutsuwa suna kallon bayanin dangantaka tsakanin maza.
Abokin da aka shigar da shi cikin jiki yana yin kama da kowane rago - tare da natsuwa, yana bin mace ba ji ba gani, yana murza wuyansa kan ɓangarorin abokin tare da ƙoƙarin rufe ta. Maza sau da yawa suna zama a cikin garken a ƙarshen lokacin saduwa, suna rakiyar mata har zuwa bazara.
Haihuwa da zuriya
Ufarya mace (kamar tunkiyar gida) tana ɗaukar bea offspringa na tsawon watanni 5. An haifi Thean ragunan farko a ƙarshen Maris, amma yawancin haihuwar ana faruwa ne a rabi na biyu na Afrilu ko rabin farkon watan Mayu.
Jim kaɗan kafin rago, mace ta bar garken, tana neman keɓaɓɓun wurare don haihuwa a cikin duwatsu ko kuma kwazazzabai. Tunkiya tana haihuwar 'yan raguna biyu, da wuya daya, uku, ko hudu. Da farko, rago ba su da komai, ba za su iya bin mahaifiyarsu ba, kuma idan akwai haɗari ba sa gudu, amma suna ɓoyewa.
Bayan sati daya da haihuwa, suna samun ƙarfi don fita tare da mahaifiyarsu zuwa garken garken ko ƙirƙirar sabo. Suna kiran mahaifiyarsu, suna ta kuwwa kamar 'yan raguna na gida. Mace tana ciyar da su da madara har zuwa Satumba / Oktoba, a hankali (daga kimanin wata 1) tana koya musu yadda za su tsinke sabo.
Nauyin mouflon mai shekara ɗaya daidai yake da 30% na yawan manya, kuma tsayinsa ya ɗan wuce 2/3 na ƙarshen. Ci gaban matasa ya kai cikakken girma da shekaru 4-5, amma yana ci gaba da girma cikin tsayi kuma yana samun nauyi har zuwa shekaru 7.
Ayyukan haifuwa na mouflons basa farkawa da wuri sama da shekaru 2-4, amma samari samari basu da ƙarfin yin gasa tare da tsofaffin abokan har yanzu, saboda haka ba sa shiga cikin farautar jima'i har tsawon shekaru uku.
Makiya na halitta
Mouflon yana da matukar damuwa saboda kyawun ji, gani da ƙanshi mai ƙanshi (yanayin jin ƙamshi a cikin jinsin ya fi na sauran azanci haɓaka). Mafi tsananin tsoro da taka tsantsan mata ne da 'ya' ya.
Abin sha'awa. Bawai kawai shugaba ne ke aiwatar da aikin tsaro a cikin garken ba, har ma da wasu mazan da suka manyanta, suna maye gurbin juna lokaci-lokaci.
Lokacin da ake tsoratar, sashin jirgin yana yin sauti kamar "alama ... k". Ana jin wani abu kamar "toh-toh" a lokacin da raguna, waɗanda jagoran ya jagoranta, ke guduwa daga haɗari. Mata masu rago suna biye da shi, kuma tsofaffin maza suna rufe garken garken, waɗanda a wasu lokutan sukan tsaya su leƙa.
An san masu cin zarafin kasa a matsayin abokan gaba na mouflon:
- kerkeci;
- lynx;
- kuli-kuli;
- damisa;
- fox (musamman ga dabbobi dabbobi).
Shaidun gani da ido sun yi iƙirarin cewa mutum ba zai iya kusantar mouflon kusa da matakai 300 daga ɓangaren leeward ba. Ko da ba tare da ganin mutane ba, dabbar tana jin ƙanshin su a matakai 300-400. Don son sani, wani lokacin mouflon yakan ba mutum damar ɗaukar matakai 200 idan bai nuna zalunci ba kuma ya nuna nutsuwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Mouflon koyaushe abu ne mai mahimmanci ga mafarauta (galibi mafarauta) saboda ɗanɗano, duk da ɗan ɗanyen nama, fata mai kauri, kyakkyawar furcin hunturu kuma, ba shakka, ƙahonin da aka murda masu ƙarfi. A cewar wasu rahotanni, kahon ne ya zama babban dalilin da ya sa aka kashe kashi 30% na yawan dabbobin.
Ofaya daga cikin ƙananan mouflon Ovis orientalis (Turai mouflon) an saka shi cikin IUCN Red List. Yawan mutanen duniya yana raguwa, yana mai da Ovis orientalis cikin haɗari. Abubuwan da suka shafi mummunan tasirin kiyayewar mouflon:
- lalata mazaunin;
- fari da tsananin hunturu;
- gasar tare da dabbobi don ciyarwa / ruwa;
- rikice-rikicen soja a cikin mazauna;
- farauta
Ovis orientalis an lasafta shi a CITES Rataye Na (a ƙarƙashin sunayen O. orientalis ophion da O. vignei vignei) a Rataye II (ƙarƙashin sunan Ovis vignei).
A Afghanistan, Ovis orientalis yana cikin jerin farko (wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 2009) na jinsunan da ke da kariya daga jihar, wanda ke nufin cewa an hana farauta da fataucin mouflons a cikin kasar.
A yau, ana kiyaye mouflon dutsen Transcaucasian a cikin Ordubad National Park (Azerbaijan) da kuma cikin Khosrov Nature Reserve (Armenia). Includedananan rukunin an haɗa su a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red bayanai na Azerbaijan da Armenia. Bugu da kari, an kafa gandun daji don kiwon tumakin Transcaucasian a Armenia kuma an hana su farauta tun 1936.
Hakanan, Cibiyar nazarin dabbobi ta Armenia ta kirkiro da wani shiri don kiyaye su a cikin fursuna. Masana kimiyya sun gabatar da maki da yawa:
- a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ƙayyade matsayin nau'in (tare da cikakken lissafin dabbobin);
- don faɗaɗa ajiyar Khosrov bisa laákari da yankunan da aka ba tumaki a baya;
- don ba wa Ordubad muhimmin yanki;
- rage / kawar da yunƙuri a farauta;
- sarrafa dabbobi.
A Iran, Ovis orientalis gmelinii (Armenian mouflon) yana ƙarƙashin kulawa ta musamman ta jihar. Wakilan rukunin suna zaune a yankuna 10 da aka kiyaye, da namun daji 3, da kuma a Tafkin Urmia National Park.
Bugu da kari, ana samun rikice-rikicen mutanen Armeniya mouflon a wuraren shakatawa na kasa da yawa, yankuna masu kariya da ɗayan wuraren ajiyar. A cikin iyakokin yankunan da aka kiyaye, ana sarrafa kiwo sosai, kuma ana ba da izinin farautar mouflons (a wajen waɗannan yankuna) daga Satumba zuwa Fabrairu kuma kawai tare da lasisi.
