An san maɗaukakin mazaunin ruwan sanyi, ƙirar ƙirar baka, mafi ƙanƙanta (kusan mutane 200) da nau'ikan halittun dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin Rasha.
Bayanin kwarjin kifin
Balaena mysticetus (wanda ake kira polar whale), memba ne na yankin baleen whales, shine kawai nau'in jinsi na Balaena. Kalmar "baka ta baka" Whale a farkon karni na 17. bayar da lambar yabo ga mahautan farko da suka kamo ta a gabar tekun Spitsbergen, wanda a lokacin ake ɗaukarta wani ɓangare na Gabashin Greenland.
Bayyanar
Sunan Ingilishi Bowhead whale an ba shi kifi ne saboda babbar, kwanyar da aka lankwasa ta musamman: godiya gareshi, kai ya yi daidai da 1/3 na jiki (ko kaɗan ƙasa da haka). A mata, yawanci ya fi na maza yawa. A duka jinsi biyu, fatar kan mutum mai santsi ne kuma baya da kumburi / girma, kuma bakin yana kama da dutsen (sama da 90 °) tare da ƙananan muƙamuƙi a cikin guga. Leɓunan ƙananan, waɗanda tsayinsu ya ƙaru sosai zuwa ga pharynx, ya rufe saman muƙamuƙi.
Abin sha'awa. A cikin bakin sune mafi yawan waswas a masarautar masifa, suna girma har zuwa mita 4.5. Theananan bakin gashin bakin kifin whale na roba ne, matsattse, mai tsayi kuma an kawata shi da geza mai kama da zare. Layi na dama da na hagu, waɗanda aka raba a gaba, sun ƙunshi faranti 320-400.
Bayan haɓakar buɗewar numfashi da ke haɗuwa akwai halayyar ɓacin rai, ƙasan hancin suna da faɗi, buɗe kunnen suna a baya kuma a ƙasan ƙananun idanu. Setarshen an saita su ƙananan, kusan a kusurwar bakin.
Jikin kifin whale yana da kaya, tare da zagaye da baya da kuma furtawa wuyan wuyansa. Fananan firam ɗin suna gajere kuma suna kama da shebur tare da zagaye kewaye. Faɗin ƙarancin caudal tare da ƙwarewa mai zurfi a tsakiyar ya kusanci 1/3-2 / 3 na tsawon jiki. Wani lokaci ana yiwa wutsiyar ado da farin iyakar sama.
Whale na polar, a matsayin ɗan memba na dangin kifi mai santsi, ba shi da raunin ciki kuma yana da launin toka mai duhu, wani lokacin tare da farin farin a ƙasan muƙamuƙi / makogwaro. Haske mai launin rawaya mai haske suna girma cikin layuka da yawa akan kan. Cikakke ko rabin zabiya ba sabon abu ba ne a tsakanin kifayen ruwan whale. Subcutaneous fat, wanda yayi girma har zuwa 0.7 m a kauri, yana taimakawa don canja wurin sanyi na polar.
Girman kifin Whale
Mai mafi gashin-baki yana riƙe da ƙarfi na biyu (bayan shuɗin whale) wuri tsakanin dabbobi dangane da yawan taro. Whales da suka balaga sun samu daga tan 75 zuwa 150 tare da matsakaita tsayin 21 m, tare da maza, a matsayin mai mulkin, 0.5-1 m ƙasa da mata, sau da yawa yakan kai 22 m.
Mahimmanci. Ko da da irin wannan tsayin daka mai ban sha'awa, kifin kifin baka yana da girma da kuma rikitarwa, saboda babban yankin sassan jikinsa.
Ba da dadewa ba, masana ketologists suka yanke hukunci cewa a ƙarƙashin sunan "ƙirar ƙirar kifin" ƙila akwai nau'ikan 2 da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa ɗaya. Wannan tunanin (wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin tabbaci) ya dogara ne da bambance-bambance da aka lura da su a launin jiki, launi mai raɗaɗi da tsayi, da kuma tsarin kwarangwal.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Kifin Whale suna rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi na Arctic, wanda ke sa kallon su ya zama matsala. An san cewa a lokacin bazara suna iyo kai tsaye ko kuma rukuni-rukuni na mutane kusan 5 a yankin bakin teku, ba tare da zurfin zurfin ba. A cikin babban garken dabbobi, kifayen kifi suna ɓata ne kawai lokacin da wadataccen abinci ko kafin ƙaura.
Lokaci da ƙaura na yanayi yana rinjayi wuri da lokaci na ƙaurawar ƙirar kankara ta Arctic. Kifin Whale suna motsa kudu a kaka da arewa a kaka, suna ƙoƙari kada su kusanci gefen kankara. Ta wata hanya mai ban mamaki, kifayen kifi suna haɗo da kaifin latitude polati da halin taka tsantsan da kankara.
Koyaya, ƙattai suna tafiya daidai a tsakanin ƙasashe masu kankara, suna neman ramuwar ceto da fasa, kuma idan babu irin wannan, kawai suna fasa kankara ne har zuwa kauri 22 cm.
Gaskiya. Kifin whale yana haɓaka matsakaicin gudu na kusan 20 km / h, yana nitsewa zuwa kilomita 0.2 kuma, idan ya cancanta, zai kasance a zurfin har zuwa minti 40 (mutum da ya ji rauni yana ɗaukar ninki biyu).
Yayin da yake birkitawa, kifin ya yi tsalle daga cikin ruwan (ya bar bayanta a can), yana fuka fuka-fukansa, yana tayar da wutsiyarsa, sa'annan ya fado gefe guda. Whale din ya kasance a saman har tsawon mintina 1-3, yana da lokaci don ƙaddamar da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda biyu zuwa 4 zuwa 5 m mai tsayi (ɗaya a kowane numfashi) kuma ya nitse na mintuna 5-10 Yawancin tsalle-tsalle, a wasu yanayi na yanayin dubawa, suna faɗuwa akan lokacin ƙaura na bazara. Matasa suna nishadantar da kansu ta hanyar jefa abubuwan da aka samo a cikin teku.
Yaya tsawon lokacin da kifin da ke cikin baka yake rayuwa?
A shekarar 2009, duniya ta fahimci cewa a bayyane “an nada shi” da lakabin babban mai riƙe da tarihi na tsawon rai tsakanin ɓangarorin duniya. Masanan Ingilishi wadanda suka sanya bayanan AnAge a yanar gizo sun tabbatar da wannan gaskiyar, wadanda suka hada da takaddun amintattu kawai game da tsawon rayuwar jinsunan 3650 vertebrate.
AnAge ya dogara ne akan tushen kimiyya na 800 (tare da haɗin haɗin haɗe). Bugu da kari, masana kimiyyar halitta sun binciko dukkan bayanan, suna cire wadanda ba su da shakku. Bayanai na shekara-shekara da aka sabunta sun hada da bayanai ba wai kawai a kan rayuwar rayuwa ba, har ma da yawan balaga / girma, haifuwa, nauyi da sauran sigogin da ake amfani dasu don kwatancen kwatantawa.
Mahimmanci. An gane kifin whale a matsayin mafi tsawon rayuwa a duniya. An kammala shi bayan nazarin samfurin wanda aka kiyasta shekarunsa 211.
An kuma bayyana wasu ƙifayen whale uku da aka kama, suna kama da shekaru aƙalla shekaru 100, kodayake matsakaiciyar rayuwar jinsin (har ma da la'akari da yawan rayuwa) da wuya ya wuce shekaru 40. Hakanan, waɗannan Whale suna girma a hankali, amma, mata har yanzu sun fi maza saurin. Yana da shekaru 40-50, girma yana raguwa sananne.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Kifin kifin whale mazaunin Arctic latitude, yana yawo tare da kankara mai iyo. Daga cikin manyan kifayen bahalo, shi kaɗai ne ke ciyar da rayuwarsa a cikin ruwan polar. Asalin asalin kifin whale ya rufe Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, mashigar tsibirin Kanada, Hudson Bay, da kuma tekuna:
- Greenlandic;
- Barents;
- Karskoe;
- M. Laptev da M. Beaufort;
- Gabashin Siberia;
- Chukotka;
- Beringovo;
- Okhotsk.
A da, makiyaya 5 sun keɓe (a ƙasa, ba ta hanyar haraji ba) makiyaya suna zaune a cikin yanki mai zagaye, uku daga cikinsu (Bering-Chukchi, Spitsbergen da Okhotsk) sun yi ƙaura a cikin iyakokin tekun Rasha.
Yanzu ana samun kifin whale a cikin ruwan dusar ƙanƙara na Arewacin Hemisphere, kuma an ga garken ƙauyen kudu a cikin Tekun Okhotsk (digiri 54 a arewacin latitude). A cikin tekunanmu, kifin kifi a hankali yana ɓacewa, yana nuna ƙaramar yawan jama'a kusa da Chukchi Peninsula, kuma ƙasa da yankin tsakanin Barents da Tekun Siberia ta Gabas.
Bowhead whale abinci
Dabbobi suna neman abinci tare da gefen kankara kuma tsakanin ƙanƙarawar kankara guda ɗaya, wani lokacin sukan zama ƙungiyoyi. Suna kiwo kadan a ƙasa ko zurfin, suna buɗe bakinsu suna barin ruwa ta cikin faranti na whalebone.
Waswasi na bakin kifin whale siriri ne wanda zai iya kama tarkon ɓawon burodi wanda ya shuɗe bakin sauran whales. Whale yana kankare kayan ɓawon burodin da suka daidaita kan faran-bakin gashin baki tare da aika su zuwa maƙogwaro.
Abincin kifin kifin whale ya kunshi plankton:
- calanus (Calanus finmarchicus Gunn);
- pteropods (Limacina helicina);
- krill.
Babban abin da aka mai da hankali akan abinci mai gina jiki ya ta'allaka ne akan ƙaramin matsakaitan crustaceans (akasarinsu magance su), ana cin su har tan 1.8 a kullun.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Whales na Arctic suna haɗuwa a bazara da farkon bazara. Aukar, wanda ke ɗaukar kimanin watanni 13, ya ƙare da bayyanar zuriya a watan Afrilu - Yuni na shekara mai zuwa. Jariri yayi nauyin m 3.5-4.5 kuma an kawo shi da babban layin mai mai larura don yanayin zafi.
A cikin jariri, faranti masu launin toka na whalebone ana bayyane (10-11 cm tsayi), a cikin tsotse riga ya riga ya fi girma - daga 30 zuwa 95 cm.
Uwa ta daina ciyar da jariri da madara bayan watanni shida, da zaran ya girma zuwa 7-8.5 m. A lokaci guda tare da sauyawa zuwa ciyarwa mai zaman kanta, manyan kifayen kifayen suna da tsalle mai tsayi a cikin haɓakar gashin baki. Matar da ke bin mace ta gaba ba zata wuce shekaru 3 da haihuwa ba. Kifayen kifayen kifi suna da aiki mai amfani a kusan shekaru 20-25.
Makiya na halitta
Kifin whale kusan ba shi da ɗayan su, sai dai don mahautan da suka kashe ta a cikin garken kuma, godiya ga fifikon lamba, da ke fitowa daga yaƙin a matsayin masu nasara. Saboda ƙwarewar ƙwarewar abinci, kifin wlale baya gasa tare da sauran kifayen kifayen, amma yana gasa tare da dabbobin da suka fi son plankton da benthos.
Waɗannan ba can cetaceans kawai ba ne (beluga whales) da ƙyama (alamar da aka buga da, galibi), amma har da wasu kifaye da tsuntsaye na Arctic. Misali sananne ne, cewa, kamar kifin whale, kifin Arctic shima yana nuna sha'awar gastronomic a cikin magance matsalolin, amma yana farautar ƙananan sifofinsu (wanda da wuya ya faɗa cikin bakin kifayen).
Abin sha'awa. Whale polar yana fama da cututtukan waje kamar Cyamus mysticetus. Waɗannan sune ƙirar ƙirar Whale waɗanda ke rayuwa akan fata, galibi a yankin kai, kusa da al'aura da dubura, da kuma fika-fikai.
Kari akan haka, kifin whale na baka (kamar sauran kakannin dabbobi) yana da nau'ikan helminth guda 6, gami da:
- trematode Lecithodesmus goliath van Beneden, wanda aka samu a cikin hanta;
- da trematode Ogmogaster plicatus Creplin, wanda ke zaune a cikin hanji da hanji;
- da cestode Phillobothrium delphini Bosc da Cysticercus sp., Kula da fata da kuma fata karkashin fata;
- da nematode Crassicauda crassicauda Creplin, wanda ya kutsa cikin yanayin urogenital;
- da tsutsa mai tsinkaye Bolbosoma balaenae Gmelin, wanda ke zaune a cikin hanji.
Rashin nazarin yanayin whales na polar whales yayi karatu kaɗan. Don haka, lokuta masu rikitarwa na mutuwarsu suna rubuce a tsakanin kankara a Arewacin Atlantika da kuma arewacin Tekun Fasifik.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Unionungiyar forasashen Duniya don Kula da forabi'a tana magana game da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na zamani 4 na Balaena mysticetus, biyu daga cikinsu (East Greenland - Spitsbergen - Barents Sea and Sea of Okhotsk) sun sami ƙididdiga na musamman a kan Lissafin IUCN.
Masu kiyaye muhalli sun lura cewa yawan kifin whale na duniya zai iya karuwa saboda karuwar (sama da 25,000) na Beaufort, Chukchi da Bering Teas. A shekara ta 2011, yawan kifin Whale a wannan ƙaramin ya kusan dubu 16.9-19. Yawan whale a wani ƙaramin yanki, wanda aka sani da gabashin Kanada - West Greenland, an kiyasta ya kai dubu 4.5-1.
Dangane da yanayin ci gaban da ke cikin tekun Bering, Chukchi da Beaufort, masana sun ba da shawarar cewa jimillar kifin whale a cikin kewayon da yawa, mai yiwuwa, ya wuce mutane dubu 25. Halin da ya fi tayar da hankali shine a cikin karamin tekun na Okhotsk, wanda bai wuce whale 200 ba, sannan kuma ƙananan Gabashin Greenland - Spitsbergen - Barents Sea suma sunada ɗari-ɗari.
Mahimmanci. Bowhead whales an kawo su cikin kariya ta farko ta Yarjejeniyar kan Dokar Whaling (1930) sannan kuma ta ICRW (Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Dokar Whaling), wacce ta fara aiki a 1948.
Duk ƙasashen da aka sami kifin whale sun zama mahalarta ICRW. Kanada kawai ba ta sanya hannu kan takaddar ba. Koyaya, a cikin wannan ƙasar, da kuma a cikin Tarayyar Rasha da Amurka, akwai dokokin ƙasa a kan nau'ikan halittu masu haɗari waɗanda ke kare bahar whale.
A yau, an ba da izinin kifin kifi a cikin Beaufort, Bering, Chukchi da yammacin Tekun Greenland. An sanya whale na polar a cikin Shafi I na Yarjejeniyar kan Cinikin Kasa da Kasa a cikin Dabbobin Da ke Haɗari (1975) kuma an haɗa su a cikin Yarjejeniyar kan Kare Dabbobin Daurar igaura.
