Kron yana daga cikin manyan wakilai na tsari na tsuntsaye-kamar tsuntsaye. Asalinsu dadadden tarihi ne wanda asalinsa ya koma zamanin wanzuwar dinosaur. An samo hotunan kwalliya a kan dutsen fasahar mutanen zamanin da. Kara karantawa game da wadannan tsuntsaye masu ban mamaki daga baya a labarin.
Bayanin katako
Tuni masu binciken ilimin kimiyyar kayan tarihi suka yi imani da cewa an sanya bayyanar tsuntsayen crane zuwa yankunan Afirka da Arewacin Amurka, bayan haka kuma a hankali ana rarraba shi a duk duniya. Ba don samun su ba sai a Kudancin Amurka da kuma cikin faɗin Antarctica.
Cranes wasu tsuntsaye ne masu ɗaukaka waɗanda suka ba mutane sha'awa shekaru dubbai. Misali a kasar Sin, an dauke su a matsayin wata alama ce ta dogon rai da hikima. A cikin tsohuwar Misira, ana bautar gumaka kamar "tsuntsayen rana" kuma ana yin hadaya ga gumakan. A cikin Sweden an kira su "Tsuntsayen rabo" saboda sun dawo da rana, zafi da bazara. Har ila yau a cikin Japan, ana ɗaukar kullun a matsayin alamar farin ciki. Koyaya, suma ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin kayan marmari, shi yasa aka ci su.
Girman jikin katako ya fara daga mita 1 zuwa 1.20. Sau da yawa ana rikita shi tare da mara lafiya, amma kwatancen yana nuna cewa katako ya fi girma. Representativesananan wakilai - belladonna, sun kai tsayi kawai game da santimita 80-90. Duk da cewa nauyinsu bai wuce kilogiram 3 ba, fikafikan wannan karamin karami ma ya kai mita 1,3-1,6, hakan yana ba shi damar zama musamman mai ɗaukaka da kyauta a cikin jirgin.
Babban wakili na dangi ana daukar shi dan kasar Australia ne, wanda nauyin sa ya kai kilogram 6, tare da tsayinsa yakai 145-165 cm. Ana daukar gira mai ruwan toka a matsayin babban katon daga cikin wadannan tsuntsayen, wanda fukafukan su ya kai kimanin mita 2-2.4.
Bayyanar
Cranes, saboda yanayin tsarin jikinsu, suna da kyau sosai. Dogon wuya, jiki da ƙafafu kusan sun raba shi gida 3 daidai, yana haifar da jin daɗi daidai, wanda aka kammala shi da dogon baki mai kaifi. Launin layin tsuntsayen tsuntsu ya dogara da nau'ikansa, kodayake galibi ya ƙunshi haɗuwa da tabarau na yanayi tare da fari-launin toka-launi a tushe. Gwanin kan crane wuri ne da yanayi ke nuna hasashe, zane zane a launuka masu launin ja da sauran tabarau, tsawaita ko akasin haka, kusan cire gashin fuka. Wannan zane yana taimakawa kwarai wajan banbance tsuntsu da wasu.
Cranes suna da ban mamaki haske don girman su: matsakaicin nauyin tsuntsaye ya kai kilo 6-7. Jikin katakon yana da launin toka galibi, kai da wuya suna da baƙar fata tare da ɗanɗano fari. A saman rawanin akwai alamar kwalliya - yanki mai haske mai haske. Bakin sa kusan tsawonsa daidai da na kansa. Ganin sanduna suna yawo a cikin makiyaya galibi da alama suna da wutsiya, wutsiyar gashin kai. Amma hoton yana yaudara ne, tunda sananniyar sanyin ya kasance daga fuka-fukan fuka-fukan fuka-fukai. Kuma gashin jela, akasin haka, gajere ne. Cranes na maza sun fi mata girma kaɗan, in ba haka ba suna kama da juna. Jikin matashin an yi masa fentin launin sautuka mai ruwan kasa, tare da kan mai-ja-ja-ja-jaja.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Tsarin rayuwar tsuntsaye galibi ne. A lokacin ƙaura kawai sautinsu na yau da kullun yakan ɓata. Kodar tana bacci kai tsaye bayan faduwar rana. Da dare, suna barci, suna taro cikin rukuni (galibi suna kaiwa dubun dubatan mutane) suna tsaye a kan ƙafa ɗaya a tsakiyar ruwa mara zurfi na tafki. Wannan nisa daga bakin teku ya bawa dabbar damar kare kanta daga hare-haren masu farautar kasa, wanda, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna labe ko'ina. Misali, boars na daji, karnuka masu rako, badgers da foxes suna lalata gidajen da ke dauke da katako. Hakanan ana iya zama mikiya da hankaka tsakanin maƙiyan yawan wannan tsuntsayen.
Urtsaddamar da kwancen mata don mata don ƙirƙirar ma'aurata ya faɗi a watan Fabrairu. Mafi yawa, aikin kiwo yana faruwa a cikin yankuna masu nisa. Ma'aurata sun gina gida daga tsire-tsire waɗanda aka tattara daga ƙasa, suna ajiye mazaunin a kan tudu.
Cranes suna da kyau. Sun fi son zama a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi, suna raba yanki ɗaya don bacci, ci da zama. Koda lokacin hijirar yanayi zuwa yankuna masu dumi, suna kasancewa tare.
Kirarta dabba ce mai hankali kuma idan wani baƙo ya kusanci kusan mita 300, tsuntsun zai gudu. Hakanan suna iya lura da canje-canje a mazauninsu, saboda galibi suna zama a cikin gurbi iri ɗaya na rayuwa. Cranes suna yin ƙaura zuwa wuraren sanyi a kan hanyoyi daban-daban: tsuntsaye daga Finland da yammacin Rasha suna tashi zuwa Arewacin Afirka ta hanyar Hungary. Cranes daga Scandinavia da Turai ta Tsakiya suna komawa Faransa da Spain, wani lokacin har zuwa Arewacin Afirka. A cikin yanayi mai sanyi, lokacin sanyi, wasu wakilai sun kasance a cikin Jamus. A cikin garken ƙaura, za a iya bambance su ta hanyoyin da suke yi da kuma kukansu. Wani lokaci yayin tashi, yanayi yana ba tsuntsayen damar tsayawa na makonni 2-3 don hutawa da makamashi daga abinci.
A lokacin rani, tsawon makonni 2, kwanyarsu ba sa iya tashi, tun a wannan lokacin gashinsu yana sabuntawa.
Har yaushe katako yakan rayu
Kullun da aka saba dashi yana da tsawon shekaru 20. Wannan tsuntsu yana da halin halittar ma'aurata tsawon rayuwa. A lokaci guda, akwai shaidar cewa ƙirar ƙira a cikin yanayin wucin gadi ya rayu har zuwa shekaru 42. A dabi'a, tabbas ba su kai irin wannan shekarun ba: masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan tsuntsu, a matsakaita, yana rayuwa zuwa shekaru 25-30.
Jima'i dimorphism
Ainihi, maza da mata a cikin kwanuka sun bambanta cikin girma. Maza sun fi mata girma fiye da mata, amma wannan ba ya bayyana kanta a cikin kowane nau'in. Maza da mata kwatankwacin Siberian Crane nau'ikan kusan ba su da bambanci da juna.
Nau'in kwanuka
A yau akwai kusan ɗakuna 340. Amma a Turai nau'i-nau'i dubu 45 ne ke kiwo, kuma a cikin Jamus kusan nau'i-nau'i dubu 3 ne kawai. Akwai kusan nau'ikan nau'i daban-daban guda 15. An rarraba su bisa al'ada zuwa 4 dangi. Hakanan, an raba kwanuka ta gwargwadon girma, akwai 3 daga cikinsu.
Na farko - mafi girman ajin sun hada da Indiyawan, Jafananci, Ba'amurke, Ostiraliya, da kuma katako mai tsage. Rukuni na 2 ya haɗu da dabbobi masu matsakaici, daga cikinsu: Cranes na Kanada, Ciberes na Siberia, Gray, Daurian, da Cranes masu wuyan Baki. Na ukun yana ƙunshe da ƙananan tsuntsaye, aljanna ce ta buge shi, da baƙin ɗaki, da belladonna. Groupungiyar ta uku kuma ta haɗa da ƙirar rawanin kambi da ta ƙofar gabas.
Gidan katako na Australiya shine wakilin mafi tsayi na katako. Ya kasance daga tsuntsayen masu komai, yayin da akasarinsu suka fi son cin tubers na wasu albarkatu.
Dangi na Turai crane ne kambi crane, da farin-naped crane da kuma jan-kambi crane. A Arewacin Amurka da kuma a arewa maso gabashin Siberia, katako na Kanada yana rayuwa, kuma a Afirka, ana samun ƙuraren da ake gani.
Karancin Japan na daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan, wanda ya kai kilo 9. Wannan dogon hanta ne, wanda a cikin bauta zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 60. Keren Indiya ba ya jinkirtawa a girma, yana kaiwa nauyin kilo 9 zuwa 12.
Kullun Baƙin Amurka shine tsuntsaye mafi ƙaranci a cikin dukkanin nau'ikan 15, ya fi so ya zauna a wuraren buɗe ido kuma doka ta kiyaye shi sosai.
Wani fasali na musamman don katakon katolika shine tsarukan fata 2 na dogon fata wanda ke cikin yankin wuya. Ma'aurata ne na wannan jinsin sune suka fi shahara da auren mata daya.
Na biyu mafi yawan jama'a shine launin toka mai launin toka. Farar fata, ko Siberian Siberian Crane, ɗan asalin ƙasar ne mazaunin yankunan arewacin Rasha. Ya banbanta da takwarorinsa na farin laushi da jan baki mai haske, saboda kyawawan halayensa na tsarin jiki yana da matukar kyau.
Gidan Daurian, mazaunin gabashin Asiya, shima ya zama sananne. An yi ado da launin toka mai launin toka kuma a lokaci guda an kammala shi da farin raƙumi wanda ya faɗo daga kai zuwa fukafukai, kazalika da jan launi kewaye da idanu. Legsafafun wannan tsuntsu dogaye ne, an rufe su da fatar ruwan hoda.
Karnin Kanada ya shahara don girman jiki, ƙirar ƙwanƙolin baki sanannen sanannen launi ne. Belladonna ita ce mafi ƙarancin wakilcin kwanuka.
Gidan aljanna shima nau'ikan matsakaita ne. Duk da wannan, yana da madaidaicin kai da wuya.
Kirar mai ɗauke da kambi mai yuwuwa shine mafi kyawun dukkan nau'ikan sanannun. An kawata kan ta da kambin haske mai haske. Gwanin kambin gabas yayi kama da shi. Bambancinsu ya fi yawa a cikin yanayin yanki.
Black crane - galibi ya sauka a yankin Tarayyar Rasha, fasalinsa na musamman shi ne kambin kanta mai ɗanɗano a kai.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Gidan katako na Turai yana daga yawan tsuntsayen masu ƙaura, a lokacin kaka a wasu wurare (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg) har zuwa dubun dubatan mutane suna tashi daga wuraren sanyi, suna taruwa a tsakiyar Oktoba a Faransa, Spain ko Afirka. Lokacin da kwanuka suka matsa kudu, ana jin kukansu tun kafin a ga garken a sama.
A baya can, ana rarraba keɓaɓɓun sanduna kawai a cikin yawancin Turai. A halin yanzu, ana iya samun su ne kawai a Arewacin Turai da Gabashin Turai, haka kuma a Rasha da Gabashin Siberia. A yamma da kudancin Turai, sun ɓace kusan tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Har yanzu ana iya samun animalsan dabbobi a gabas da arewacin Jamus, in ba haka ba suna hango jiragen sama zuwa Spain, kudancin Faransa da arewa maso yammacin Afirka. A lokacin bazara da kaka, kusan cranes 40,000 zuwa 50,000 yanzu kuma ana iya gani a sararin samaniya a duk Turai ta Tsakiya. Waɗanda suka yi sa'a za su iya ganinsu a wuraren hutu na jirgi a arewacin Jamus.
Cranes suna buƙatar buɗe wurare tare da gulbi da ciyayi don rayuwa, inda zasu nemi abinci. A cikin yankunan hunturu, suna neman wurare tare da filaye da bishiyoyi. Ana iya samun kwalliya ba kawai a cikin ƙauyuka ba, har ma a cikin duwatsu - wani lokacin ma a tsawan sama da mita dubu 2.
Abincin Crane
Cranes na iya cin abincin shuka da na dabbobi. Ciyawar filayen, shukoki, ganye da saiwa suna dandano su. Hakanan Cranes suna cin 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itace da hatsi. A lokacin lokacin girma jarirai, buƙatar tsutsotsi, katantanwa da manyan kwari suna ƙaruwa.
Chickananan yara, a zahiri, daga ranar farko ta rayuwa, da kansu suke nema wa kansu abinci. A lokaci guda, suna karɓar abinci daga iyayensu. Abincin abincin yaro yana dauke da sassan shukoki, masara, dankali, tsutsotsi, kwari, kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa (kamar su beraye) da smallan tsaba.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A lokacin bazara, dusar kankara ta shiga cikin rawa don faranta wa matar da aka zaba. Ya sunkuya, ya shimfiɗa jikinsa da wuyansa a madaidaiciya, ya doke da fikafikansa, ko tsalle. Rawa tana tare da raira waƙoƙin musawa na musamman. Sautunan kulawa kamar na ƙaho suna da banbanci ba tare da kuskure ba kuma yana da wuyar rikicewa tare da sauran kuka. Kukan gaisuwa yana kama da "groovy, groovy." Amma a lokaci guda, kwakwalwan na iya har yanzu kuma ya yi ihu. Ana jin sautin wannan tsuntsu a wasu lokuta.
A ƙarshen Afrilu ko farkon Mayu, mace tana yin zaitun uku, masu launin ja-ruwan kasa ko ƙwai masu launin toka-toka. Launi, girma da sifa sun dogara da nau'in crane. Mafi sau da yawa, akwai ƙwai 2 kawai a cikin kama, amma wasu nau'ikan suna yin kwai har 9 a lokaci guda. Galibi ana yin gidajan kan ƙananan tsibirai ne na sama, da ciyawar ciyawa ko fadama, kuma ya ƙunshi kayan shuka.
Duk iyayen biyu suna yin ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai. Bayan makonni 3-4, an haifi jarirai masu ja-ja-ja, masu laushi. Lokacin shiryawa kuma ya dogara da nau'in crane.
Kajin na iya barin gida a cikin kwana guda bayan haihuwa. Da farko, suna karɓar abinci daga iyayensu, sa'annan su tafi rangadin bincike, tare da su. Sau da yawa mahaifiya tana tare da kaza ɗaya, kuma mahaifin na biyun. Bayan makonni goma, manyan kwanuka suna barin gidan iyayensu, kuma zasu kasance a shirye don samar da independenta independenta masu zaman kansu bayan shekaru 7.
Makiya na halitta
Yankuna masu girma suna da ƙananan abokan gaba. Koyaya, fox, boar daji, gaggafa, hankaka da marsh harrier na iya zama haɗari ga dabbobi dabbobi da kwan kwan.
Yawancin katako ba sa fuskantar barazanar musamman ta mutane, amma ta salon rayuwarsu. Bayan haka, mutum ya tsunduma cikin ƙarfafa bankunan kogi, ya bushe kuma ya jike dausayi, koguna kuma, don haka, ya lalata rayuwar kwanuka, ya lalata wuraren bacci da wuraren kiwo.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Daga cikin al'ummomin da suka yi ƙaura a cikin kaka, akwai ƙananan yara ƙanana. Masana sun damu da wannan gaskiyar. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda ambaliyar ruwan bazara, yayin da amfanin gona da aka lalace a cikin filayen ciyawa suka bar wasu nau'ikan cranes ba abinci. Kari akan haka, gidajen da yawa tare da kamawa ko jarirai sabbin haihuwa suna lalata mahaya.
A halin yanzu, 7 daga cikin nau'ikan 15 suna cikin hatsari kuma suna da cikakken kariya ta dokokin yankin da suke zaune. Wasu karin nau'ikan 2 suna kan hanyar sake cika wannan jerin. Babban dalilin hakan shine bushewar dausayi da sauran ruwa, wadanda aka dauke su a matsayin wurin zama na kwalliya. Wadannan tsuntsayen an hana su farauta, kodayake wannan ba ya son mafi yawan manoman noma, wadanda amfanin gona ke cin abinci a kan sandar.
An shirya ƙungiyoyin sa kai a duk duniya don taimakawa ma'aikatan gandun daji shirya abinci, da yin aikin gida.
