Tyrannosaurus - Ana kiran wannan dodo mafi haske wakilin gidan zalunci. Daga fuskar duniyar tamu, ya fi sauri sauri fiye da sauran dinosaur, yana rayuwa tsawon shekaru miliyan a ƙarshen zamanin Cretaceous.
Bayanin tyrannosaurus
Sunan mahaifa Tyrannosaurus yana komawa zuwa asalin Girkanci τύραννος (azzalumi) + σαῦρος (kadangaru). Tyrannosaurus rex, wanda ya rayu a cikin Amurka da Kanada, yana cikin tsarin ƙadangare kuma yana wakiltar nau'in nau'in Tyrannosaurus rex (daga rex "sarki, sarki").
Bayyanar
Tyrannosaurus rex ana daukar shi mafi girman danniya a lokacin wanzuwar Duniya - ya ninka wanda ya fi giwar Afirka ninki biyu.
Jiki da gabobi
Cikakken kwarangwal na tyrannosaurus yana dauke da kasusuwa 299, 58 daga cikinsu suna cikin kwanyar. Yawancin kasusuwa na kwarangwal ba su da kyau, wanda ba shi da tasiri kaɗan ga ƙarfinsu, amma ya rage nauyi, yana biyan babban nauyin dabbar. Wuya, kamar ta sauran halittun ruwa, ta S ce, amma gajere kuma mai kauri don tallafawa babban kai. Spineashin baya ya haɗa da:
- 10 wuya;
- kirji dozin;
- sacral biyar;
- 4 dozin ƙananan kasusuwa.
Abin sha'awa!Tyrannosaurus yana da doguwar wutsiya mai ƙarfi, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai daidaitawa, wanda dole ne ya daidaita nauyi da kai mai nauyi.
Gaban goben, ɗauke da yatsun yatsu biyu, kamar basu ci gaba ba kuma basu da girman girman ƙafafun baya, masu ƙarfi sosai kuma dogaye. Afannun baya sun ƙare da yatsun kafa uku masu ƙarfi, inda ƙafafun ƙafafu masu ƙarfi suka girma.
Kwanyar kai da hakora
Mita ɗaya da rabi, ko kuma a ce m 1.53 - wannan shine tsawon mafi girman sanannen kwanyar Tyrannosaurus rex, wanda ya faɗi a lokacin da masana burbushin halittu suka zubar. Jigon kasusuwan ba abin mamaki bane ba kamar yadda yake a sifa (ya sha bamban da sauran filayen) - an fadada shi a baya, amma an lura ya ragu sosai a gaba. Wannan yana nufin cewa kallon kadangaren bai karkata zuwa gefe ba, sai dai gaba, wanda ke nuni da kyakkyawan hangen nesan sa.
Wani fasali yana nuna ƙamshin ƙamshi - manyan lobes na hanci, da ɗan tuna tsarin hancin masu fuka fukai na zamani, misali, ungulu.
Kamawar Tyrannosaurus, godiya ga lanƙwasa mai kama da U ta sama, ya kasance abin bugawa fiye da cizon dinosaur masu cin nama (tare da lanƙwasa mai fasali irin na V), waɗanda ba ɓangare na dangin zalunci ba. Siffar U-ta ƙara matsawar haƙoran gaban kuma ya ba da damar yaga naman nama mai ƙashi da ƙasusuwa daga gawar.
Hakoran raptor suna da tsari daban-daban da ayyuka daban-daban, wanda akan kira shi da suna heterodontism. Hakoran da ke girma a cikin muƙamuƙin sama sun fi tsayi zuwa ƙananan hakora, ban da waɗanda ke cikin ɓangaren na baya.
Gaskiya!Zuwa yau, mafi girman haƙori na Tyrannosaurus ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya ce, wanda tsayinsa daga tushe (ya haɗa da shi) har zuwa ƙafa 12 inci (30.5 cm).
Hakoran gaban hawan sama:
- kama da wuƙaƙe;
- a hade sosai;
- lankwasa a ciki;
- yana da ƙarfin ƙarfafawa.
Godiya ga waɗannan siffofin, haƙoran suna riƙe da ƙarfi kuma ba safai suke karyewa ba lokacin da Tyrannosaurus rex ya raba abin da yake ganima. Sauran haƙoran, masu kama da ayaba, sun fi ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Hakanan an sanye su da tsaunuka masu ƙarfafawa, amma sun bambanta da masu kama da kayan kwalliya a cikin tsari mafi fadi.
Lebe
Robert Reisch ne ya faɗi ra'ayin game da leɓunan dinosaur mai cin nama. Ya ba da shawarar cewa haƙoran farautar sun rufe leɓunansu, suna shayarwa kuma suna kare tsohon daga halaka. A cewar Reish, azzaluman sarki ya rayu a kan ƙasa kuma ba zai iya yin ba tare da leɓɓa ba, sabanin kada da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa.
Abokan aikinsa na Amurka wadanda Thomas Carr ya jagoranta ya kalubalanci ka'idar Reisch wanda ya wallafa bayanin Daspletosaurus horneri (wani sabon nau'in zalunci). Masu binciken sun nanata cewa leben ba su dacewa da bakinsa kwata-kwata, an rufe shi da sikeli masu fadi har zuwa dentition.
Mahimmanci! Daspletosaurus yayi ba tare da lebe ba, a wurin wanda yake akwai manyan sikeli tare da masu karɓa masu mahimmanci, kamar a cikin kaduna ta yau. Hakoran Daspletosaurus basa buƙatar leɓɓa, kamar haƙoran sauran kayan masarufi, gami da Tyrannosaurus.
Masanan burbushin halittu sun tabbata cewa kasancewar leɓe zai cutar da Tyrannosaurus fiye da Daspletosaurus - zai zama ƙarin yankin mai rauni yayin yaƙi da abokan hamayya.
Furewa
Tyrannosaurus rex kyallen takarda mai laushi, wanda ragowar ya wakilta sosai, ana karancin karatun sosai (idan aka kwatanta shi da kwarangwal). A saboda wannan dalili, masana kimiyya har yanzu suna shakkar ko yana da laka, kuma idan haka ne, yaya ya yi yawa kuma a kan waɗanne sassa na jiki.
Wasu masanan burbushin halittu sun yanke hukuncin cewa azzalumar kadangarun an lullubeta da gashin tsuntsu, mai kama da gashi. Wannan layin gashi mai yiwuwa ne a cikin yara / yara, amma sun faɗi yayin da suka balaga. Sauran masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa lakar Tyrannosaurus rex ta kasance mai bangaranci, tare da facin fuka-fukai waɗanda aka haɗu da faci masu banƙyama. Dangane da fasali ɗaya, ana iya lura da gashin fuka-fuka a baya.
Girman tyrannosaurus
An san Tyrannosaurus rex a matsayin ɗayan manyan filaye-girke kuma har ila yau mafi yawan jinsuna a cikin dangin tyrannosaurid. Burbushin farko da aka samo (1905) ya ba da shawarar cewa Tyrannosaurus ya girma har zuwa 8-11 m, ya zarce Megalosaurus da Allosaurus, wanda tsayinsa bai wuce mita 9 ba. Gaskiya ne, a cikin tyrannosauroids akwai dinosaur a kan sikelin da ya fi Tyrannosaurus rex - kamar Gigantosaurus da Spinosaurus.
Gaskiya! A shekarar 1990, an kawo kwarangwal din Tyrannosaurus rex a fili, bayan an sake gina shi ya sami sunan Sue, tare da sifofi masu matukar birgewa: tsayin m 4 zuwa duwawun tare da jimillar tsawan 12.3 m da kuma nauyin da ya kai kimanin tan 9.5. Gaskiya ne, dan kadan daga baya masana binciken burbushin halittu sun gano gutsure -tsen kasusuwa, wanda (yin hukunci da girmansu) zai iya kasancewa na masu mulkin mallaka, sun fi Sue girma.
Don haka, a 2006, Jami'ar Montana ta ba da sanarwar mallakar ƙwanƙolin kwanyar Tyrannosaurus rex wanda aka samo a cikin 1960s. Bayan da aka maido da kwanyar da aka lalata, masana kimiyya sun bayyana cewa ya fi kwanyar Sue tsayi fiye da digimeti (1.53 da 1.41 m), kuma iyakar bude muƙamuƙan ya kai 1.5 m.
An bayyana wasu burbushin kamar guda (ƙashin ƙafa da ɓangaren gaba na muƙamuƙin sama), wanda, bisa ga lissafi, na iya zama na zalunci biyu, tsayin 14.5 da 15.3, kowannensu yana da nauyin aƙalla tan 14. Karin bincike da Phil Curry ya yi ya nuna cewa lissafin tsawon kadangaru ba za a iya yin sa ba dangane da girman kashin da ya watse, tunda kowane mutum yana da gwargwadon yadda yake.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Tyrannosaurus yayi tafiya tare da jikinsa a layi ɗaya da ƙasa, amma ya ɗan ɗaga wutsiyarsa don daidaita kansa mai nauyi. Duk da bunkasar tsokoki na kafafu, azzalumin kadangarun ba zai iya yin gudu sama da 29 km / h ba. An sami wannan saurin ne a cikin kwaikwayon kwamfuta na aikin tyrannosaurus, wanda aka aiwatar a 2007.
Gudun sauri ya tsoratar da mai farauta da faɗuwa, haɗe da raunin rauni, kuma wani lokacin har da mutuwa. Ko da a cikin abin farauta, tyrannosaurus ya lura da taka tsantsan, juyawa tsakanin rawanin rami da ramuka don kar ya faɗo daga tsayin girman girmansa. Da zarar a ƙasa, tyrannosaurus (ba mai rauni mai tsanani ba) yayi ƙoƙari ya tashi, ya dogara da ƙafafunsa na gaba. Aƙalla, wannan shine ainihin rawar da Paul Newman ya sanya wa ɓangarorin gaba na kadangarun.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Tyrannosaurus dabba ce mai matuƙar mahimmanci: a cikin wannan ya sami saurin jin wari fiye da na kare (yana iya jin ƙanshin jini kilomita da yawa).
Pads din da ke kan kafafun, wadanda suka karbi girgizar duniya suka watsa su zuwa kwarangwal zuwa kunnen ciki, suma sun taimaka wajen kasancewa a faɗake koyaushe. Tyrannosaurus yana da yanki na mutum, yana sanya alamomi kan iyakoki, kuma bai wuce shi ba.
Tyrannosaurus, kamar yawancin dinosaur, ana ɗaukarsa dabba mai jini da sanyi na dogon lokaci, kuma wannan tunanin an watsar dashi ne kawai a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 saboda John Ostrom da Robert Becker. Masana burbushin halittu sun bayyana cewa Tyrannosaurus rex mai aiki ne da jin dumi.
An tabbatar da wannan ka'idar, musamman, ta hanyar saurin bunkasuwarsa, wanda yayi daidai da yanayin cigaban halittu masu shayarwa / tsuntsaye. Tsarin girma na tyrannosaurs mai siffar S ne, inda aka lura da saurin ƙaruwa cikin taro a kusan shekaru 14 (wannan shekarun yayi daidai da nauyin tan 1.8). A lokacin saurin girma, pangolin ya kara kilo 600 kowace shekara tsawon shekaru 4, yana rage nauyin da yake samu idan ya kai shekaru 18.
Wasu masana burbushin halittu har yanzu suna shakkar cewa tyrannosaurus ya kasance mai jini ne sosai, ba tare da musun ikonsa na kula da yanayin zafin jiki na yau da kullun ba. Masana kimiyya sunyi bayani game da wannan yanayin zafi zuwa ɗayan nau'ikan masassarar da aka nuna ta kunkuru.
Tsawon rayuwa
Daga mahangar masanin burbushin halittu Gregory S. Paul, azzalumai sun yawaita cikin sauri kuma sun mutu da wuri saboda rayuwarsu cike da haɗari. Kimanin rayuwar tyrannosaurs da ci gaban su a lokaci guda, masu binciken sunyi nazarin ragowar mutane da yawa. Mafi karami samfurin, mai suna jordan theropod (tare da kimanin nauyin 30 kilogiram). Binciken kasusuwa ya nuna cewa a lokacin mutuwa, Tyrannosaurus rex bai fi shekara 2 ba.
Gaskiya!Babban binciken, wanda ake wa laƙabi da Sue, wanda nauyinsa ya kusan kusan tan 9.5, kuma shekarunsa 28 ne, sun yi kama da ƙaton ƙaton gaske a bayan asalinsa. Wannan lokacin an dauke shi matsakaicin yuwuwar ga nau'in Tyrannosaurus rex.
Jima'i dimorphism
Yin aiki tare da banbanci tsakanin jinsi, tsarin paleogenetics ya jawo hankali ga nau'ikan jiki (morphs), yana nuna abubuwa biyu na kowa ga duk nau'ikan halittu.
Nau'in nau'in tyrannosaur:
- mai ƙarfi - kauri, haɓaka tsokoki, ƙashi mai ƙarfi;
- gracile - siraran kasusuwa, siriri, ƙarancin tsokoki.
Rarraban bambancin yanayin halittu tsakanin nau'ikan da aka yi aiki a matsayin tushe don rarrabuwar zalunci ta hanyar jima'i. Mata an sanya su a matsayin masu ƙarfi, la'akari da cewa ƙwarjin dabbobi masu ƙarfi sun faɗaɗa, ma'ana, wataƙila suna yin ƙwai. An yi amannar cewa ɗayan manyan siffofin halittar ƙadangare masu haɗari shine asara / ragin Chevron na farkon caudal vertebra (wannan yana da alaƙa da sakin ƙwai daga tashar haihuwar).
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gano yanke shawara game da dimorphism na Tyrannosaurus rex, wanda ya danganci tsarin chevrons na vertebrae, an gane cewa kuskure ne. Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun yi la'akari da cewa bambancin jinsi, musamman na kada, ba ya shafar rage chevron (binciken 2005). Kari akan haka, wani cikakken mai kyan gani kuma ya kasance mai fadi a kan kashin farko, wanda mallakar wani karyayyen mutum ne da ake wa lakabi da Sue, wanda ke nufin cewa wannan fasalin halayyar duka nau'ikan jikin ne.
Mahimmanci!Masana burbushin halittu sun yanke shawara cewa bambance-bambance a jikin mutum ya samo asali ne daga mazaunin wani mutum, tunda an samo ragowar daga Saskatchewan zuwa New Mexico, ko canje-canjen zamani (tsoffin manyan azzalumai masu yuwuwa ne).
Bayan sun kai karshen mutuwa don gano maza / mata na jinsin Tyrannosaurus rex, masana kimiyya tare da babban mataki na yiwuwar gano jima'i na kwarangwal ɗaya mai suna B-rex. Waɗannan ragowar suna ƙunshe da gutsuttsura masu taushi waɗanda aka gano su suna kama da abin da ake kira medullary nama (wanda ke ba da alli don yin kwasfa) a tsuntsayen zamani.
Yawancin lokaci ana samun nama mai laushi a cikin kashin mata, amma a wasu lokuta ba kasafai ake samun hakan ba, shi ma yana kasancewa ne a cikin maza idan aka yi musu allura da estrogens (homonin haihuwa mata). Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Bee-Rex ba a yarda da ita ba a matsayin mace wacce ta mutu a lokacin yin kwai.
Tarihin ganowa
An samo burbushin farko na Tyrannosaurus ta hanyar balaguron Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi (Amurka), wanda Barnum Brown ya jagoranta. Hakan ya faru ne a shekarar 1900 a Wyoming, kuma bayan wasu shekaru a Montana, an gano wani sabon kwarangwal, wanda ya dauki shekaru 3 ana aiwatar dashi. A cikin 1905, an ba da abubuwan da aka samo daban-daban na musamman. Na farko shine Dynamosaurus imperiosus na biyu kuma shine Tyrannosaurus rex. Gaskiya ne, shekara ta gaba ragowar daga Wyoming an kuma sanya su ga nau'in Tyrannosaurus rex.
Gaskiya!A lokacin sanyi na shekarar 1906, The New York Times ta sanar da masu karatu game da gano farkon Tyrannosaurus rex wanda kwarangwal dinsa (gami da manyan kasusuwa na kafafuwan baya da na mara) suna cikin zauren gidan tarihin Amurka na Tarihin Halitta. An sanya kwarangwal na babban tsuntsu tsakanin tsaka-tsakin kadangarun don tsawan ra'ayi.
Cikakken cikakken kwanyar Tyrannosaurus rex an cire shi ne kawai a cikin 1908, kuma an ɗora cikakken kwarangwal a cikin 1915, duk a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Naturalabi'a ɗaya. Masanan burbushin halittu sunyi kuskure ta hanyar shirya dodo da manyan hannayen kafa uku na gaban Allosaurus, amma sun gyara shi bayan bayyanar mutum Wankel rex... Wannan samfurin 1/2 na kwarangwal (tare da kokon kai da cikakkun gabansa) an tono shi daga layin Jahannama Creek a cikin 1990. Samfurin, wanda ake yi wa laƙabi da Wankel Rex, ya mutu yana da kimanin shekara 18, kuma a cikin vivo ya kai kimanin tan 6.3 tare da tsayinsa ya kai mita 11.6. Waɗannan su ne ɗayan tsirarun dinosaur ɗin da aka samu ƙwayoyin jini.
Wannan bazarar, da kuma a cikin Harshen Jahannama (Dakota ta Kudu), an samo ba kawai mafi girma ba, har ma da cikakke (73%) kwarangwal na Tyrannosaurus rex, mai suna bayan masanin burbushin halittu Sue Hendrickson. A 1997 kwarangwal Sue, wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 12.3 tare da kwanyar 1.4 m, an sayar da shi kan dala miliyan 7.6 a gwanjon. An samo kwarangwal ɗin daga Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi, wanda ya buɗe shi ga jama'a a cikin 2000 bayan tsaftacewa da sabuntawa wanda ya ɗauki shekaru 2.
Kwanyar kai MOR 008, wanda W. McManis ya samo a baya sosai fiye da Sue, watau a cikin 1967, amma a ƙarshe aka dawo da shi kawai a cikin 2006, sanannen girmansa (1.53 m). Samfurin MOR 008 (gutsutsuren kwanyar da kasusuwa na manya Tyrannosaurus) ana baje kolin su a Museum of the Rockies, Montana.
A cikin 1980, sun sami mutumin da ake kira baƙar fata kyakkyawa (Bakar Kyau), wanda tasirin ma'adanai ya yi baƙi. Jeff Baker ne ya gano burbushin pangolin, wanda ya ga wani katon kashi a gabar kogin yayin kamun kifi. Shekara guda bayan haka, aka kammala aikin hakar, kuma Black Beauty ta koma gidan kayan tarihi na Royal Tyrrell (Kanada).
Wani tyrannosaurus, mai suna Stan don girmama mai son ilimin burbushin halittu Stan Sakrison, an samo shi a cikin Dakota ta Kudu a cikin bazarar 1987, amma bai taɓa shi ba, yana kuskuren ragowar Triceratops. An cire kwarangwal din kawai a cikin 1992, yana bayyana alamun cuta da yawa a ciki:
- karye haƙarƙari;
- fuse gaban mahaifa (bayan karaya);
- ramuka a bayan kwanyar daga hakoran Tyrannosaurus.
Z-REX Shin kasusuwan kasusuwan tarihi sun samo shi ne a shekara ta 1987 daga Michael Zimmershid a Kudancin Dakota. A wannan shafin, duk da haka, tuni a cikin 1992, an gano kwanyar da aka kiyaye sosai, wanda Alan da Robert Dietrich suka haƙa.
Ya rage a ƙarƙashin sunan Bucky, waɗanda aka ɗauka a shekarar 1998 daga gidan wuta na Creek, sanannu ne saboda kasancewar fiskokin masu kamala, kamar yadda ake kiran cokali mai yatsa tsakanin tsuntsaye da dinosaur. An samo burbushin T. rex (tare da ragowar Edmontosaurus da Triceratops) a cikin filayen bucky Derflinger na garken shanu.
Daya daga cikin cikakkun kwankunan Tyrannosaurus rex da aka taba ganowa a farfajiyar shine kwanyar (kashi 94% cikakke) na samfurin Rees rex... Wannan kwarangwal din yana cikin zurfin wankan gangarowa, shima a cikin Jahannama Creek Geologic Formation (arewa maso gabashin Montana).
Wurin zama, mazauni
An samo burbushin a cikin maɓallin Maastrichtian, yana nuna cewa Tyrannosaurus rex ya rayu a cikin Late Cretaceous lokacin daga Kanada zuwa Amurka (gami da jihohin Texas da New Mexico). An samo samfuran zalunci na azzalumar kadangare a arewa maso yammacin Amurka a cikin Jahannama Creek Formation - a lokacin Maastrichtian akwai subtropics, tare da yawan zafinsu da danshi, inda conifers (araucaria da metasequoia) ke cakude da shuke-shuke masu furanni.
Mahimmanci! Idan aka yi la'akari da wargaza ragowar, tyrannosaurus ya rayu a cikin biotopes daban-daban - arid da semi-arid plains, marshlands, da kuma ƙasar nesa da teku.
Tyrannosaurs sun kasance tare tare da dinosaur mai cin ganyayyaki, kamar su:
- kayan kwalliya;
- platypus edmontosaurus;
- torosaurus;
- ankylosaurus;
- Tescelosaurus;
- pachycephalosaurus;
- ornithomimus da troodon.
Wani sanannen ajiyar kwarangwal na Tyrannosaurus rex shine tsarin tsarin ƙasa a Wyoming wanda, miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata, yayi kama da yanayin ƙasa kamar Tekun Tekun Fasha na zamani. Fauna na samuwar kusan ana maimaita fauna na Hell Creek, saidai maimakon ornithomim, wani strutiomim ya zauna anan, har ma da leptoceratops (matsakaiciyar wakiliyar ceratopsians).
A cikin yankunan kudu na kewayonsa, Tyrannosaurus rex ya raba yankuna tare da Quetzalcoatl (babban pterosaur), Alamosaurus, Edmontosaurus, Torosaurus, kuma ɗayan ankylosaurs da ake kira Glyptodontopelta. A kudancin yankin, filayen busha-bushe sun mamaye, wanda ya bayyana a nan bayan ɓacewar Tekun Inginiya ta Yamma.
Tyrannosaurus rex rage cin abinci
Tyrannosaurus rex ya fi yawancin dinosaur masu cin nama a cikin yanayin halittar ta na asali don haka aka san shi a matsayin babban mai kama da mahaukaci. Kowane tyrannosaurus ya fi son rayuwa da farauta shi kaɗai, a kan shafinsa, wanda ya fi murabba'in kilomita ɗari.
Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, azzaluman kadangaru suna ta yawo cikin yankin da ke kusa da su kuma suka fara kare haƙƙoƙinsu a cikin rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, galibi wanda ke haifar da mutuwar ɗayan mayaƙan. Tare da wannan sakamakon, mai nasara bai raina naman mai taro ba, amma galibi yana bin wasu dinosaur - ceratopsians (torosaurs da triceratops), hadrosaurs (gami da Anatotitanians) har ma da sauropods.
Hankali!Tattaunawa mai tsawo game da ko Tyrannosaurus mai hawan gaske ne ko kuma mai satar kuɗi ne ya kai ga ƙarshe - Tyrannosaurus rex ya kasance mai neman dama (farauta da cin mushe).
Maƙiyin
Wadannan jayayya suna goyan bayan wannan rubutun:
- kwandon ido yana nan saboda idanun baza su koma gefe ba, amma gaba. Irin wannan hangen nesan jijiyoyin jikin mutum (tare da kebantattun keɓaɓɓu) ana lura dasu ne a cikin mahautan da aka tilasta su kimanta nisan ga ganimar;
- Alamun hakoran Tyrannosaurus da suka rage akan sauran dinosaur har ma da wakilan jinsinsu (misali, sanannuwar da aka warke akan napep na Triceratops an san shi);
- manyan dinosaur na ciyawa waɗanda suka rayu a lokaci ɗaya yayin da azzalumai suke da garkuwoyi / faranti a bayansu. Wannan a fakaice yana nuna barazanar kai hari daga manya manyan dabbobin daji kamar su Tyrannosaurus rex.
Masana burbushin halittu sun tabbata cewa kadangarun ya afkawa abin da aka nufa daga kwanton bauna, ya riskeshi da dash mai karfi. Saboda yawan taro da rashin saurinsa, da wuya ya iya cigaba da bin sa.
Tyrannosaurus rex ya zaɓi don mafi yawancin dabbobi masu rauni - marasa lafiya, tsofaffi ko kuma matasa. Wataƙila, ya ji tsoron manya, tun da dinosaur ɗari-ɗari (ankylosaurus ko triceratops) na iya tsayawa don kansu. Masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa tyrannosaurus, ta amfani da girma da ƙarfi, ya karɓi ganima daga ƙananan mahara.
Mai Scavener
Wannan sigar ta dogara ne da wasu hujjoji:
- ƙara ƙamshin turaren Tyrannosaurus rex, wanda aka bayar tare da nau'ikan masu karɓar olf, kamar a cikin masu shara;
- hakora masu ƙarfi da tsayi (20-30 cm), waɗanda ba su da nufin kashe ganima kamar yadda za a murƙushe ƙasusuwa da fitar da abin da ke ciki, gami da ɓarke;
- rashin saurin motsi na kadangare: baiyi gudu sosai ba kamar yadda yake tafiya, wanda hakan ya sanya neman wasu dabbobin da zasu iya motsawa bashi da ma'ana. Carrion ya kasance da sauƙin samu.
Da yake kare tunanin da ke nuna cewa gawa ta fi yawa a cikin abincin, masanan burbushin halittu daga China sun binciki nunin saurolophus, wanda wakilin dangi na zalunci ya cinye. Bayan nazarin lalacewar kayan ƙashin, masanan suka yi amannar cewa ana haifar da su ne lokacin da gawar ta fara ruɓewa.
Forcearfin ƙarfi
Godiya ce a gareta cewa azzaluman mala'iku suna dankwafar da ƙasusuwa na manyan dabbobi tare da yayyaga gawarwakinsu, tare da kai ga gishirin ma'adinai, da kuma ƙashin ƙashi, wanda ƙananan dinosaur masu cin nama ba sa isa gare shi.
Abin sha'awa! Barfin cizon Tyrannosaurus rex ya kasance mafi girma ga masu ɓarna da masu farauta. An kammala wannan bayan jerin gwaje-gwaje na musamman a cikin 2012 da Peter Falkingham da Carl Bates suka yi.
Masana burbushin halittu sunyi nazari kan tasirin hakora akan kasusuwan Triceratops kuma sunyi lissafin da ya nuna cewa hakoran baya na wani balagagge tyrannosaurus sun rufe da karfin kilogon 35-37. Wannan ya nunka ninki 15 na ƙarfin ƙarfin cizon zaki na Afirka, sau 7 fiye da yiwuwar cizon Allosaurus da kuma ninki 3.5 fiye da ƙarfin cizon mai riƙe da rikodin mai kambun - thean kada mai saltsin Australiya.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Osborne, wanda yayi tunani game da rawar gaban goshi, wanda ya ba da shawara a cikin 1906 cewa azzaluman dare sun yi amfani da su wajen saduwa.
Kusan kusan ƙarni ɗaya daga baya, a cikin 2004, Gidan Tarihi na Jurassic na Asturias (Spain) ya sanya ɗayan kasusuwa biyu na tyrannosaurus da aka kama yayin saduwa. Don ƙarin haske, an ƙara abun tare da hoto mai launi akan bangon gaba ɗaya, inda aka zana kadangaru cikin yanayin su.
Abin sha'awa! Idan aka yi hukunci da hoton gidan kayan tarihin, azzalumai sun sadu yayin da suke tsaye: macen ta daga jelarta ta karkata kai kusan kasa, kuma namiji ya kasance a tsaye a tsaye a bayanta.
Tun da mata sun fi maza girma da ƙarfi, na biyun ya ɗauki ƙoƙari sosai don ya shawo kan na farkon. Matan amaren, kodayake sun kirawo masu neman auren tare da sowa mai daɗi, ba su da hanzarin kwafsawa tare da su, suna tsammanin ba da kyautar gastronomic mai karimci a cikin nau'i na gawawwaki masu nauyi.
Jima'i ya kasance gajere, bayan haka maigidan ya bar abokin tarayya, yana neman sauran mata da kayan abinci. Bayan 'yan watanni, macen ta gina gida dama a kan farfajiya (wanda ke da haɗari sosai), ta kafa ƙwai 10-15 a wurin. Don hana zuriyar daga masu farautar ƙwai, alal misali, dromaeosaurs, uwar ba ta bar gida ba tsawon watanni biyu, tana kare kamawa.
Masana burbushin halittu sun ba da shawarar cewa koda a mafi kyawun lokacin don zalunci, ba a haifa jarirai sama da 3-4 daga ɗayan ɗayan ba. Kuma a ƙarshen Late Cretaceous, haifuwar azzalumai ya fara raguwa kuma ya tsaya gaba ɗaya. An yi amannar cewa mai laifi don halakar Tyrannosaurus rex ya karu da aikin aman wuta, saboda yanayin da yake cike da iskar gas da ke lalata amfrayo.
Makiya na halitta
Masana na da yakinin cewa zalunci ne ke rike da taken cikakken zakaran duniya a fada na karshe, tsakanin wadanda suka mutu da kuma wadanda ke cin karensu ba babbaka. Manyan dinosaur ne kawai za a iya kawowa cikin sansanin abokan gabansa masu hangen nesa (fatattaka kananan dabbobi wadanda ke yawo a lokacin a yankin na wurare masu zafi):
- sauropods (brachiosaurus, diplodocus, bruhatkayosaurus);
- ceratopsians (Triceratops da Torosaurus);
- taswira (Mapusaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Tyrannotitan);
- theropods (Spinosaurus, Gigantosaurus, da Therizinosaurus);
- stegosaurus da ankylosaurus;
- garken dromaeosaurids.
Mahimmanci!Bayan munyi la’akari da tsarin lamuran ja, tsarin hakora, da sauran dabarun kai hari / kariya (wutsiyoyi, fika, garkuwoyin dorsal), masanan burbushin halittu sun yanke hukuncin cewa kawai Ankylosaurus da Gigantosaurus ne ke da tsananin juriya ga Tyrannosaurus.
Ankylosaurus
Wannan dabba mai sulke girman giwar Afirka, kodayake bata haifar da haɗarin mutuwa ga Tyrannosaurus rex ba, ya kasance babban abokin hamayya a gare shi. Rumbun ajiyar sa ya hada da kayan yaki masu karfi, kwalliyar kwance da kuma wakar wakar almara, wanda ankylosaurus zai iya haifar da mummunan rauni (ba mutuwa ba, amma dakatar da faɗa), alal misali, karya ƙafafun zalunci.
Gaskiya! A gefe guda kuma, mace mai tsayin rabin mita ba ta kara karfi ba, shi ya sa ya karye bayan bugu mai karfi. An tabbatar da wannan gaskiyar ta hanyar nema - ankylosaurus mace ta karye a wurare biyu.
Amma tyrannosaurus, ba kamar sauran dinosaur masu cin nama ba, sun san yadda ake ma'amala da ankylosaurus yadda yakamata. Azzalumin kadangarun ya yi amfani da maƙogwaronsa mai ƙarfi, yana cijewa a hankali kuma yana taunawa a harsashi mai sulke.
Gigantosaurus
Wannan babban launi, daidai yake da girman Tyrannosaurus, ana ɗaukar shi babban abokin hamayyarsa. Tare da kusan daidai daidai (mita 12.5), Gigantosaurus bai kai T. rex nauyi ba, saboda nauyinta ya kai tan 6-7. Ko da da tsawon jiki iri daya, Tyrannosaurus rex umarni ne na nauyi, wanda yake bayyane daga tsarin kwarangwalrsa: manyan mata da kashin baya, gami da duwawu mai zurfin gaske, wanda tsoka da yawa ke hade da shi.
Tsokoki na ƙafafu suna nuni da mafi girman kwanciyar hankali na Tyrannosaurus, ƙarfin ƙarfinta da ƙarfinta. T. rex yana da wuyan da ya fi karfi da muƙamuƙi, yana da nape mai faɗi (wanda aka miƙa manyan tsokoki zuwa gare shi) da kuma babban kwanyar kai, wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin girgiza na waje saboda motsa jiki.
A cewar masana tarihin burbushin halittu, yaƙin tsakanin Tyrannosaurus da Gigantosaurus bai daɗe ba. Ya fara ne da cizon cizon sau biyu don latsewa (a hanci da muƙamuƙi) kuma wannan shine inda duk ya ƙare, yayin da T. rex ya cije ba tare da ƙoƙari ba ... ƙananan muƙamuƙin abokin hamayyarsa.
Abin sha'awa! Haƙorin Gigantosaurus, kwatankwacin ruwan wukake, sun dace sosai don farauta, amma ba don faɗa ba - suna zamewa, suna karyawa, kan ƙasusuwan maƙiyin, yayin da na ƙarshen ba da tausayi ba da ƙwanƙwasa kwanyar maƙiyi da haƙoransa masu ƙwanƙwasa ƙashi.
Tyrannosaurus ya fi Gigantosaurus girma ta kowane fanni: ƙarar tsoka, kaurin kashi, taro da tsarin mulki. Ko da kirjin kirjin azzalumi ya ba shi fa'ida lokacin da yake yakar manyan abubuwa masu cin nama, kuma cizon da suke yi (ba tare da wani ɓangare na jiki ba) bai mutu ga T. rex ba.
Gigantosaurus ya kasance kusan mara taimako a gaban gogaggen, mugaye kuma mai ɗoki Tyrannosaurus. Bayan ya kashe gigantosaurus a cikin 'yan sakanni, azzalumin kadangarun, a bayyane yake, ya azabtar da gawarsa na wani lokaci, yana farfasa shi kuma a hankali yana murmurewa bayan yaƙin.
