Cats masu haƙori irin na yau da kullun sune mambobi ne na suban uwan da suka mutu a gidan dangi. Wasu barburofelids da nimravids, waɗanda ba sa cikin dangin Felidae, wasu lokuta ana yin kuskuren sanya su cikin rukunin Sabretooth. Hakanan an sami mambobi masu haƙoran haƙori a cikin wasu umarni da yawa, gami da masu ba da gaskiya (maheroid) da marsupials saber, waɗanda aka fi sani da tilakosmils.
Bayanin kuliyoyin saber
An samo kuliyoyin Saber a cikin Tsakiya da Early Miocene a Afirka. Wani wakilin farko na dangin gidan mai suna Pseudaelurus quadridentatus ya kasance ne saboda yanayin da ake da shi na karuwar hanyoyin ruwa na sama... Wataƙila, irin wannan halayen yana haifar da abin da ake kira juyin halitta na kuliyoyin saber. Wakilai na ƙarshe da ke cikin gidan dangin saber mai haƙori, irin na Smilodon.
Hakanan kuma homotherium (Homotherium), ya mutu a ƙarshen Pleistocene, kimanin shekaru dubu 10 da suka gabata. Mafi shahararren jinsi na farko Miomachairodus sananne ne a tsakiyar Miocene na Turkiyya da Afirka. A lokacin marigayi Miocene, kuliyoyin saber masu hakora sun wanzu a yankuna da yawa tare da Barbourofelis da wasu manyan dabbobi masu cin nama tare da dogon canines.
Bayyanar
Nazarin DNA, wanda aka buga a 2005, ya nuna cewa gidan gidan Machairodontinae ya rabu da kakannin farko na kuliyoyin zamani, kuma ba shi da wata alaƙa da kowane mai rai. A yankin Afirka da Eurasia, kuliyoyin saber masu hakora sun yi nasara tare tare da wasu ƙwararru, amma sun yi gasa tare da cheetahs, da kuma panthers. A Amurka, irin waɗannan dabbobi, tare da murmushi, suna tare da zakin Ba'amurke (Panthera leo atrox) da puma (Puma concolor), da jaguar (Panthera onca) da miracinonyx (Miracinonyx).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ra'ayoyin masana kimiyya sun banbanta game da launin suturar, amma masana sunyi imanin cewa mai yiwuwa launin fur din bai zama ɗaya ba, amma tare da kasancewar ratsi mai haske ko tabo a gaba ɗaya.
Kananan yara masu hakora da saber masu hakora sun yi gasa a tsakanin su don rarraba albarkatun abinci, wanda hakan ya haifar da halakar na ƙarshen. Duk kuliyoyin zamani suna da ƙarancin canines na sama. Dangane da bayanan DNA da aka yi nazari na nau'in mitochondrial, kuliyoyin saber na dangin dangi Machairodontinae suna da kakannin da suka rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 20 da suka gabata. Dabbobin suna da dogon tsayi sosai kuma suna lura da canines. A wasu nau'in, tsawon irin waɗannan canines sun kai 18-22 cm, kuma bakin zai iya buɗewa cikin sauƙi a 95 °. Duk wani ɗan adam na zamani yana iya buɗe bakinsa kawai a 65 °.
Nazarin hakoran da ke kan ragowar kuliyoyin saber ya bai wa masana kimiyya damar yanke shawara mai zuwa: idan dabbobin suna amfani da fangaran, gaba da baya, to za su iya yankewa a zahiri ta jikin wanda aka azabtar. Koyaya, motsin waɗannan haƙoran daga wannan gefe zuwa wancan yana iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ko cikakkiyar karyewarsu. An rufe bakin mai farautar a gaba. Babu zuriyar kai tsaye na kuliyoyin saber a halin yanzu, kuma batun dangi tare da damisa ta girgije ta zamani a halin yanzu ana rikici.
Predarshen mai lalacewar yana da kyakkyawar haɓaka, mai ƙarfi da tsoka mai ƙarfi, amma mafi yawanci a cikin irin wannan dabba ita ce ɓangaren gaba, wanda ya kasance wakiltar ƙafafun gaba da yankin mahaifa masu yawa. Neckaƙƙarfan wuya ya ba wa maigidan damar sauƙaƙe nauyin nauyin jiki gabaɗaya, tare da aiwatar da dukkanin hadaddun mahimman hanyoyin motsa kai. Sakamakon irin wadannan siffofin tsarin jikin mutum, kuliyoyin saber masu hakora suna da hanyoyin da za su iya kakkabe su daga ƙafafunsu da cizo ɗaya, sannan kuma su farfasa abin da suke ganima.
Girma daga kuliyoyi masu saber
Ta yanayin jikinsu, kuliyoyin saber ba su da alheri kuma sun fi dabbobi ƙarfi fiye da kowane kuliyoyin zamani. Ya kasance al'ada ga mutane da yawa suna da ɗan gajeren ɓangaren wutsiya, wanda ke tuna da wutsiyar lynx. Hakanan an yarda dashi sosai cewa kuliyoyin saber masu haƙori sun kasance daga rukunin manyan masu farauta. Koyaya, ya tabbata a kimiyyance cewa yawancin jinsin wannan dangin basu da girma, sun nuna basu da kyau sosai fiye da halittar ruwa da damisa. Aan kaɗan ne kawai, gami da Smilodons da Homotherium, za a iya danganta su da megafauna.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Tsayin mai farauta a bushe, mai yiwuwa, ya kasance 100-120 cm, tare da tsayi a tsakanin mita 2.5, kuma girman jelar bai wuce 25-30 cm ba. Tsayin ƙwanƙwan kai ya kai 30-40 cm, kuma yankin occipital da yankin gaba sun ɗan yi laushi.
Wakilan kabilar Machairodontini, ko Homoterini, an rarrabe su da manya-manyan canines na sama, waɗanda aka liƙa a ciki. A yayin farauta, irin waɗannan maƙarƙancin galibi sun dogara ne da bugun jini, kuma ba ga cizo ba. Sababbin damisa na saber-hakora na Sabilar Smilodontini sun kasance masu halaye masu tsayi, amma ƙanana manyan hazo, waɗanda ba su da adadi mai yawa. Harin da aka yi da fuka-fukai daga sama zuwa ƙasa ya kasance mai kisa, kuma a cikin girmansa irin wannan mai farautar ya yi kama da zaki ko damisa ta Amur.
Wakilan ƙabila ta uku kuma tsoffin ƙabilar Metailurini suna da halin abin da ake kira "tsaka-tsakin yanayi" na canines... An yarda da shi cewa irin waɗannan maƙarƙancin sun rabu da sauran Machairodontids da wuri, kuma sun sami ɗan bambanci kaɗan. Saboda tsananin rauni na halayen halayyar saber-hakora ana kiran dabbobin wannan ƙabilar "ƙananan kuliyoyi", ko "ƙage-saber-haƙori". Kwanan nan, wakilan wannan ƙabilar sun daina kasancewa a cikin sanannun kuliyoyin Sabretooth.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Cats masu haƙoran haƙoran, a bisa dukkan alamu, ba kawai masu shara ba ne, amma har ma suna cin karensu ba babbaka. Ana iya zaton cewa mafi yawan nau'ikan dabbobin da suka mutu saber-haƙori sun sami damar farautar manyan dabbobi. A halin yanzu, shaidun kai tsaye na farautar manya-manyan dabbobi ko 'ya'yansu sam ba su nan, amma kwarangwal ɗin waɗannan dabbobin da aka samu kusa da ragowar wakilan wakilan jinsin Homotherium na iya nuna irin wannan yiwuwar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ka'idodin siffofin ɗabi'a suna da goyan bayan ƙafafun gaban murmushi masu murmushi, waɗanda mahaukata suka yi amfani da su sosai don danna ganima zuwa ƙasa don su ba da cikakken cizon da ya mutu.
Dalilin aiki na halayyar da dogayen haƙoran saber masu haƙori sun kasance batun takaddama mai zafi har zuwa yau. Abu ne mai yiyuwa cewa an yi amfani da su don yin rauni mai tsanani da rauni a manyan ganima, daga inda wanda aka azabtar zai zubar da jini da sauri. Yawancin masu sukar wannan hasashen sun yi imanin cewa hakora ba za su iya jure wa irin wannan nauyin ba kuma dole su fasa. Sabili da haka, ana bayyana ra'ayi sau da yawa cewa kuliyoyi masu saber-hakori sun yi amfani da fangs kawai don lalacewar lokaci ɗaya da bututun iska da kaidojin karoid da aka kama, ganimar da aka ci.
Tsawon rayuwa
Ba a riga an tabbatar da tsawon rayuwar kuliyoyin saber-haƙori ba daga masana kimiyyar gida da na waje.
Jima'i dimorphism
Akwai wani fasalin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba a halin yanzu cewa dogayen haƙoran mafarautan sun zama wani abin ado a gare shi kuma ya jawo hankalin dangin wani jinsi yayin aiwatar da ibadar aure. Dogayen canines masu tsawo sun rage faɗin cizon, amma a wannan yanayin, da alama, yakamata a sami alamun lalata jima'i.
Tarihin ganowa
An samo ragowar wasu kuliyoyi masu cizon haƙora a duk nahiyoyi ban da Antarctica da Ostiraliya... Abubuwan da aka samo mafi tsufa sun dawo zuwa shekaru miliyan 20. Aikin hukuma na musabbabin lalacewar mazaunan Pleistocene, a cewar masana kimiyya, ya ta'allaka ne a cikin yunwa da ta tashi ƙarƙashin tasirin zamanin kankara. Tabbatar da wannan ka'idar shine mummunan lalacewar hakoran da aka samo a cikin ragowar irin waɗannan dabbobin.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Bayan gano haƙoran haƙoran ne ra'ayoyin suka taso cewa a lokacin yunwa, masu farauta suka fara cin duk abin da aka farauta, tare da ƙasusuwa, waɗanda suka ji wa fatar naman saber haƙori.
Koyaya, karatun zamani bai tabbatar da banbanci tsakanin matakin lalacewar hakori a cikin kuliyoyin dabbobi masu cin nama a lokuta daban-daban na rayuwa ba. Bayan cikakken bincike game da ragowar, da yawa daga cikin masana binciken burbushin halittu na kasashen waje da na cikin gida sun cimma matsaya kan cewa babban dalilin da ya sa aka kashe kuliyoyin masu hako-hakora su ne halinsu.
Sanannen sanƙanin dogon lokacin ya kasance na dabbobi a lokaci guda ba kawai mummunan makami don kashe ganima ba, amma har ma da ɓangaren jikin masu su. Hakoran kawai sun karye da sauri, saboda haka, daga baya, bisa ga hikimar juyin halitta, duk jinsin dake da wannan dabi'ar ya mutu.
Wurin zama, mazauni
A yankin Turai na zamani, kuliyoyin saber, waɗanda a wancan lokacin suna wakiltar homotheria, sun wanzu kusan shekaru dubu 30 da suka gabata. Irin waɗannan maƙarƙancin an same su a yankin Tekun Arewa, wanda a wancan lokacin har yanzu ƙasar da take zaune.
A yankuna daban-daban na Arewacin Amurka, murmushin murmushi da kishin addini kusan lokaci guda sun mutu kusan shekaru dubu goma da suka gabata. A yankin Afirka da Kudancin Asiya, wakilan kwanan nan na kuliyoyin saber, haƙora, sun mutu da wuri, kusan shekaru dubu 500 da suka gabata.
Abincin Cats
Lions na Amurka (Panthera atrox) da Smilodons (Smilodon fatalis) suna daga cikin manyan dabbobin farauta na zamanin Pleistocene.
Masana burbushin halittu sun gabatar da mafi kyawun sigar cin abincin kuliyoyin saber masu haƙori waɗanda suka binciko ƙwanƙwasa da cuwa-cuwa akan haƙoran murmushi waɗanda aka samo a California... A cikin duka, masu binciken sun yi nazari game da kawunan kan dozin, waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai daga shekaru dubu 11 zuwa 35.
A cewar masu binciken, Amurkawa dabbobin dabba kafin su kare ba za su iya rashin abinci ba, kuma yawan karyewar hakora ya samo asali ne daga canzawa zuwa abincin manyan abincin. Lura da zakunan zamani suma sun ba da shawarar cewa hakoran masu farauta galibi ba su karyewa yayin cin abincin, sai dai yayin farauta, saboda haka kuliyoyin saber masu haƙoranta da alama sun mutu ba yunwa ba, amma sakamakon canjin yanayi.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Mai yiwuwa ne ɓatattun masu farautar sun gwammace su zauna a cikin rukunin jama'a waɗanda suka haɗa da mata uku ko huɗu, da yawa da suka balaga ta hanyar jima'i, da kuma matasa. Koyaya, a halin yanzu babu ingantaccen bayani game da kiwo na kuliyoyin saber. An ɗauka cewa dabbobi masu farauta ba su sami ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki ba, saboda haka suka hayayyafa sosai.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Megalodon (lat.Carcharodon megalodon)
- Pterodactyl (Latin Pterodactylus)
- Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- Stegosaurus (Latin Stegosaurus)
Makiya na halitta
Kuliyoyin haƙoran hakora sun mamaye wani yanki mai faɗi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, amma ba zato ba tsammani irin waɗannan dabbobin sun ɓace. An yi imanin cewa ba mutane ko wasu manyan dabbobi masu farauta ba ne suka ba da gudummawa ga wannan, amma sauyin yanayi mai kauri a duniyarmu. Aya daga cikin shahararrun sifofin yau shine ka'idar faduwar meteorite, wanda ya haifar da Dryas Cooling, wanda yake da haɗari ga duk rayuwar duniya.
