Tsuntsayen peregrine shine ɗayan kyawawan tsuntsayen ganima a duk duniya. Koyaya, a lokacin ganiya, gandun daji na peregrine ya kai kilomita ɗari uku a awa ɗaya. Wannan galibi yana faruwa ne lokacin da mai farauta wanda ya binciko abincinsa daga tsauni ya afka masa, yana ta iska a sama. Ganima yakan mutu daga bugu na farko irin wannan maƙiyi mai ƙarfi.
Peregrine falcon bayanin
Peregrine Falcon, (Falco Peregrinus), wanda kuma ake kira Dak Hawk, shine mafi yaduwar jinsin dukkanin tsuntsayen masu cin nama. Ana samun yawan alumma a kowace nahiya banda Antarctica da tsibirin teku. Kasancewar rabe rabe goma sha bakwai a halin yanzu an gane.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Fagen peregrine an fi saninsa da saurin saurinsa yayin tashin. Yana kaiwa kilomita 300 a awa daya. Wannan hujja yasa peregrine falcon ba kawai tsuntsu mafi sauri ba, harma da dabba mafi sauri a doron duniya.
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tsuntsu ya sami raguwar yawan jama'a a kan yawancin sahun duniya. A mafi yawancin yankuna, gami da Arewacin Amurka, babban dalilin raguwar rarrabawa shine mutuwar tsuntsaye daga gubar magungunan ƙwari, wanda suka karɓa tare da abinci. Misali, lokacin farautar beraye da ƙananan tsuntsaye. Irin wannan yanayin ya faru a Tsibirin Birtaniyya, nau'ikan takin zamani kawai da ƙa'idar tasirinsu mara kyau a jikin tsuntsu sun bambanta. Amma bayan dakatarwar (ko raguwa mai yawa) a cikin amfani da yawancin magungunan kwari na organochlorine, yawan mutane ya karu a kusan dukkanin ɓangarorin duniya.
Amurkawa Peregrine Falcon tsuntsayen da ke yankin Hudson Bay na kudancin Amurka na da hatsarin gaske. Waɗannan tsuntsayen sun ɓace na ɗan lokaci gaba ɗaya daga gabashin Amurka kuma sun gaji Kanada a ƙarshen 1960s. A shekarar 1969, lokacin da aka hana amfani da wasu nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari, an fara kirkirar kiwo da kuma shirin sake bullowa a kasashen biyu. A cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa na aiki tuƙuru ta mutane masu kulawa, an samu nasarar sakin descendantsa falan ganyayen peregrine fiye da 6,000 cikin daji. Yawan Arewacin Amurka yanzu ya murmure sosaikuma tun shekara ta 1999 ba a sake sanya fallon peregrine a cikin haɗari ba. An lura da shi azaman astungiyar Damuwa ta Unionungiyar Internationalasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN) daga 2015.
Bayyanar
A yayin yin nutso, ana fikafikan tsuntsayen kusa da juna don inganta yanayin motsa jiki, kafafuwa sun tanƙwara. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, maza sau da yawa sun fi mata ƙanƙan da yawa. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin wadannan tsuntsayen yakai kimanin santimita 46. Tsuntsayen peregrine shine tsuntsu mafi sauri a duniya.
Tsuntsayen peregrine suna da farin nono mai ratsin duhu, fikafikai masu launin toka da baya, da kuma raɗaɗin baƙaƙen fata kewaye da idanu da kai. Wakilin balagaggen saman kallo shudiyar-shuɗi ne, ƙasa da shi fari ne da ƙananan jijiyoyi masu launin toka a kan kirji, plumage. Daga waje, ga alama hular kwano mai ruwan shuɗi mai ruwan toka a kan tsuntsun. Kamar kowane falcons, wannan mai farauta mai fuka-fukai yana da fikafikai masu kaifi, da jela. Kafafuwan Peregrine Falcon rawaya ne mai haske. Mata da maza suna kama da kamanni sosai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Falgons na Peregrine mutane sun daɗe suna amfani da shi azaman fursuna - jarumin gida mai iya farautar farauta. Ko da wasa daban an kirkireshi don wannan mai fasahar fuka-fukan, ana kiransa - falconry, kuma a ciki fallon peregrine bashi da kama.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Tsawon manya-tsayen falgons ya fara daga santimita 36 zuwa 49. Suna da ƙarfi da sauri, suna farauta, suna tashi sama zuwa matsakaicin tsayi domin su iya bin sawun abincinsu. Bayan haka, da ya jira lokacin da ya dace, kai mata hari, yana jefa kansa ƙasa kamar dutse. Idan suka isa gagarumar gudun sama da kilomita 320 cikin sa'a guda, suna haifar da raunuka da ƙusoshin hannu kuma suna kashe kusan duka. Abin ganimarsu ya haɗa da agwagwa, tsuntsaye da wakokin ruwa daban-daban.
Peregrine Falcons suna zaune a buɗe wuraren yankuna tare da tsaunuka da tsaunuka. Hakanan, a lokacin zaɓar wani gidan sheƙen wuri, suna yin la'akari da yankuna waɗanda suke kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. A irin waɗannan wurare, nau'ikan tsuntsaye suna da yawa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ba wa maigidan isasshen abinci.
Wurin da aka saba yin shimfida na falgalin peregrine galibi yana kama da ƙaramin huji a bakin wani dutse mai tsayi. Wasu alumma ba sa kyamar abubuwan da mutum ya kirkira - skyscrapers. Peregrine Falcon ba shine mafi ƙwarewar magini ba, don haka gurfinta sun zama marasa ladabi. Mafi sau da yawa ƙananan ƙananan rassa ne, lanƙwasa ba tare da kulawa ba, tare da manyan gibba. An liƙa ƙasan tare da matashin kai na ƙasa ko gashin tsuntsu. Peregrine Falcons ba sa yin sakaci da sabis na waje kuma galibi suna amfani da gidajen wasu mutane, waɗanda aka ƙware da fasaha. Misali, mazaunin hankaka. Don yin wannan, kawai mai farautar yakan kori tsuntsayen daga gidan da suke so kuma ya mamaye su. Gwanin peregrine galibi shi kaɗai ne.
Nawa falgons nawa ke rayuwa
Matsakaicin rayuwar tsuntsayen tsuntsayen bishiyar falgwaji a cikin daji ya kai shekara 17.
Jima'i dimorphism
Maza da mata suna da kama da juna a waje. Koyaya, yakan faru cewa mace tana yin kama da girma.
Peregrine falcon rabe-rabe
A halin yanzu, duniya ta san kusan ƙananan raƙuman ruwa guda 17 na falgons. Rarraba su saboda yankin yankin su ne. Wannan shi ne falcon barnacle, shi ma tundra ne; keɓaɓɓun rabe-raben gado waɗanda ke cikin gida a Eurasia; rabe-rabe Falco peregrinus japonensis; fallon maltese; Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides - Falcon na Tsibirin Canary; rashin kwanciyar hankali Falco peregrinus peregrinator peregrinator Sundevall; haka kuma Falco peregrinus madens Ripley & Watson, Falco peregrinus qananan Bonaparte, Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway (bawon fata), Arctic Falco peregrinus tundrius White, da kuma thermophilic Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Peregrine Falcons tsuntsaye ne da ake samu a mafi yawan ƙasashe a Amurka, Ostiraliya, Asiya, Turai da Afirka, ban da hamada mai sukari.
An rarraba falgons na Peregrine a duk duniya kuma gida a duk nahiyoyi banda Antarctica. Wannan tsuntsu yana rayuwa cikin nasara da zama a Arewacin Amurka, a duk yankin Arctic, Kanada da yammacin Amurka. Popananan al'ummomin kiwo sun sake bayyana a gabashin Amurka.
A lokacin ƙaura na kaka, ana ganin waɗannan tsuntsayen a wuraren da ake yin hijira na shaho kamar Dutsen Hawk a Pennsylvania ko Cape May, New Jersey. Falgons na Peregrine da ke gida a cikin Arctic na iya yin ƙaura sama da kilomita 12,000 zuwa filayen hunturu a kudancin Kudancin Amurka. Irin wannan tsuntsu mai karfi da taurin kai yakan tashi sama da kilomita 24,000 a shekara.
Falgons na Peregrine waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin ƙasashe masu dumi ba su jin buƙatar tashi daga gidajensu, amma danginsu, waɗanda asalinsu daga yankuna masu sanyi ne, suna zuwa ƙarin yanayi mai kyau na hunturu.
Peregrine abincin gishiri
Kusan kashi 98% na abincin peregrine falcon shine abincin da ya ƙunshi tsuntsayen da aka kama a sama. Ducks, bakaken kaya, ptarmigans, sauran gajerun gashin tsuntsaye da masu shayarwa galibi suna taka rawa. A cikin birane, falgons na peregrine suna cinye yawan tattabarai. A lokaci guda, peregrine falcon ba ya raina ƙananan dabbobi na ƙasa, misali, beraye.
Wannan katon mahaukacin nan a zahiri yana nitsewa daga manyan wurare kuma ya doki tsuntsun don ya birge shi, sannan ya kashe shi ta hanyar fasa wuyansa. Gwanin Peregrine yawanci yana cin abincin tsuntsaye masu girma daga girman gwara zuwa mai dadi ko babban agwagwa, kuma lokaci-lokaci yana cin ƙananan mafarauta kamar kestrels ko passerines. Ba ya jin tsoron afka wa tsuntsayen da suka fi girma girma irin su pelicans.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Peregrine Falcon tsuntsu ne shi kaɗai. Amma a lokacin kiwo, sai su tara wa kansu abokin aure a wani tsayi, kuma a zahiri - a cikin iska. Abokin haɗin gwiwar ana yin shi don ɗan adam don rayuwa, saboda waɗannan tsuntsaye ne masu mata ɗaya.
Abubuwan da aka haifar sun mamaye yankin da ke kiyayewa daga sauran tsuntsaye da masu farauta. Yankin wannan yanki na iya ɗaukar kilomita murabba'in 10.
Abu ne mai matukar ban sha'awa cewa tsuntsaye da beraye, waɗanda suke da darajar kasuwanci ga falkin peregrine a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, amma rayuwa a yankin da ke kusa da sheƙarta, suna da cikakkiyar aminci daga duk ɓarna da sauran masu farautar ta. Abinda yakamata shine cewa waɗannan fallen ba sa farauta a cikin gida, yayin da suke kare shi da ƙarfi daga hare-haren waje.
Kwanciya da shiryawar ƙwai a cikin mata na faruwa ne a ƙarshen bazara - farkon bazara. Yawan su yawanci uku ne, kalar ƙwai mai laushi ne. Uba a cikin iyali an ba shi aikin ciyarwa da kariya. Uwar tana zama tare da sababbin kajin, tana basu dumi da kulawar da suke bukata. Tun suna jarirai, ana ciyar da jarirai da zaren naman farauta domin koya musu hankali suyi farauta da kansu. Da shekara daya da wata, falgons din peregrine suna kokarin yin fikafikan farko na fikafikan su, motsa jiki ci gaba kuma sannu a hankali ya zama yana lullube da plumage, kuma a shekaru 3 a shirye suke su kirkira nasu nau'i-nau'i.
Makiya na halitta
Tsuntsun peregrine galibi mai saurin fushi ne ga masu cin gashin kansa, har ma ya wuce shi cikin girman. Shaidun gani da ido galibi suna kallon wannan bajintar falkin da yake bin dirar mikiya, gizagizai da kites. Wannan halayyar ana kiranta mobbing.
Tsuntsayen peregrine suna cikin mafi ɗaukakar matsayi tsakanin tsarin tsuntsayen da ke farauta, don haka babban tsuntsu ba zai iya samun abokan gaba ba. Koyaya, kar ka manta game da kajin da ba shi da kariya, wanda zai iya zama abin damuwa ga sauran tsuntsayen masu farauta da masu cin ƙasar.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Tsuntsayen peregrine ya sami raguwar jama'a sosai tsakanin 1940 da 1970 sakamakon yawan amfani da magungunan ƙwari na organochlorine, wanda ke taruwa a jikin manyan tsuntsayen da kan kai ga mutuwarsu ko kuma taɓarɓarewar ingancin ƙwaryar ƙwai, wanda hakan ba zai yiwu a sake haifar da jinsin ba.
Harbe-harbe, bautar tsuntsaye da guba abu ne da ya gabata. A yanzu haka, amfani da wasu magungunan kashe ƙwari waɗanda ke cutar da yawan fallon peregrine an iyakance ko an hana su gaba ɗaya. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai abubuwanda suka faru na bautar da tsuntsaye ba bisa ka'ida ba. Irin wannan buƙata ta ɗan adam saboda yawan amfani da falkin peregrine don falconry.
Falgalin Peregrine a halin yanzu yana da matsayi mai girma na kimiya da zamantakewar al'umma, kuma ana kiyaye shi ta yawancin dokokin ƙasa da na duniya. Haramcin amfani da magungunan ƙwari na organochlorine, tare da fitarwa daga tsuntsayen da aka yi garken da su, ya taimaka wa jinsunan su sami wani nau'i na ci gaba a sassa da yawa na kewayonsa.
Duk da wannan, har yanzu ana ci gaba da bincike da ayyukanda don kiyaye falkin Turai. Manyan abubuwan da za a sanya a gaba sun hada da bukatar karin kokari don dawo da yawan tsuntsayen masu yin kiwo a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai, tare da karewa da inganta wuraren zama. Har zuwa yanzu, akwai babban batun zalunci ba bisa ƙa'ida ba na falgons na peregrine, saboda rashin iya aiki na jami'an ƙa'idojin doka.
Kamar yawancin tsuntsaye masu cin nama, waɗannan falcons ɗin sun sami mummunan rauni ta hanyar lalata mazauninsu da gubar da ba da gangan ba. Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan da abin ya shafa ba, kamar gaggafa mai sanko, yawan falcon peregrine ya ɗauki tsawon lokaci kafin ya murmure sosai. Koyaya, yawansu ya karu sosai wanda za'a yi la'akari da shi don cirewa daga jerin tarayyar da ke cikin hatsari.
