Damisar Asiya ta Tsakiya, wanda aka fi sani da damisar Caucasian (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica), dabba ce mai cin nama ta gidan Felidae. Wannan ƙananan damisoshin suna rayuwa galibi a yammacin Asiya kuma yana da ban mamaki, amma yana da ƙarancin wakiltar jinsin Panther.
Bayanin damisar Asiya ta Tsakiya
Damisoshin Asiya ta Tsakiya a yau suna cikin manyan ƙananan damisa a duniyarmu.... Matsakaicin tsayin jikin mai farauta na iya bambanta tsakanin 126-171 cm, amma wasu wakilan ƙananan sun kai cm 180-183 a girma, tare da jela tsawon 94-116 cm. Mafi girman tsawon kwanyar kwanyar babban mutum bai wuce kwata kwata na mita ba, da na mata - a tsakanin 20, 0-21.8 cm. Matsakaicin tsawon tsinin dentition na namiji shine 68-75 mm, kuma na mace 64-67 mm.
Matsakaicin tsayi na mai farauta a ƙusoshin ya kai 76 cm, tare da nauyin da bai wuce kilogiram 68-70 ba. A Tarayyar Soviet, ana kiran damisa da "Caucasian" ko "Near East", tare da sunan Latin Panthera pardus ciscaucasica ko Panthera ya yafe Tulliana. Koyaya, a ƙasashe da yawa na Yammacin Turai, ana amfani da wani suna na daban don dabbar farautar ganima kusan nan da nan - damisar "Persia", tare da Latin sunan Panthera pardus saxicolor.
Bayyanar
Launin furcin hunturu na damisa ta Asiya ta Tsakiya yana da haske ƙwarai, kusan kodadde, kuma asalin asalin shi ne mai launin toka-toka. Wasu lokuta akan sami wasu mutane masu furfura mai launin toka mai launin toka mai launin ja ko yashi, wanda ya fi haɓaka a yankin baya. Ga wasu wakilan ƙananan ƙananan, asalin asalin launin toka mai launin toka mai launin toho halayya ce, wacce ke tuno da launin damisar dusar ƙanƙara.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Misali mai ƙanƙan haske a kan babban fagen an ƙirƙira shi ne da ƙananan masarufi, waɗanda galibi ba sa cika baki, amma galibi suna da launin ruwan kasa. Filin ciki na irin waɗannan launuka masu kama da fure, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, ba shi da duhu fiye da launi na asalin bango na rigar. A lokaci guda, nau'ikan launuka masu duhu da haske suna bayyana.
Nau'in haske launi na gama gari ne kuma ana banbanta shi da kasancewar launin toka-ocher na fur tare da ɗan ƙaramin launin ja. A yankin baya, zuwa gaba, rigar ta ɗan yi duhu sosai. Yawancin tabo suna da ƙarfi kuma ƙarami, tare da matsakaicin diamita wanda bai wuce 20 mm ba.
Dukkanin launuka masu kama da fure-fure an kirkiresu ne da kananan tabo uku zuwa biyar. Ana rarrabe ƙarshen wutsiya da baƙin baki uku zuwa huɗu, kusan kammala da zobba masu rufewa. Kusa da sacrum, haka kuma a tsakiyar bangaren baya, akwai layuka biyu na manyan, 2.5 x 4.0 cm, a lura da tsayayyun wurare.
Dabbobin da ke da launi mai duhu ana rarrabe su ta asali mai asali mai duhu da duhu. Yatsun da ke kan fatar dabba mai shayarwa galibi manya ne, tsayayyen nau'i ne, kusan diamita kusan 3.0. Irin waɗannan wuraren ba su da yawa a bango. Manya-manyan wurare a cikin yankin sacrum sun kai girman 8.0 x 4.0 cm. Adadin adadi mai yawa na siffofin rosette an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar zobba da cikakkun bayanai. Alamar wucewa a cikin yankin wutsiya kusan kusan rufe ta.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Mahalli na damisa ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya ita ce makiyaya mai ɗanɗano, yankuna masu gandun daji da kuma dazuzzuka masu yawa na daji... A ƙa'ida, irin waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna zaune wuri ɗaya kuma kusan duk tsawon rayuwarsu, basa yawo daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan. Irin waɗannan wakilai na dangi, da jinsi Panther da jinsunan Damisa suna da ikon yin sauye-sauye marasa mahimmanci, tare da abincinsu.
Mafi yawanci, Damisoshin Asiya ta Tsakiya suna zama a cikin mazaunan unguwansu, amma suna ƙoƙarin kauce wa wuraren da suke da dusar ƙanƙara. Matsakaicin matsakaicin muhimmin aiki na babban mai farauta ya faɗi galibi a cikin lokutan yamma kuma ya kasance har zuwa wayewar gari.
A yanayin yanayi mai matukar sanyi, dabbar na iya bayyana a farautarta koda da rana. Babban salon farautar da irin wannan dabba ke amfani da shi yana wakiltar kallon abin farauta, amma wani lokacin damisar Asiya ta Tsakiya na iya bin abin farautarta.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Abokan hulda da jama'a na damisa ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya suna da ƙarfi, saboda haka irin waɗannan masu cin zarafin ba sa iya kasancewa tare da kusancin kusanci da “maƙwabta” kawai, amma har ma da bin diddigin wasu abubuwan na damisa.
Fada ko rikice-rikice na yanki a kan mata wani lokaci yakan faru, amma a kowane yanayi, dabbobin da ke farautar suna iya gaishe da juna a hankali. A lokaci guda, motsin damisoshin Asiya ta Tsakiya sun zama cikakke, bayyane sosai kuma basa bada izinin saɓani, wanda ya faru ne saboda ƙarfin halitta, ƙarfi, da kuma babban wakilin wakilin gidan Feline. A yayin gaisawa, irin wadannan dabbobin suna shakar kuncin juna da hanci, suna gogewa da bakinsu, gefen ko kawunan su. Wani lokaci akwai wasu halaye na wasan motsa jiki masu rakiyar kyawawan halaye.
Har yaushe damisar Caucasian ke rayuwa?
Matsakaici, wanda aka tabbatar da ilimin kimiyya har zuwa yau, tsawon rai na wakilan wakilan damisar Asiya ta Tsakiya a yanayin yanayi bai wuce shekaru goma sha biyar ba, kuma rikodin rikodin don tsarewa cikin bautar shekaru 24 ne kawai.
Jima'i dimorphism
Maza na damisa ta Asiya ta Tsakiya sun banbanta da na matan wannan ƙirar a cikin ci gaban da ya fi ƙarfin tsoka, girman jiki da ƙwanƙwan kai.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Tun zamanin da, Damisoshin Asiya ta Tsakiya suna zaune a yankuna biyu daban-daban, waɗanda yankunan Caucasian da na Asiya ta Tsakiya suka wakilta. Yanzu yana da wahala a ce ko akwai iyakar iyaka tsakanin yankunan da aka rarraba su, tunda a wannan lokacin adadin wannan babban wakilin dangin ya ragu sosai. Idan muka yi la'akari da mazaunin Caucasian na irin wannan damisa, to ana iya rarrabe wurare masu duwatsu da manyan tudu.
Lokaci-lokaci, ana samun irin waɗannan dabbobin masu farauta da manyan dabbobi a wuraren da ba su da fadi ko kuma a wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a.... A gabar tekun Bahar Maliya, a cikin yankunan tsakanin Novorossiysk da Tuapse, akwai iyakar da ake kira arewacin iyaka da kewayon wakilan wakilan damisa na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya miƙe zuwa gabas, yana wucewa zuwa saman kogunan Kura, Laba da Terek, da kuma Kogin Belaya, bayan haka ya tsaya ne a kan ruwan Kogin Caspian da ke kusa da Makhachkala. A cikin kwarin Araks, wakilan ƙananan ƙananan suna zaune a kan duwatsu marasa bishiyoyi da hamada.
Abincin damisa na Asiya ta Tsakiya
Tushen abincin damisoshin Asiya ta Tsakiya yana wakiltar matsakaitan matsakaita, gami da barewa, barewa, mouflons, awakin bezoar, da tumakin Caucasian (Dagestan da Kuban tur) da dabbobin daji.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, a cikin abincin wakilan dangin Felidae, irinsu Panther, jinsunan Damisa da nau'ikan dabbobin Damisa na Gabas, galibi ana haɗa su da ƙananan ganima. Dabba mai farauta na iya farautar har da beraye, kurege da kayan kwalliya, gami da ƙananan dabbobi, waɗanda dawakai, diloli da mustelids, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe ke wakilta. Akwai sanannun hare-hare kan birai, dawakai na gida da tumaki.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Tare da takwaran na Afirka, damisa, lokacin kai hari, tsayawa a kan ƙafafunsu na baya, kuma na gaba ana amfani da su don bugawa da mummunan ƙusa, manyan makamai, waɗanda ainihin makami ne.
Gabatarwar wani babban mai cutarwa a cikin tsarin muhalli na Yammacin Caucasus, wanda yawancin masu yawon bude ido suka saba bisa al'ada, na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Tarihin alaka tsakanin mutane da dabbobi masu shayarwa ya nuna cewa ya kamata irin wadannan dabbobi su kasance cikin karko da matsin lamba daga farauta. In ba haka ba, manya-manyan damisoshin Asiya ta Tsakiya za su kalli mutane a matsayin ganima mai yiwuwa. Saboda tsoron mutane da suka ɓullo a ƙarni na irin waɗannan masu cin abincin, manyan dabbobi suna ƙoƙari su guji yawan ganawa da mutane.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin kiwo na Damisoshin Asiya ta Tsakiya ba'a kebance shi da kowane takamaiman lokaci na shekara ba, saboda haka, lokacin haihuwa yana ƙayyade ne ta kowane fanni na daidaitattun abubuwan waje, waɗanda suka haɗa da samuwar ganima don isasshen lokaci mai kyau kuma mafi kyau, yanayin yanayi mai kyau. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi guda ɗaya, daga ɗaya zuwa shida ana iya haifar da kittens.
Ya kamata a lura cewa tazarar tsakanin dukkan litters ba zai iya zama ƙasa da shekara ɗaya da rabi ba. Maza manya na damisa ta Asiya ta Tsakiya, a ƙa'ida, ba sa ɗaukar wani aiki a cikin kiwon 'ya'yansu ko kula da ɗiyansu masu girma. Don haihuwa, mace tana zaɓar mafi ɓoye wuri, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi azaman ƙira ko kogon dutsen daɗi. Mafi yawan lokuta, irin wannan matsuguni mai aminci yana kusa da tushen ruwa.
Bayan kamar watanni biyu zuwa uku, kittens ɗin tuni suka fara rakiyar mahaifiyarsu, suna mai da hankali kan yankin mazaunin.... A irin wannan ƙuruciya, damisa ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya har yanzu ba ta da girma kuma ba ta da ƙarfi, saboda haka suna iya cin nasara fiye da kilomita 3-4 kowace rana. Sanin wannan fasalin zuriyarsu, mata, bayan ɗan gajeren miƙa mulki, zaɓi mahimmin tsari don kyanwa don hutawa.
Yayinda kittens ke girma kuma suke bunkasa gabaɗaya, mace mai shayarwar dabbobi bata da ƙarancin buƙata akan yanayin matsugunan da aka yi amfani dasu a canjin canjin.
Bugu da kari, damisa mai girma sun riga sun iya rufe nisan da ya dace ba tare da kasala da bukatar hutu ba. Kittens na iya ciyar da madarar uwa har tsawon watanni shida, amma sun san ɗanɗanar abincin nama daga wata ɗaya da rabi zuwa watanni biyu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ba da daɗewa ba, an buga bayanan da ke tabbatar da mahimmancin damisoshin Asiya ta Tsakiya, kodayake ba kaɗan ba ne, amma saduwa da dangi a kai a kai yayin kula da dangi mai ƙarfi, don haka 'ya'ya mata manya da uwa suna da cikakken damar jin daɗin irin waɗannan tarurrukan.
Bayan 'ya' yan damisar Asiya ta Tsakiya sun kai watanni takwas zuwa tara, sai su yi kokarin tafiya da kansu, amma wasu adadi mai yawa na dabbobin da ke kusa da mahaifiyarsu kuma ba sa barin ta na dogon lokaci. Tsintsiyar ta karya ne kawai lokacin da damisa ta kai shekara ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu.
Makiya na halitta
Har zuwa kwanan nan, damisoshin Asiya ta Tsakiya da ba a san su ba sun bazu sosai a cikin Caucasus kuma sun mamaye kusan duk wuraren tsaunuka. Duk da haka, tsananin ƙazantarwa da ɓarnatar da ayyukan tattalin arziƙin mutane na tushen abinci na dabba mai farauta a yankuna da yawa ya tsokane halakar da yawan dabbobin masu farautar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A ƙarshen karni na sha tara, rikice-rikice tsakanin mutane da damisa ya zama mai tsananin gaske, saboda haka an ba da izinin kashe mahaukaci ba tare da la’akari da lokacin shekara ba kuma ta kowace hanya, gami da bindigogi, ƙugu masu guba da madaukai na musamman.
Babban masu fafatawa, gami da masu hamayya kai tsaye da kyan gani, sun hada da sauran dabbobin daji, wadanda damisa da zakuna ke wakilta, da kurayen kuraye, da dabbobi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
An kiyasta cewa kusan damisa goma na Tsakiyar Asiya yanzu suna cikin Turkiya, kuma jimillar yawan mutanen wannan ƙananan damisoshin a halin yanzu ana kiyasta ga mutane 870-1300 kawai. A lokaci guda, kimanin dabbobi 550-850 a yanzu haka suna zaune a Iran, bai wuce dabbobi 90-100 a Turkmenistan ba, kimanin mutane 10-13 a Azerbaijan, 200-300 a Afghanistan, 10-13 a Armenia, da kuma a cikin Georgia babu irin wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa sama da biyar a matsayin masu farauta.
A yau, wasu dabbobin da ba safai ba ne na damisar Asiya ta Tsakiya an jera su a Shafi I na Yarjejeniyar Cinikin Kasa da Kasa a Dabbobin Dabbobin Dawa da Dabbobin Da ke Cikin Haɗari, kuma suna cikin haɗari (CITES). A cikin dukkan jihohi, yankin da ake zaune don irin wannan wakilin dangin Feline da jinsi na Panthers, yana ƙarƙashin kariya ta musamman. A shafukan Red Book na Rasha, wannan ƙananan raƙuman damisa an haɗa su azaman nau'in haɗari, saboda haka, ya cancanci koma zuwa rukunin farko.
