Babban herbivore a Kudancin Amurka, wanda Quean Indiyawan Quechua ke gida sama da shekaru dubu 6 da suka gabata. Sun kuma ba wa jinsunan sunan ta na zamani "guanaco" (daga wanaku).
Bayanin guanaco
Lama guanicoe artiodactyl ne daga jinsin llamas na dangin rakumi, inda ake samun alpaca, vicuña da llama tare da guanacos, duk da karancin tudu. Dukkanin nau'ikan 4 suna da kamanceceniya da juna a tsarin ilmin jikin mutum, ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da salon rayuwa, kuma ana kiran llama a wasu lokuta zuriyar guanaco.
Bayyanar
Guanaco an sanya ta a matsayin rakumi saboda ƙafafuwanta masu yatsu biyu masu ƙare da ƙusoshin baki da kira a duk ƙafafu (wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka haɗa shi a cikin tsarin kira). Lokacin tafiya, guanaco yana kan facin, kuma ba a kan yatsun yatsunsa ba.... Hakanan yana da alaƙa da raƙumi tare da nuna girman kai na almara, D. Darrell ya lura da shi, wanda kuma ya lura da siririn jiki, ƙyalli (kamar ƙwallon ƙafa) ƙafafu da doguwar wuya mai ɗanɗano, ɗan kamannin raƙumin daji.
Ta hanyar, wuyan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaito yayin tafiya da gudu. Guanaco babban dabba ne (kwatankwacin kwatankwacin ɓarna ko barewa), yana girma har zuwa 1.3 m a ƙeƙasasshe kuma 1.75 m a tsayi tare da nauyinsa har zuwa 140 kg. Toaramar kan an cika da kunnuwa masu kaifi. Ana ganin manyan idanu baƙi tare da gashin ido mai kauri daga iska, ƙura da rana a kan dogon bakin.
Mahimmanci! Guanacos suna da rabe-rabe uku (ba masu rarrafe huɗu ba, kamar yadda yake a yawancin herbivores) ciki da oval (ba mai fasalin sifa ba)
Gashi yana da yawa da kuma shaggy (ash-toka a kan kai, rawaya-launin ruwan kasa a sama da fari a ciki / ɓangaren gabobin ciki), wanda ke kiyayewa daga canjin yanayi kwatsam. Guanacos, wanda ya haɗu da balaguron D. Darrell, an lulluɓe shi tare da fur mai kauri na kyakkyawan launi mai launin ja-launin ruwan kasa, kuma a wuya da ƙafafu kawai akwai inuwa mai haske, kamar yashi a rana. Wutsiyar guanaco gajere ce, kusan 15-25 cm, kuma tana kama da burushi mai laushi mai laushi.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Lectungiyoyin gama kai da auren mata fiye da ɗaya - waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna bayyana wanzuwar guanacos, waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin ƙananan garken dabbobi (kimanin mata 20 tare da yara masu girma), wanda alpha namiji ke jagoranta. Yankin da garken garken ke karewa daga mamayar maƙwabta, kuma girmanta ya dogara da yankin zama... Jagoran ne yake kirkirar garken garken, yana korar samari da suka girmi watanni 6-12 kuma, ba kasafai sau da yawa ba, matan da basa faranta masa rai. Iyalai na nau'in kurege basu kirkiri kashi 18 cikin 100 na mazan da suka manyanta ba: sauran kuma suna haduwa ne a tsakanin jinsi daya (har zuwa mutane 50) ko kuma su kadai. Tsoffin maza, waɗanda mata suka watsar da su, sun fi yawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Guanacos, kamar vicuñas, ana wofintar dasu a wurare ɗaya, yawanci akan tsaunuka ko hanyoyin da aka sani. A can ne mazauna karkara ke gano tuddai, wanda suke amfani da shi azaman mai.
A lokacin rashin abinci, guanacos suna haɗuwa a cikin garke garke na kai zuwa rabin dubu dubbai kuma suna yawo don neman ciyawar da ta dace. Dabbobi suna zaɓar wuraren buɗe ido, wanda ba zai hana su yin tsalle cikin sauƙi a kan tsaunuka ko hawa kan tudu mai sauri ba. Guanacos ba kawai yakan tsaya / kwance a cikin rafin dutse ba, har ma da masu iyo masu kyau.
Guanacos suna cikin farke da rana, suna zuwa makiyaya da asuba kuma suna yin barci da dare, kuma suna yin annashuwa sau da yawa a rana. Dabbobi suna zuwa wurin shayarwa safe da yamma.
Shekaru nawa ne guanaco?
A cikin daji, tsawon rai na guanacos yana da shekaru 20, amma yana ƙaruwa sosai a gidajen zoo ko tsakanin manoma, ya kai shekaru 30.
Jima'i dimorphism
Bambancin dake tsakanin guanacos mace da namiji ana bayyana ne kawai a girma: na farko koyaushe sun fi na baya girma.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Dangane da ilimin halittar dan adam, kakannin guanacos (tsoffin rakumi) sun bayyana a Duniya sama da shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun mutu a lokacin Ice Age, kuma na biyun, wanda ya tsira, ya koma kan tsaunuka. Anan sun daidaita da ƙananan matsa lamba kuma sun rage abun cikin oxygen a cikin iska. Yanzu ana iya samun guanacos a Kudancin Amurka, a cikin yankuna da ke da mummunan yanayi - daga tsaunukan tsaunukan Andes zuwa Tierra del Fuego da Patagonia.
Hanyoyin zamani na guanacos sun rufe:
- Ajantina;
- Bolivia;
- Paraguay;
- Peru;
- Chile;
- Tsibirin Falkland (an gabatar da shi).
Mahimmanci! An kiyasta cewa yawancin guanaco (81-86%) suna cikin Argentina, tare da kusan 14-18% a Chile kuma ƙasa da 1% a Bolivia, Peru da Paraguay haɗe. Guanacos yana zaune ne da pampas, hamada ta hamada da kuma shimfidar wurare masu duwatsu, tun daga ƙwanƙwasawa zuwa mita dubu 5.5 sama da matakin teku, suna jin ba su da wuri a filayen da ke ƙasa da mita dubu 3.
Garkunan daji na guanacos ba su da yawa, ban da ƙananan kusurwa inda dabbobi ke rayuwa tare da garkunan vicunas kyauta. Yanzu guanacos na daji sun bayyana kuma sun yi kiwo a kan tsaunukan tsaunuka na Pampa Canyahuas (Peru), inda aka ƙirƙiri ajiyar ƙasa, wanda a ciki, tare da wasu dabbobi, ke da kariya ta jihar.
Abincin Guanaco
Wanzuwa kuma ya bar alama a kan abincin guanacos, wanda ya saba da wadatuwa da ƙarancin ciyayi da ruwa mai ma'ana.
A wasu yankuna, guanacos suna gasa tare da shanu da dawakai don abinci. Idan tushen yana kusa, suna shayar da ƙishirwa kowace rana, ba tare da raini girman kai da ruwan gishiri ba. Lokacin da tushen yake nesa, sukan ziyarce shi sau ɗaya a mako ko kuma basu sha ruwa kwata-kwata. Suna ciyar da jiki da ma'adanai, suna lasar buɗe guraben gishirin halitta.
Abincin guanaco ya ƙunshi tsirrai kamar:
- mulinum spinosum (shrub);
- colletia spinosissima (shrub);
- lichens;
- ganye da furanni;
- namomin kaza da mosses;
- 'ya'yan itace;
- cacti.
Mahimmanci! Godiya ga tsari na musamman na ciki, kamar kowane dabbobi, guanacos yana tauna ciyayi sau da yawa, yana cire dukkan abubuwan gina jiki daga ciki. Wannan ikon yana taimaka musu su rayu ba tare da kiwo ba na dogon lokaci.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Ruwan guanaco, tare da maza masu tashin hankali, yana faruwa a cikin watanni daban-daban, dangane da yankin: Agusta (a arewa) da Fabrairu (a kudu). Dabbobi, kamar kowane raƙumi, suna tashi a kan ƙafafunsu na baya, suna danna abokin hamayya da wuyansu, suna harbi da ƙoshini na gaba, suna cizo suna tofawa a fusace.
Namijin da ya ci nasara a yakin yana da damar wata mace takamaimai, amma ba kasafai yake gamsuwa da ita ita kadai ba, amma yana rugawa zuwa fada daya bayan daya har sai ya tara wasu matan aure 3-20, wani lokacin ma fiye da haka. Guanacos aboki, kamar raƙuma, kwance. Haihuwa yakan dauki watanni 11, bayan haka kuma an haifi 'ya' ya 1-2.
Sau da yawa ana haihuwa ɗaya, yana iya bin mahaifiyarsa bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci... Mace ta kasance a shirye don ɗaukar ciki na gaba tsakanin makonni 2-3 bayan ta haihu, don haka tana kawo zuriya kowace shekara. Maraƙi yana fara ɗanɗana ciyawa a mako na biyu, amma yana shan ruwan nono har sai ya kai wata 4. Matasa ba sa barin mahaifiya har zuwa haihuwar zuriya ta gaba. Ana tattara maza masu balaga cikin kananan communitiesangi, suna barin su da farkon haihuwa da samun nasu matan. Guanacos ya zama haifuwa da kimanin shekaru 2 da haihuwa.
Makiya na halitta
Guanacos suna cikin nutsuwa kawai a cikin mafarki, yayin da sauran lokutan suke cikin fargaba ta dindindin, wanda hatta "masu aika aikar" waɗanda ke ba da sigina idan akwai haɗari ba za su iya nutsar da su ba. Hankalin dabbobi ya fi ƙasa da kwanciyar hankali a wuraren kariya, inda guanacos ba sa gudu da ganin mutane, amma bari su kusanto.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Daya daga cikin dabarun kare kai shine tofawa makiya rai, wanda ya hada da miyau da kuma hanci. Wannan hanyar sam sam bata dace ba yayin ganawa da masu farauta, wanda jirgin kawai zai iya tserewa.
Abokan gaba na guanacos:
- puma;
- kerkeci mai maned;
- karnukan karerayi.
Wadannan karshen suna da ban haushi musamman ga guanacos da ke zaune a arewacin Chile, yana rage yawan mutanen yankin da ake kira. Lokacin da garken ya zo wurin kiwo, shugaba ba ya cin abinci sosai yayin da yake lura da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi, yana furta babbar kawa don barazanar waje. Gudun daga abokan gaba, guanaco yana haɓaka saurin gudu har zuwa 55 km / h. Jagora koyaushe yana rufe garken garken, yana yaƙar mabiyan da ke da kofato.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A cikin Red List na IUCN, guanacos an sanya su a cikin rukunin “ƙaramin damuwa” kuma saboda kusan dabbobi suna cikin gida: suna rayuwa ne a kan tsaunuka, suna cin abinci a wuraren kiwo na halitta, amma (tare da wasu ban da ba safai ba) na mutane ne, kasancewar suna ƙarƙashin kulawarsu.
Dangane da ƙididdigar IUCN, ƙididdigar yawan balagaggen kusan dabbobi miliyan 1 ne, amma mutane miliyan 1.5-2.2 ne kawai. Yana da matukar damuwa cewa guanaco zai iya ɓacewa ba da daɗewa ba a cikin 3 daga cikin ƙasashe 5 inda jinsin ya ke a cikin tarihinsa kuma a halin yanzu ana fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa - Bolivia, Paraguay da Peru.
Babban dalilan barazanar sune:
- lalacewar muhalli saboda kiwo;
- lalacewar mazauni saboda binciken mai / gas;
- hakar ma'adinai;
- bunkasa ababen more rayuwa;
- gwagwarmaya don abinci tare da nau'ikan da aka gabatar.
Hatta manoma llama suna son rage gandun daji na guanacos, yayin da na biyun suke gasa tare da lalamarsu don makiyaya da makiyaya. Yawan mutanen Guanaco, musamman kanana da masu karamin karfi, yana kamuwa da farautar ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda hakan wata barazana ce ta tarihi ga wannan nau'in, ba tare da la’akari da yawan dabbobin ba.
Mahimmanci! Guanacos ana hako shi saboda ulu mai dumi da fata, wanda, idan aka sarrafa shi, ya zama kyakkyawar fata. Jawo na Guanaco yayi kama da fox kuma ana buƙata duka a cikin launinsa na asali da kuma a cikin sauran tabarau da aka samo tare da taimakon dyes na halitta. Kari akan haka, dabbobi suna da nama mai dadi, saboda wanda masoyan abinci na musamman ke hallaka shi.
Don dakile farautar guanaco, Chile da Peru sun kafa dokoki don kare nau'in a matakin jiha. Masu kiwon dabbobi da ke rayuwa a tsaunukan Andes sun daɗe suna gudanar da aikin guanaco, wanda ke kawo musu riba mai kyau.
Ana yanka dabbobi dabbobi saboda furushin siraran, suna samun fata don amfani da kyawawan kwalliya, waɗanda ake buƙata ba kawai tsakanin masu yawon buɗe ido ba, har ma tsakanin mazauna yankin. Ko dai a yanka ulu mai daraja daga dabbobin da suka balaga, ko kuma a yanka su ta hanyar cire fatun da ake amfani da su don ɗinke kayan waje da na ado.
