Arapaima ainihin kayan tarihi ne na rayuwa, kifi wanda yayi daidai da shekarun dinosaur. Wannan halittar mai ban mamaki wacce take rayuwa a cikin koguna da tabkuna na Kudancin Amurka ana daukarta daya daga cikin manyan kifayen ruwa a duniya: wasu mutanen beluga ne kawai zasu iya wuce girman arapaima.
Bayanin arapaima
Arapaima shine kyawawan kayan kifin da aka samo a cikin wurare masu zafi... Tana daga cikin dangin Aravan, wanda kuma, nasa ne na tsarin Aravana. Arapaima gigas - wannan shine yadda sunansa na kimiyya yake sauti. Kuma wannan burbushin mai rai yana da wasu fasali na musamman.
Bayyanar
Arapaima yana daya daga cikin manyan kifaye masu ruwa: yawanci yakanyi tsayi har zuwa mita biyu, amma wasu daga cikin wakilan wannan nau'in zasu iya kaiwa mita uku a tsayi. Kuma, idan kun yi imani da shaidar shaidun gani da ido, to, akwai kuma arapaim har zuwa mita 4.6 a tsayi. Nauyin mafi girman samfurin da aka kama shine 200 kg. Jikin wannan kifin yana da tsayi, an dan daidaita shi ta gefe sannan kuma yana ta kwantawa sosai ga karamin shugaban mai karamin elongated.
Kokon kai yana da fasali mai fasali kaɗan, an juya idanun zuwa ɓangaren ƙananan bakin, bakin bai da girma sosai kuma yana da ɗan tsayi. Wutsiyar tana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi, saboda shi, kifin yana iya yin ƙarfi, saurin walƙiya kuma hakanan yana taimaka masa tsalle daga cikin ruwa, yana bin farauta. Sikeli da ke rufe jiki yana da fasali iri iri, yana da girma ƙwarai kuma an sassaka shi. Faranti na Bony sun rufe kan kifin.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Godiya ga irinta na musamman, masu girman sikeli masu ƙarfi, waɗanda suka fi ƙarfi ƙarfi sau goma, arapaima na iya zama a cikin tafki ɗaya tare da piranhas, waɗanda ba sa ma ƙoƙari su kai hari, ba tare da cutar da kansu ba.
Abubuwan da ke cikin wannan kifin suna kusa da ƙasa: kusan kusa da ciki. Fusoshin dokin baya da na dubura suna da tsayi kuma da alama an juya su zuwa jelar kanta. Saboda wannan tsari, sai aka kirkiro da wani irin ruwa, wanda yake baiwa kifin hanzari idan ya garzaya zuwa ganima.
Bangaren gaban wannan abin mai rai mai launi ne mai zaitun mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi. Kusa da fikafikan da ba a gyara ba, launin zaitun yana gudana cikin ja-ja, kuma a matakin jelar ya zama ja ja-ja. An saita wutsiyar tare da iyaka mai zurfin duhu. Hakanan za'a iya canza launin operculums. Jima'i a cikin waɗannan kifin an bayyana shi sosai: namiji yana da siririn jiki kuma yana da launi mai launi. Kuma samari ne kaɗai, ba tare da la'akari da jinsinsu ba, suna da kama, ba launi mai haske ba.
Hali, salon rayuwa
Arapaima tana ƙoƙari ta bi salon rayuwar ƙasa, amma kuma tana iya farauta kusa da saman tafkin. Wannan babban kifin koyaushe yana cikin neman abinci, sabili da haka, yana da wuya ya yiwu a ganshi mara motsi: sai dai a lokacin bin sahun ganima ko ɗan gajeren hutu. Arapaima, godiya ga wutsiyarsa mai ƙarfi, yana iya tsallakewa daga cikin ruwa zuwa tsawonsa, ma'ana, 2-3, da yuwuwar mita 4. Sau da yawa tana yin hakan lokacin da take bin abin farautarta, yayin ƙoƙarin tserewa daga gareta ko guduwa tare da ƙananan rassan bishiyar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Fuskar pharynx da mafitsara a cikin wannan halittar mai ban al'ajabi cike take da jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jini, kuma a tsarinta yana kama da ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda hakan yasa yake kama da tsarin halittar huhun.
Don haka, mafitsara da mafitsara a cikin wannan kifin suma suna yin ayyukan ƙarin ƙwayoyin numfashi. Godiya garesu, arapaima na iya shaƙar iskar yanayi, wanda ke taimaka mata tsira daga fari.
Lokacin da magudanan ruwa ba su da zurfi, sai ya huda cikin danshi ko yashi, amma a lokaci guda yakan tashi saman kowane mintina kaɗan don shan iska, ƙari ma, yana yin shi har cikin hanzari har ana jin sautuna daga manyan huffinsa zuwa ko'ina cikin gundumar. Ba shi yiwuwa a kira arapaima kifin akwatin kifaye na ado, amma duk da haka, ana yawan sanya shi a cikin fursuna, inda, kodayake bai girma zuwa girman girman musamman ba, amma zai iya kaiwa tsawon 50-150 cm.
Wannan kifin sau da yawa ana ajiye shi a cikin gidan zoo da ruwa... Kiyaye ta cikin fursuna ba sauki bane, idan kawai don kuna buƙatar babban akwatin kifaye da kiyaye yanayin zafin jiki koyaushe. Bayan haka, rage zafin ruwan har ma da digiri 2-3 na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga irin wannan kifin mai son zafi. Koyaya, wasu masanan ruwa masu son ruwa suna kiyaye arapaima, waɗanda, ba shakka, zasu iya iya ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa mai dacewa da ita.
Har yaushe arapaima ke rayuwa
Babu ingantaccen bayanai kan tsawon lokacin da irin waɗannan ƙattai suke rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. La'akari da cewa a cikin akwatinan ruwa irin wannan kifin, gwargwadon yanayin wanzuwa da ingancin kulawa a gare su, suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 10-20, ana iya ɗaukar cewa a cikin mazauninsu na rayuwa suna rayuwa aƙalla shekaru 8-10, sai dai, tabbas, an kama su da wuri masunta a kan taru ko a kan garaya.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Wannan burbushin yana rayuwa ne a cikin Amazon, a kasashe kamar su Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana ta Faransa, Suriname, Guyana da Brazil. Hakanan, wannan jinsin ya wanzu a cikin tarin ruwa na Thailand da Malaysia.
Karkashin yanayin yanayi, kifayen sun fi son zama a cikin rafin kogi da kuma cikin tabkuna wadanda ciyawar ruwa ta mamaye su, amma kuma ana samun hakan a wasu wuraren tafki na ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan dumi, wanda zafin sa ya fara daga + 25 zuwa + 29 digiri.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A lokacin damina, arapaima yana da dabi'a ta motsawa zuwa dazuzzuka masu ambaliyar ruwa, kuma da farkon lokacin rani, ya dawo cikin rafuka da tabkuna.
Idan, tare da farkon fari, ba zai yiwu a koma ga asalinsu na asali ba, arapaima ya tsira a wannan karon a cikin ƙananan tabkuna da suka rage a tsakiyar dajin bayan ruwan ya janye. Don haka, komawa cikin kogi ko tabki, idan ta yi sa'a ta tsira a lokacin bushe, kifin zai dawo ne kawai bayan damina mai zuwa, lokacin da ruwa ya fara sake komawa.
Abincin Arapaima
Arapaima ɗan ɓarawo ne mai haɗari, mafi yawan abincinsa ya ƙunshi ƙarami da matsakaiciyar kifi. Amma ba za ta rasa damar farautar kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da ke zaune a kan rassan bishiya ko saukowa zuwa kogi ko tabki don sha ba.
Matasa na wannan nau'in galibi ana banbanta su da yawan lalata ta hanyar abinci kuma suna cin komai: matsakaiciyar kifi, larvae da ƙwarin kwari, ƙananan macizai, ƙananan tsuntsaye ko dabbobi, har ma da gawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Abincin da aka fi so shine Arapaima shine dangin ta na nesa, Aravana, shima mallakar na Aravana ne.
A cikin fursunoni, galibi ana ciyar da waɗannan kifin da abinci mai gina jiki: suna ciyar da su da yanke ruwa ko kifin ruwa mai kyau, naman kaji, naman shanu, da mollusks da amphibians. La'akari da cewa a cikin mazauninsu na arapaima suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa don neman ganima, ana ƙaddamar da ƙananan kifi a cikin akwatin kifaye inda yake zaune. Manya suna ciyarwa ta wannan hanyar sau ɗaya a rana, amma ya kamata a ciyar da yara sau uku, ba ƙasa ba. Idan ciyarwa ta jinkirta, to, arapaim ɗin da suka girma na iya fara farautar kifin da ke zaune tare da akwatin kifaye ɗaya.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Mata za su iya haifuwa sai bayan sun kai shekara 5 da girman aƙalla mita ɗaya da rabi... A yanayi, haɓaka a cikin arapaima yana faruwa ne a ƙarshen hunturu ko farkon bazara: kamar, a cikin Fabrairu-Maris. A lokaci guda, mace na shirya gida don ƙwai ƙwai a gaba, tun kafin ta haihu. Don waɗannan dalilai, ta zaɓi matattarar ruwa mai ɗumi da dumi mai ƙasan yashi, inda babu ƙarancin wuta ko kaɗan ko kuma ba a san shi sosai ba. A can, a ƙasan, tana haƙa rami mai faɗin 50 zuwa 80 cm kuma zurfin 15 zuwa 20, inda daga baya, ta dawo tare da namijin, kuma ta sa ƙwai waɗanda suke da girma a girma.
Bayan kamar kwana biyu, qwai suka fashe kuma soya suka fito daga cikinsu. Duk wannan lokacin, farawa daga kwanciya daga mace har zuwa lokacin da yaran suka zama masu cin gashin kansu, namiji yana gab da zuriyarsa: kariya, kulawa, kulawa da shi har ma da ciyar da shi. Amma mace ma ba ta yin nisa ko dai: tana kiyaye gida, tana yin nesa da ita ba fiye da mita 10-15 ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Da farko, soyayyen yana kusa da namiji koyaushe: har ma suna cin abinci akan farin abu, wanda glandon da ke kusa da idanunsa suka ɓoye shi. Hakanan abu guda, saboda takamammen ƙamshin sa, shima yana aiki ne a matsayin wata fitila ta ƙarama arapaim, yana sa soya inda zasu yi iyo don kar a rasa mahaifin su.
Da farko, yara suna girma cikin sauri kuma suna samun nauyi sosai: a matsakaita, suna girma da 5 cm kowace wata kuma suna ƙara gram 100. Soya fara rayuwa ta farauta a cikin mako guda bayan haifuwarsu, kuma a lokaci guda sun zama masu zaman kansu. Da farko, fara farauta, suna cin abinci ne a kan plankton da ƙananan invertebrates, kuma daga baya ne kawai za su ci gaba zuwa matsakaicin matsakaicin kifi da sauran abincin “manya”.
Koyaya, manyan kifaye suna ci gaba da kula da zuriyarsu har tsawon wata uku. Wataƙila wannan kulawa, baƙon abu ga sauran kifi, an bayyana ta gaskiyar cewa soyayyen arapaim ba su san yadda ake shan iska ba har sai wani lokaci kuma iyayensu suna koya musu daga baya.
Makiya na halitta
A cikin mazauninsu na asali, arapaima kusan bashi da abokan gaba, tunda har piranhas basa iya cizawa ta ma'aunin tsayayyen abin mamaki. Akwai bayanan da ke nuna cewa wasu lokuta wasu lokuta masu farautar kifin suna farautar wadannan kifayen, amma duk da hakan, a cewar bayanan shaidun gani da ido, ba safai ake samunsu ba.
Darajar kasuwanci
Arapaima an dauki shi a matsayin babban abincin Indiyawan Indiyawan tun ƙarni da yawa.... Ga mai launi ja-lemu mai kyau na naman wannan kifin da kuma alamun jan launi a kan ma'auninsa, 'yan asalin Kudancin Amurka sun yi masa laƙabi da "piraruka", wanda ke nufin "jan kifi" kuma wannan sunan na biyu an sanya shi ga arapaima daga baya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Indiyawan sun kirkiro da nasu hanyar kamun arapaima shekaru da yawa da suka gabata: a matsayinka na mai mulki, sun bi sahun dabbobinsu ta hanyar halayyar sa da sautinta mai ƙarfi, bayan haka sun doke kifin da hargoon ko kuma kama su da raga.
Naman Arapaima ana daukar shi mai dadi kuma mai gina jiki, kuma har yanzu ana amfani da kashin sa a maganin gargajiya na Indiya. Hakanan ana amfani dasu don yin jita-jita, kuma ana yin fayilolin ƙusa daga ma'aunin wannan kifin, waɗanda ke da buƙatu ƙwarai tsakanin baƙi masu yawon buɗe ido a cikin kasuwar abin tunawa na gida. Naman wannan kifin har yanzu ana ɗauke da ƙima da daraja sosai. Kuma darajarta a kasuwannin Kudancin Amurka tana da ƙarfi koyaushe. A saboda wannan dalili ne cewa hatta dokar hana kamun kifi a wasu yankuna ba ya sanya arapaima ta zama ƙasa mai ƙima da abin ƙyama ga masunta na gida.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Saboda kamun kifi na tsari, ƙari kuma, galibi tare da amfani da raga, yawan arapaima yana ci gaba da raguwa koyaushe a cikin shekaru ɗari da suka gabata, haka kuma, wannan gaskiya ne ga mafi yawan mutane na arapaima, waɗanda kusan ana neman su da ma'ana, tunda irin wannan babban kifin koyaushe ana ɗaukarsa abin kishi kama. A halin yanzu, a cikin yankuna masu yawa na Amazon, yanzu yana da matukar wuya a sami samfurin wannan nau'in wanda ya wuce mita biyu a tsayi. A wasu yankuna na kewayon, an hana kamun kifi, amma wannan ba ya hana mafarauta da Indiyawa na gida kama arapaima: Bayan haka, tsoffin suna sha'awar wannan kifin ta tsadar farashin namansa, kuma na biyun kawai suna yin irin abin da kakanninsu suka yi na ƙarni da yawa, don su arapaima koyaushe shine mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren abinci.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Mudskippers
- Goblin shark, ko goblin shark
- Stingrays (lat.Batomorphi)
- Monkfish (masunta)
Wasu manoman kasar Brazil, masu fatan kara yawan wadannan kifayen kuma sun sami izini daga hukuma, sun kirkiro da wata hanya ta kiwon wannan nau'in a cikin kamuwa. Bayan haka, sun kama kifin manya a cikin mazauninsu na asali, kuma, bayan sun ƙaura da su cikin tafkunan ruwa na wucin gadi, sun fara haifar da arapaima a cikin kamammu, a cikin tafkunan roba da tafkuna. Don haka, mutanen da suka damu da adana wannan nau'ikan nau'ikan keɓaɓɓen shirin daga ƙarshe su cika kasuwar da nama arapaim da aka kama, kuma, don haka, rage kamun da suke yi a tafkunan ruwa, inda waɗannan kifayen suka rayu shekaru miliyoyi.
Mahimmanci! Dangane da cewa babu wani bayani game da yawan wannan nau'in kuma ko yana raguwa ko a'a, IUCN ba zata ma iya rarraba arapaima a matsayin jinsin kariya ba. Wannan kifin a halin yanzu an bashi Matsayin Matsakaicin Bayani.
Arapaima wata halitta ce mai ban mamaki wacce ta wanzu har zuwa yau... Saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin mazaunin daji kusan ba shi da abokan gaba, sai dai kawai hare-haren da aka keɓe a kan kifin kifi, da alama wannan nau'in ya kamata ya ci gaba. Koyaya, saboda buƙatar naman arapaim, lambar su koyaushe tana raguwa. Masu rajin kare hakkin dabbobi suna daukar duk matakan da suka dace don kiyaye wannan burbushin halittu, wanda ya wanzu tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, kuma banda wannan, wannan kifin ya dade yana kokarin hayayyafa a cikin kamuwa. Kuma lokaci kawai zai nuna ko waɗannan ƙoƙarin zasu yi nasara kuma ko, godiya garesu, zai yiwu a adana arapaim a cikin mazauninsu.
