A Rasha, galibi ana kiran waɗannan tsuntsayen mikiya a teku, saboda abin da suka liƙa a bakin teku da tekun ruwa. Anan ne gaggafa mai-fari ta sami babban abin ganima, kifi.
Bayani game da gaggafa mai farauta
Haliaeetus albicilla (farin mikiya) ta kasance daga nau'in mikiya na teku, wanda aka haɗa cikin dangin shaho. Bayyanar da halayyar farin gaggafa (wanda aka sani da furfura a cikin Ukraine) yayi kama da dan uwanta Ba'amurke Haliaeetus leucocephalus, gaggafa mai sanƙo. Ga wasu masana kimiyyar halittar jiki, kamanceceniyar jinsin biyu sun zama asalin haduwar su zuwa wani babban matsayi.
Bayyanar
Babban tsuntsu na ganima mai girman gaske wanda ke da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ƙafafu (ba kamar gaggafa ta zinariya ba, wacce akasanta kwatankwacin farin gaggafa) da ita ba a rufe ta da fuka-fuka har zuwa yatsun kafa. Theafan ƙafafun suna ɗauke da makamai masu kaifi don ɗauka da riƙe abin wasa, wanda tsuntsu ba tare da jinƙai ya yage tare da ƙaton bakinshi mai ƙarfi. Wani gaggafa fari mai-wutsiya ya yi girma zuwa 0.7-1 m tare da nauyin kilogram 5-7 da kuma fikafikan m na 2-2.5 m.Ya samo sunanta ne daga ɗan gajeren jeji mai siffa, fentin fari kuma ya bambanta da asalin launin ruwan kasa na jiki.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yaran tsuntsaye koyaushe suna da duhu fiye da manya, suna da bakin toka mai duhu, irises mai duhu da wutsiyoyi, ɗigon hawa na tsawo a cikin ciki da alamar marmara a saman jelar. Tare da kowane zubi, samari suna ƙara kama da tsofaffin dangi, suna samun bayyanar manya bayan balaga, wanda baya faruwa kafin shekaru 5, wani lokacin ma daga baya.
Filayen launin ruwan kasa na fuka-fuki da jiki yana ɗan haske zuwa kai, samun launin rawaya ko fari. Wani lokaci ana kiran Orlana da idanun zinare saboda huda idanuwan amber-yellow. Kafafu, kamar bakin da ke da ƙarfi, suma rawaya ne masu haske.
Salon rayuwa, hali
An gane ungulu mai farin goge a matsayin ta huɗu mafi girma a cikin Turai, tana mai barin griffon ungulu, gemu da gemu da baƙin ungulu a gaba. Mikiya tana da maza daya kuma, suna kirkirar mutane biyu, tsawon shekaru sun mamaye yanki daya tare da radius har zuwa kilomita 25-80, inda suke yin tsaf-tsaf, yin farauta da fatattakar yan uwansu. Hakanan suma mikiya masu fari-da-fata ba sa tsayawa a bikin tare da kajinsu, suna aika su daga gidan mahaifinsu da zarar sun tashi a kan fikafikan.
Mahimmanci! Dangane da abubuwan da Buturlin ya lura, gaggafa suna kama da gaggafa kuma ba su da kamannin gaggafa na zinariya, amma na waje ne ba na ciki ba: halayensu da salon rayuwarsu sun bambanta. Mikiya tana da alaƙa da gaggafa ta zinariya ba kawai tarsus tsirara ba (ana yin gashinsu a cikin gaggafa), amma kuma ta musamman ta musamman a saman yatsun hannu, wanda ke taimakawa wajen riƙe ganima mai santsi.
Gaggaren da ke lura da saman ruwan, gaggafa mai farin-wutsiya yana neman kifi domin ya yi sauri nutso zuwa gare shi kuma, kamar yana ɗauka da ƙafafunsa. Idan kifin yana da zurfin, mai farautar ya shiga karkashin ruwa na wani lokaci, amma bai isa ya rasa iko ya mutu ba.
Labaran da babban kifi ke iya jan hancin mikiya a karkashin ruwa, a ra'ayin Buturlin, almara ce mara kyau.... Akwai masunta da ke da'awar cewa sun ga farautar gaggafa da aka shigo da ita a bayan satar da aka kama.
Wannan, ba shakka, ba zai yiwu ba - tsuntsu yana da 'yanci ya saki rikonsa, ya saki sturgeon ya tashi a kowane lokaci. Gudun gaggafa ba abin birgewa bane da gaggawa kamar na gaggafa ko falle. Dangane da asalinsu, gaggafa ta yi nauyi, ta bambanta da gaggafa a madaidaiciya kuma mafi annashuwa, kusan ba tare da lankwasawa ba, fikafikan.
Mikiya mai farin-wutsi yakan yi amfani da fukafukinsa masu fadi, ya fadada a sararin samaniya, don tashin gwauron zabi ya tashi, tare da taimakon igiyoyin ruwa masu tasowa. Zama a kan rassan, gaggafa mafi yawanta tana kama da ungulu tare da haushin kansa wanda yake zubewa da dusar ƙyallen. Idan kun yi imani da shahararren masanin kimiyyar Soviet Boris Veprintsev, wanda ya tattara ɗakunan karatu mai ɗorewa na muryoyin tsuntsaye, gaggafa mai farin goro yana da halin babban ihu "kli-kli-kli ..." ko "kyak-kyak-kyak ...". Mikiya mai cike da damuwa ta sauya zuwa gajerun kuka mai kama da ƙarfe mai ƙarfe, wani abu kamar "shura-shura ..." ko "shura-shura ...".
Har yaushe ne gaggafar farin-wutsiya ke rayuwa
A cikin bauta, tsuntsaye suna rayuwa fiye da yadda suke a cikin daji, suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 40 ko fiye. Mikiya mai farin-wutsiyoyi suna rayuwa a cikin muhallinsu na tsawon shekaru 25-27.
Jima'i dimorphism
Mata da maza sun banbanta sosai a launin launi kamar girmansu: mata sun fi maza girma da nauyi. Idan karshen yayi nauyi 5-5.5 kg, tsohon riba har zuwa 7 kilogiram na taro.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Idan ka kalli yankin Eurasia na farin gaggafa, ya faro daga Scandinavia da Denmark zuwa kwarin Elbe, ya kama Czech Republic, Slovakia da Hungary, ya tashi daga Balkan Peninsula zuwa yankin Anadyr da Kamchatka, ya bazu zuwa gabar tekun Pacific na gabashin Asiya.
A cikin arewacin yankin, zangon yana kan gabar Norway (har zuwa 70th layi daya), tare da arewacin Kola Peninsula, kudu da Kanin da Timan tundra, tare da yankin kudancin Yamal, zuwa gaba zuwa yankin Gydan Peninsula har zuwa layi na 70, sannan zuwa bakin Yenisei da Pyasina (akan Taimyr), yin aure tsakanin kwaruruwan Khatanga da Lena (har zuwa na 73 a layi daya) kuma ya ƙare kusa da gangaren kudanci na tsaunin Chukotka.
Kari akan haka, ana samun gaggafa mai farin-ciki a yankunan da ke kudu:
- Asiya orarama da Girka;
- arewacin Iraki da Iran;
- ƙasan Amu Darya;
- ƙananan ƙasan Alakol, Ili da Zaisan;
- arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin;
- arewacin Mongolia;
- Yankin Koriya.
Hakanan farin gaggafa yana zaune a gabar yamma da gabar Greenland har zuwa Disko Bay. Tsuntsayen na tsugunne a tsibirai kamar su Tsibirin Kuril, Sakhalin, Oland, Iceland da Hokkaido. Masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun ba da shawarar cewa yawan gaggafar teku suna rayuwa a tsibirin Novaya Zemlya da Vaygach. A baya can, gaggafa ta yi kwazo a cikin Faroe da Tsibirin Burtaniya, Sardinia da Corsica. Don lokacin hunturu, gaggafa mai farin-fata ya zaɓi ƙasashen Turai, gabashin China da Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A arewa, gaggafa tana yin kama da tsuntsayen da ke yin ƙaura, a cikin yankunan kudanci da tsakiyarta - kamar masu zaman banza ko makiyaya. Eananan gaggafa da ke zaune a tsakiyar hanya galibi suna zuwa kudu a lokacin hunturu, yayin da tsofaffi ba sa jin tsoron yin ɗamarar shiga cikin jikin ruwa mara sanyi.
A cikin kasarmu, ana samun gaggafa mai farin-wutsiya a ko'ina, amma an fi ganin yawan mutane da yawa a yankunan Azov, Caspian da Baikal, inda ake ganin tsuntsu sau da yawa. Mikiya masu farin-wutsi suna gida kusa da manyan ruwaye a cikin manyan ƙasashe da kuma gabar teku, wanda ke ba tsuntsaye wadataccen abinci.
Farar gaggafa cin abinci
Abincin da gaggafa ta fi so shine kifi (wanda bai fi kilogiram 3 nauyi ba), wanda ke da babban wuri a cikin abincin sa. Amma sha'awar abincin mai takaddama bai iyakance ga kifi kawai ba: yana jin daɗin cin abincin daji (ƙasa da tsuntsaye), kuma a lokacin sanyi yakan sauya zuwa gawar.
Abincin abinci na gaggafa mai farauta ya haɗa da:
- tsuntsayen ruwa, gami da agwagi, loons da geese;
- kurege;
- marmot (bobaki);
- berayen bera;
- gophers.
Mikiya tana canza dabarun farauta gwargwadon nau'I da girman abin bin sa. Ya kama abin farauta a cikin jirgi ko ya nutsar da shi daga sama, yana kallon sama, kuma yana lura da shi, yana zaune akan ƙyamar ko kuma kawai ya karɓe shi daga mai rauni.
A yankin matattakala, gaggafa na yin kwanton bauna, berayen beraye da gwatso a kasa a burbushinsu, kuma suna kama dabbobi masu saurin dabbobi kamar kurege a cikin jirgin. Don tsuntsayen ruwa (gami da manya, girman sifa, agwagwa) suna amfani da wata dabara daban, tilasta su yin nutsuwa cikin tsoro.
Mahimmanci! Yawancin lokaci rashin lafiya, mai rauni ko tsoffin dabbobi suna zama masu fama da gaggafa. Mikiya masu fari-da-ruwa basu da ruwa daga kifin da ya daskarewa, ya rasa kuma ya kamu da tsutsotsi. Duk wannan, tare da cin mushe, yana ba mu damar ɗaukar tsuntsaye a matsayin ainihin ƙa'idodin yanayi.
Masu lura da tsuntsaye suna da kwarin gwiwa cewa gaggafa masu fararen fata suna kula da daidaitaccen tsarin halittar halittar su.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Mikiya mai farin-kai ta kasance mai goyon bayan ka'idojin sadarwar mazan jiya, saboda abin da ya zaɓi abokin tarayya har tsawon rayuwarsa... Wasu gaggafa sun tashi sama tare don hunturu, kuma a cikin tsari guda, kusan a cikin Maris - Afrilu, sun dawo gida zuwa gida na asali.
Gida mikiya tayi daidai da mallakar iyali - tsuntsaye suna rayuwa a ciki tsawon shekaru (tare da hutu don hunturu), an kammala su kuma an dawo dasu kamar yadda ya kamata. Masu farautar dabbobi suna yin sheƙan ruwa a bakin kogi da gefen tafki wanda bishiyoyi suka mamaye (misali, itacen oaks, birch, pines ko Willows) ko kuma kai tsaye kan duwatsu da tsaunukan kogi, inda babu ciyawar da ta dace da gida.
Mikiya na yin gida gida daga rassan masu kauri, suna lika gindinta da guntun bawonta, da guntaye, da ciyawa, da gashin fuka-fukai sannan su kafa shi a kan babban reshe ko cokali mai yatsa. Babban sharadin shine sanya gurbi kamar yadda zai yiwu (15-25 m daga ƙasa) daga maharan ƙasa da ke mamaye ta.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sabon gurbi da wuya ya wuce mita 1 a diamita, amma a kowace shekara yana samun nauyi, tsayi da faɗi har sai ya ninka sau biyu: irin waɗannan gine-ginen sukan faɗi ƙasa, kuma gaggafa dole su sake gina gidansu.
Mace tana sanya fararen ƙwai guda biyu (da wuya sau 1 ko 3), wani lokacin ma ana barsu da diga-dalla. Kowane kwai girmansa yakai 7-7.8 cm * 5.7-6.2 cm Girman ciki yana ɗaukar makonni 5, kuma kajin suna ƙyanƙyashe a cikin Mayu, wanda ke buƙatar kulawar iyaye na kusan watanni 3. A farkon watan Agusta, brood ya fara tashi, kuma tuni daga rabi na biyu na watan Satumba da Oktoba, samari sun bar gidajen iyayensu.
Makiya na halitta
Saboda girmanta da kuma karfin bakinsa, gaggafa farat-wutsiya kusan ba ta da abokan gaba. Gaskiya ne, wannan ya shafi manya ne kawai, kuma ƙwai da kajin gaggafa a koyaushe suna cikin matsi daga dabbobin da ke farautar su waɗanda za su iya hawa bishiyoyi. Masana burbushin halittu sun tabbatar da cewa gidajan da yawa da mikiya suka gina a arewa maso gabashin Sakhalin ana lalata su ta ... bea mai ruwan kasa, kamar yadda yake nunawa ta yadda ake yin zane-zane akan haushi. Don haka, a shekara ta 2005, bears matasa sun lalata kusan rabin nests tare da kalar farin gaggafa a matakai daban-daban na haɓakar su.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata, mafi munin makiyin gaggafa ya zama mutum wanda ya yanke shawarar cewa suna cin kifi da yawa kuma suna kama adadin muskrats da ba za a karɓa ba, wanda ke ba shi fur mai tamani.
Sakamakon yanka, lokacin da ba kawai aka harbi manya tsuntsaye ba, amma kuma da gangan aka kashe kamala da kajin, shi ne mutuwar yawancin dabbobin. A zamanin yau, an gane gaggafa masu farin-fata a matsayin abokai na mutum da dabbobi, amma yanzu tsuntsaye suna da sabbin dalilai na damuwa, misali, kwararar mafarauta da masu yawon bude ido, wanda ke haifar da canji a wuraren da ke cikin gida.
Mikiya da yawa suna mutuwa a cikin tarkon da aka ɗora akan dabbobin daji: kimanin tsuntsaye 35 ke mutuwa kowace shekara saboda wannan dalili.... Kari a kan haka, gaggafa, bayan ziyarar rashin kulawa ta mutum, ta jefa abin da ta kyankyashe ba tare da nadama ba, amma ba ta kaiwa mutane hari ba, koda kuwa sun lalata gidanta.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Norway da Rasha (inda kusan gida-gida dubu bakwai suka kewaya) suna da sama da kashi 55% na Turawan gaggafa masu fararen fata, kodayake rarraba jinsunan a Turai ba shi da yawa. Haliaeetus albicilla an jera shi a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red na Tarayyar Rasha da IUCN, a na biyun kuma an lasafta shi a matsayin "ƙarancin damuwa" saboda yawan wuraren zama.
A cikin Turai, yawan gaggafa fararen fuka-fuka sun kai nau'ikan kiwo 9-12.3 dubu, wanda yayi daidai da tsuntsaye manya 17,9-24.5. Yawan mutanen Turai, bisa ga kimantawar IUCN, ya kai kusan 50-74% na yawan mutanen duniya, wanda ke nuna cewa jimlar gaggafa ta teku tana kusa da 24.2-49 dubu cikakkun tsuntsaye.
Duk da jinkirin karuwar yawan mutanen duniya, gaggafa mai farauta tana fama da abubuwa da yawa game da dabi'un mutum:
- lalacewa da bacewar dausayi;
- gina injin iska;
- gurbatar yanayi;
- rashin damar yin amfani da wuraren nest (saboda hanyoyin zamani da ake amfani da su a cikin gandun daji);
- fitina daga mutum;
- ci gaban masana'antar mai;
- amfani da karafa masu nauyi da magungunan kashe kwari na organochlorine.
Mahimmanci! Tsuntsayen suna barin gidajensu na gargajiya saboda yawan sare tsoffin bishiyoyi tare da rawanin da suka inganta, haka kuma saboda talaucin wadatar abinci sakamakon farauta da harbi da farauta.
Duk da fifikon abubuwan da suke so na ciki, gaggafa na buƙatar yankuna masu kifi / kifi don ciyar da 'ya'yansu. A wasu yankuna, adadin gaggafa, hakika, a hankali yana ƙaruwa, amma, a ƙa'ida, waɗannan wuraren kariya ne inda kusan babu mutane.
