Viperidae, ko viperidae, babban dangi ne wanda ke haɗa macizai masu dafi, waɗanda aka fi sani da macizai. Macijin ne maciji mafi haɗari a cikin mashiginmu, saboda haka yana da matukar mahimmanci a iya rarrabe waɗannan halittu masu rarrafe daga macizai marasa cutarwa ga mutane.
Bayanin macijin
Dukkanin macizai suna da yanayin kasancewar wata huda a ciki da kuma wasu canines masu tsawo wadanda ake amfani dasu don fitar da gubar da glandon na dafin musamman suka samar, wadanda suke tsaye kai tsaye ta bayan hammatar ta sama. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan canines ɗin suna a gaban bakin macijin, kuma suna kan ƙugu maxillary ta juyawa.
A waje da amfani, ana narkar da canines baya kuma an rufe su da takaddama na musamman... Canines na dama da na hagu suna juya kansu da kansu. A yayin yakin, bakin macijin na da karfin budewa a kusurwar da ta kai digiri 180, kuma kashin da ke juyawa ya kan fito da igiyoyin sa zuwa gaba. Rufe muƙamuƙan yana faruwa yayin tuntuɓar juna, yayin da tsokoki masu ƙarfi da ci gaba waɗanda ke kusa da dafin ƙwayoyin cuta ke kwangila a bayyane, wanda ke haifar da daɗaɗa dafin. Wannan aikin nan take an san shi da cizo, kuma macizai ke amfani dashi don hana abin farautar su ko kare kai.
Kan macijin yana da siffa mai juzu'i mai kusurwa uku tare da hancin hanci mara kyau kuma yana hango wasu kusurwoyi na wucin gadi. A saman ƙarshen hanci, kai tsaye tsakanin ƙasan hancin, wasu nau'ikan suna da alamun kasancewar ƙwaya ɗaya ko biyu masu haɗuwa waɗanda aka auna ta sikeli. Sauran nau'ikan macizai sun banbanta a wurin da irin wannan fitowar ta tsiro a saman idanuwa. A wannan yanayin, suna yin wani abu mai kama da ƙahonin yau da kullun.
Idanun dabbobi masu rarrafe ƙanana ne, tare da ɗalibi a tsaye, wanda zai iya buɗewa ba kawai a cikin faɗi kaɗai ba, amma kuma ya kusan kusan rufewa, saboda abin da macizai ke iya gani daidai ta kowace fuska. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ƙaramin ƙuƙwalwa yana sama da idanu, wanda ke yin ma'auni.
Wani abin birgewa da aka inganta ya ba maciji mummunan yanayi. Jikin dabbobi masu rarrafe gajere ne kuma girman su yafi yawa a tsakiyar. Launi ya canza a hankali dangane da mazauni da halaye na jinsin, amma koyaushe yana goyan baya kuma yana ɓoye maciji a bayan shimfidar yanayin.
Bayyanar
Fasar macizan Burmese, ko kuma macizan kasar Sin (Azemiops feae), na daga cikin nau'in macizai masu dafi. Tsawon jiki na manya ya kai 76-78 cm, kuma manyan garkuwoyi suna kan kan. Jiki na sama ruwan zaitun ne. Partasan jikin mutum mai tsami ne, kuma akwai ratsi masu rawaya a gefen bangarorin. Kan ya kasance rawaya ne ko kuma launi mai duhu. Duk membobin wannan rukunin gidan suna cikin rukunin gwanayen macizai.
Toip vipers (Causus) wata ƙungiya ce ta ɗabi'a mai haɗe-haɗe ciki har da ɗayan asalin Causus. Irin waɗannan macizan suna cikin jinsin tsoffin wakilai na zamanin da saboda kasancewar waɗannan sifofi masu zuwa:
- oviparous;
- fasalin tsarin kayan aiki masu guba;
- sabon hawa da kai;
- zagaye yara.
Smallananan ƙananan girma, macizai masu tsayi, waɗanda tsayinsu bai wuce mita ba, suna da tsattsauran siffar silinda ko kuma ta ɗan daidaita, ba jiki mai kauri ba. A wannan yanayin, tsananin matsalar katsewar mahaifa ba ya nan. Wutsiya gajera ce. An rufe kai da manya-manyan sifofin daidaitattun sifofi, saboda abin da macizai masu kama da maciji da macizai suke. Garkuwar intermaxillary tana da fadi da girma, wani lokacin a juye ta. Sikeli a jiki mai santsi ne ko kuma yana da rauni a bayyane (layuka dorsal). Thealiban idanun suna zagaye.
Hole-kole, ko rattlesnakes (Crotalinae) ƙungiya ce ta macizai masu dafi waɗanda aka rarrabe su da kasancewar wasu ramuka masu zafi masu zafi wanda yake tsakanin hanci da idanu. Zuwa yau, kusan fiye da ɗari biyu na wannan rukunin gidan an bayyana.... Tare da wasu daga cikin dangin, dukkan kawunan rami suna da rami guda huda da kuma hakoran hakora masu ɗan tsayi. Kai yana da, a matsayin mai mulkin, fasali mai kusurwa uku, ɗaliban idanun iri iri ne. Wasu ramuka guda biyu na raunin thermoreceptor a yankin kai yana da tasirin radadin infrared, wanda zai baiwa macizan wannan dangin damar sanin abincinsu gwargwadon yanayin zafin da ke tsakanin muhalli da abincin. Girman ungulu na ungulu suna daga 50 cm zuwa 350 cm.
Viper subfamily a halin yanzu ya hada da jinsi goma sha biyu kuma sama da jinsuna goma sha shida:
- Macijin itace (Atheris);
- Macizan tsaunuka (Adenorhinos);
- Macijin Afirka (Bitis);
- Sarkar maciji (Daboia);
- Macizai masu ƙaho (Cerastes);
- Efi (Есhis);
- Katon maciji (Masrovipera);
- Macizai masu rikici (Еristicophis);
- Macizan Kenya na tsaunuka (Montatheris);
- Macizan ƙahonin ƙarya (Pseudocerastes);
- Macizan gulbi (Proatheris);
- Real macizai (Virera).
Wakilan gidan ba su da ramuka masu zafi (infrared), kuma tsawon manya na iya bambanta tsakanin 28-200 cm har ma da ƙari. Yawancin nau'ikan suna da jaka mai azanci wanda ke kan hancin maciji. Irin wannan jakar jakar fata ce tsakanin garkuwar hanci da na hanci, wanda aka jona shi da jijiyar kwanar jiki yayin aikin juyawa.
Sunan Rashanci na gama gari "rattlesnake" saboda kasancewar wani ɗan ƙaramin abu ne na musamman a cikin wata 'yar asalin Arewacin Amurka ta Yamkogolovye (Crotalus da Sistrurus), wacce take a ƙarshen wutsiyar. Irin wannan ɗan ƙaramin canjin shine sikeli masu canzawa wanda ke samarda sassan motsi. Sauti na musamman mai "rattling" yana faruwa ne sakamakon karowar sassan a yayin juzu'in halitta na ƙarshen jela.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Ba za a iya danganta kumburai zuwa ga zakarun da ke gudana ba... Irin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe galibi basa jinkiri, kuma suna iya ciyar da kusan yini duka a cikin yanayin kwance na musamman, kwata-kwata ba tare da motsin da ba dole ba. Da fitowar magariba, ana kunna macizan kuma a wannan lokacin ne suka fara abun da suka fi so, wanda shine farauta. Manyan mutane sun fi son yin karya na motsi na dogon lokaci, suna jiran duk wani abin farauta da zai faɗa cikin yankin da abin ya shafa kanta. A wannan lokacin, macijin bai rasa damar cin abinci ba, don haka suna kai hari ga abincinsu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kalmomin "fadama cike da vipers", galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin maganganun jituwa, a mafi yawan lokuta gaskiya ne ba tare da ma'ana ba.
Babban fasalin macizai shine ikon su na iyo yadda ya kamata, don haka irin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe za su iya ninkaya ko'ina cikin kogin da ke da faɗi ko wani babban ruwa. Sau da yawa, ana samun macizai a gefen tekun da yawa na tafkunan ruwa, kuma ba sa kaurace wa filaye.
Gwanaye nawa ke rayuwa
A matsayinka na mai mulki, matsakaiciyar rayuwar wakilan viper a yanayin yanayi shine shekaru goma sha biyar, amma wasu samfuran suna da yanayin rayuwar gaba ɗaya na kwata na karni ko ma fiye da haka.
Jima'i dimorphism
A mafi yawan lokuta, dimorphism na jima'i ba shi da asali a cikin nau'ikan macizai da yawa, sai dai maza galibi suna da jela mai kauri - wani nau'in "ajiya" ne ga hemipenis. A halin yanzu, macizai suna da lalata a cikin jima'i. A gani, cikakkun mutane masu bambancin jinsi na jinsi daban-daban sun banbanta da fasali da yawa, gami da bambancin bambanci da tsananin launi. A mafi yawan lokuta, manya na veraye suna da halaye da launuka masu banbanci, kuma mata galibi ba su da launuka masu haske da cikakken launi. Tare da canza launin launi, dimorphism kusan ba ya nan.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, kusan 10% na mutane masu shakku, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, suna da halayyar launuka na kishiyar jinsi. Mata na yawancin nau'ikan galibi suna kai girman girma kuma suna da ɗan siriri da gajere, mai ɗan gajarta da faɗi. Yankin shugaban a cikin mata koyaushe yana da ƙarfi, kuma siffarsa tana kusa da bayyanar alwati ɗaya mai daidaituwa. Maza suna rarrabewa ta hanyar kunkuntar kuma mai tsawan kai, jumloli wanda ya dace dasu da siffar alwatiran isosceles.
Nau'o'in macizai
A cikin aji na dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsarin Scaly da dangin Viper, akwai iyalai guda hudu wadanda suke:
- Macizan Burmese (Azemiopinae);
- Toip vipers (Causinae);
- Ramin-kai (Crotalinae);
- Viperinae.
An yi la'akari da kawunan rami a cikin matsayin dangi, kuma a farkon wannan karnin akwai ɗan ƙasa da ɗari uku.
Magungunan almara
Dangane da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, ana amfani da dafin maciji sosai kuma yana da ƙimar albarkatun ƙasa da aka yi amfani da su wajen kera magunguna da yawa har ma da kayan kwalliya. Dafin maciji wani hadadden hadaddiyar giyar ne wacce ta hada da sunadarai, lipids, peptides, amino acid, sugars da wasu gishirin inorganic.
Shirye-shiryen da aka samo daga dafin maciji ana amfani da su azaman mai sauƙin jin zafi don rheumatism da neuralgia, a cikin maganin wasu cututtukan fata da hauhawar jini. Irin wadannan magungunan na magani sun nuna kwazo sosai wajen magance hare-haren asma, tare da zubar jini, da kuma wasu matakai na kumburi.
Dafin maciji ya shiga jikin mutane ko dabbobi ta hanyar tsarin kwayar halitta, bayan haka kusan a take zai shiga cikin jini.... Mafi tasirin tasirin cizon maciji ya haɗa da zafi mai zafi, ja da kumburi kewaye da rauni. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, duk bayyanarwar ta waje ta rashin maye a cikin kwanaki biyu ba tare da wani mummunan sakamako ko barazanar rai ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Dafin kowane irin maciji ana ɗaukar shi mai haɗari ga mutane, kuma sakamakon cizon wasu wakilai na dangin na Viper na iya zama sanadiyyar mutuwa.
A cikin mummunan nau'in guba, alamun cutar sun fi bayyana. Kimanin rubu'in sa'a ɗaya bayan saran maciji, alamun bayyanar sun bayyana, waɗanda ke wakilta ta jiri, jiri da bugun baki, sanyi da jin jiki. Sakamakon yawan adadin abubuwa masu guba yana sumewa, tashin hankali, da kuma suma. Vipers sun fi rikici a lokacin kiwo, daga kusan Maris zuwa farkon Mayu.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Wurin zama na wakilan babban dangi wanda ke hada macizai masu dafi, waɗanda aka fi sani da macizai, a halin yanzu suna da bambanci sosai. Ana iya samun tururuwa a cikin babban ɓangaren nahiyar Afirka, da kuma a Asiya da yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Vipers kawai suna jin daɗi ba kawai a cikin ɗakunan busassun ƙafafu ba, har ma a cikin yanayin yanayin damina na gandun daji.
Wakilan wannan dangi na iya zama a cikin gangaren dutse, kuma galibi suna zama dazukan arewa. A ƙa'ida, macizai sun fi son rayuwa ta duniya. Koyaya, tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban, galibi ana samun mutane masu jagorantar ɓoyayyen salon rayuwa. Wani babban wakilin irin wannan nau'in shine viper na duniya, wanda yake na ɗan asalin halittar Hairpins (Atractaspis).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Tsawon lokacin hunturu na maciji kai tsaye ya dogara da yankin, sabili da haka jinsunan arewa na damuna mai laushi kusan watanni tara a shekara, kuma ga mazaunan ƙauyuka masu saurin yanayi, irin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna fita zuwa saman kusan a cikin Maris-Afrilu, lokacin da suka fara haifuwa da aiki.
Vipers hibernate, a matsayin mai mulkin, farawa daga Oktoba-Nuwamba. A matsayin yanayin kwanciyar hankali mai dadi "ɗakin kwana" dabbobi masu rarrafe suna zaɓar burodi iri-iri da zasu shiga cikin ƙasa. Mafi yawan lokuta, zurfin hunturu na macizai baya wuce mituna biyu, wanda ke bawa wakilan dangin Viper damar yin hunturu a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin zafin jiki. A cikin yanayin fihirisar yawan jama'a, da yawa daga cikin manya suna yawan haduwa a cikin kabari ɗaya.
Abincin cin abinci
Macizai shahararrun mafarauta ne, galibi babu dare, kuma irin wadannan macizai sukan afkawa ganima galibi daga kwanton bauna... An afka wa ganima da saurin jefawa, bayan haka cijeji da hazo masu dafi. A ƙarƙashin tasirin dafin, irin wannan mutumin da macijin ya shafa ya mutu a zahiri a cikin fewan mintoci kaɗan, bayan haka kuma macijin ya fara cin abinci.
Yayin ciyarwa, galibi abincin yakan haɗiye duka. Babban menu na maciji ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙananan beraye da yawa, da ƙadangare da sababbi, kwadi na marsh har ma da wasu nau'in tsuntsaye. Vananan macizai galibi suna cin abinci a kan ƙwaro wanda girmansa ya isa, suna cin fara, kuma suna iya kama malam buɗe ido da kwari.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, macijin Schlegel yana farautar ganimar sa a rataye, yana zaune akan bishiya, kuma ƙarshen jelar sa mai haske shine koto.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin saduwa da macizai masu dafi yana faruwa a lokacin bazara, galibi a watan Mayu, da tsawon lokacin ɗaukar ciki na maciji, tare da wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe daga aji masu rarrafe, kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayin yanayi kuma zai iya kasancewa daga watanni uku zuwa shida. Wani lokaci macizai masu ciki na iya yin hibernate ma.
A ƙa'ida, daga yara goma zuwa ashirin ake haifuwa, wanda nan da nan ya gaji gubar daga iyayensu. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i bayan haihuwa, matasa macizai sun yi zina. Kubiyoci galibi suna rayuwa ne a cikin lalatattun bishiyun daji ko kuma a cikin manyan ramuka, kuma suna amfani da kwari don ciyarwa. Macizai maza sun manyanta a kusan shekara huɗu.
Makiya na halitta
A cikin yanayin yanayi, macizai suna da yawan abokan gaba. Yawancinsu sam ba sa jin tsoron gungumen azaba na wakilan babban dangi waɗanda ke haɗa macizai masu dafi. Foxes da badgers, boars daji da ferrets, waɗanda ke da ƙarfin kariya ga aikin guba da ke cikin dafin maciji, suna cin abinci a kan naman maciji. Kari akan haka, irin wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe na iya zama ganima ga yawancin tsuntsayen ganima, wakiltar mujiya, heron, dawakai da gaggafa maciji.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ana kama dabbobi masu rarrafe don samun dafin tsada da tsada don magani. Hakanan, wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan maciji suna da karfi sosai don farautar masanan da zasu iya zama masu amfani da kayan masarufi.
Gandun daji, waɗanda ba dabbobi masu cin maciji ba, galibi suna yin faɗa da macizai. A mafi yawan lokuta, bishiyoyin shinge ne ke fitowa daga irin wannan yaƙe-yaƙe kamar masu cin nasara ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Babban maƙiyi mafi yawan nau'ikan maciji yanzu mutane ne. Mutane ne da yawa kuma da ma'ana suke kashe duk macizan da suka haɗu da su. Hakanan, macizai a koyaushe suna wahala daga hanyoyin dabbanci, galibi ana amfani da su a cikin yanayin farautar da ba ta da iko.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Yawan wasu nau'ikan macizai na raguwa a hankali.Misali, jimillar yawan macizai na da saurin raguwa, galibi ƙarƙashin tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam. Yawan mutane yana da mummunan tasiri ta hanyar ci gaban aiki na wuraren da aka saba da macizai, magudanan ruwa na wuraren fadama da ambaliyar ruwa na kogin ruwa, da shimfida manyan tituna da yawa da sauye-sauye iri-iri.
Babu ƙarancin mahimmanci shine lalacewar wadatar abinci don dabbobi masu rarrafe... Irin waɗannan yanayi sun zama babban dalilin rarrabuwar kawuna, tare da ɓacewar ɗimbin ɗumbin mutane a cikin yankuna waɗanda humansan Adam ke ƙwarewa sosai. Kodayake duk da cewa a wasu yankuna an kiyaye gandun daji gaba daya kuma halin da ake ciki na irin wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe na da aminci, an hada macijin cikin littafin Red Book na yankuna da yawa lokaci daya, gami da Moscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod da Orenburg.
A cikin ƙasashen Turai masu ci gaban masana'antu, yawan macizai a yanzu yana raguwa da sauri. A halin yanzu, fa'idodi masu amfani na wanzuwar irin wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe bayyane suke. Irin waɗannan macizan suna da hannu a cikin ƙa'idodin halitta na yawan ƙwayoyin cuta masu yada haɗari, suna samar da albarkatun ƙasa masu mahimmanci don samar da shirye-shiryen magunguna da magani na musamman "Antigadyuka".
