Tsuntsaye (Parus) tsuntsaye ne masu yawan gaske wadanda ke cikin dangin Tit da kuma tsarin Passerine. Wakilin jinsi shine babban titin (Parus babba), wanda ya zama gama gari a yankuna da yawa na Rasha.
Tit bayanin
Kalmar "tit" an samo ta ne daga sunan "shuɗi", saboda haka tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da launin shuɗin tit ɗin shuɗi (Cyanistes caeruleus), wanda a da yake na jinsin titmouse ne. Yawancin jinsuna waɗanda a da suke mallakar tsuntsaye na ainihi yanzu an canza su zuwa rukunin wasu jinsi: Sittiparus, Machlolophus, Periarus, Melaniparus, Pseudopodoces, blue tit (Poecilе) da blue tit (Cyanistеs).
Bayyanar
Rukunin kuɗi na dangin Tit ne: tsuntsaye masu tsayi-dogon lokaci da masu kauri... A cikin duniyar yau akwai fiye da ɗari da aka sani kuma sun yi nazari sosai game da jinsunan tsuntsaye waɗanda aka danganta da wannan nau'in, amma har yanzu, al'ada ce a yi la’akari da yanzu tsuntsayen da aka haɗa a cikin titan uwa. Wakilan jinsunan Gray titin suna dauke da sifa mai yalwar baki tare da ciki, da kuma rashin wata toka. Babban bambanci na musamman shine launin toka mai launin baya, baƙar fata, ɗigon fari a kan kumatu da kirji mai haske. Ciki fari ne, tare da hular tsakiya baki.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Babban falon mai launin toka ne, kuma gashin jelar jelar baƙi ne. Thearfin ƙarƙashin kuma baƙar fata ne a cikin ɓangaren tsakiya kuma halayyar farin launi ne a tarnaƙi.
Babban titin wayar tafi-da-gidanka ne, mafi girman tsuntsu, mai tsawon jiki 13-17 cm, tare da matsakaicin nauyi a tsakanin zangon 14-21 g da kuma fikafikan da bai wuce 22-26 cm ba.Rayoyin sun banbanta a wuya da kai na launi mai launi, kuma yana da idanu fararen kumatu ne, masu kalar zaitun da ƙasan rawaya. Subsananan raƙuman wannan nau'in sun bambanta a cikin wasu sanannun bambancin ra'ayi a cikin launi na plumage.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Yana da matukar wahala ga titin fitina ya ɓoye ko ya zauna wuri ɗaya na dogon lokaci. Irin wannan tsuntsu ya saba da motsi koyaushe, amma yana da cikakkiyar siffar fuka-fukai dangane da mazaunin ta. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, tsuntsaye ba su da kishiya a cikin saurin tunani, motsi da son sani, kuma godiya ga kafafuwansu masu karfi da karfi, irin wannan karamin tsuntsu yana iya yin dabaru da yawa, gami da kowane irin tashin hankali.
Godiya ga ingantattun ƙafafu, titmouses suna rayuwa koda a cikin mummunan yanayi, kasancewar suna da nisa sosai daga gidansu. Haɗa ƙusoshinta zuwa saman reshe, tsuntsun nan da nan yakan yi barci, ya zama kama da kamanni da ƙaramar dunƙulen fata. Wannan yanayin ne yake ceton ta yayin tsananin sanyi mai sanyi. Yanayin rayuwa na dukkan titmice yawanci rashin nutsuwa ne, amma wasu jinsunan, a cewar lura da masana, sukan yi ta yawo lokaci-lokaci.
Koyaya, kowane nau'in tsuntsaye yana da abubuwan da yake da su, mafi kyawun sifofinsu, kuma halayen da ke haɗa dukkan wakilan jinsi suna da kyau kuma abin tunawa ne mai lalacewa, halayyar ɗabi'a mara kyau da kuma siriri, waƙoƙi mai ƙarfi.
Tsarin narkewa a cikin tsuntsayen wannan nau'in a karkashin yanayi na faruwa sau ɗaya kawai a kowane watanni goma sha biyu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yawanci launin ruwan toka galibi ana lura dashi nau'i-nau'i, amma wani lokacin ana haɗa irin waɗannan tsuntsayen zuwa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu saurin magana ko kuma da wasu nau'in tsuntsayen. Abubuwan da ake kira garken garken sun fi samarwa cikin neman abinci a lokacin yunwa.
A dabi'arsu, gabaɗaya nau'ikan tsuntsaye ana rarrabe su azaman mafi mahimmin tsari na yanayi. Manya suna lalata yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, don haka keɓance kore wurare daga mutuwa. Misali, dangi daya na nitsuwa yana bukatar share bishiyoyi sama da hudu daga kwari don ciyar da zuriyarsu. Don sadarwa tare da junan su, tsuntsayen suna yin amfani da wata 'yar' ihu 'ta musamman, wacce ba za a iya tuna irin sautunan' 'xin-xin-xin' ba.
Tsuntsaye nawa suke rayuwa
Rayuwar titmouse a cikin yanayi na ɗan gajere ne kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, shekaru uku ne kawai. Lokacin da aka tsare a cikin fursuna, Babban Tit zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru goma sha biyar. Koyaya, tsawon rayuwar irin wannan dabbar fatar mai baƙon abu kai tsaye ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, gami da bin tsarin kulawa da dokokin ciyarwa.
Jima'i dimorphism
Mata na launin toka mai toka suna da raƙataccen raɗaɗi a kan ciki.... Mata na babban tit suna kamanceceniya da kamannin maza, amma gabaɗaya, suna da launi mai laushi kaɗan na labulen, saboda haka, sautunan baƙar fata a cikin kai da yankin kirji ana bambanta su da launin toka mai duhu mai duhu, kuma abin wuya da baƙin ƙarfe a kan ciki yana da ɗan siriri kuma ana iya katse shi ...
Tit nau'in
Dangane da bayanan da aka bayar daga tushe na Unionungiyar ofasashen Duniya na nwararrun nwararrun nwararru, jinsin Parus ya haɗa da jinsuna huɗu:
- Launin toka (Parus cinereus) - nau'ikan da ya hada da nau'ikan kananan abubuwa, wadanda a wani lokaci can baya suka kasance daga jinsunan Great Tit (Parus major);
- Bolshak, ko Babban tit (Parus babba) - mafi girma kuma mafi yawan nau'ikan;
- Gabas, ko Jafananci tit (Parus karami) - jinsin da wasu nau'ikan kananan lambobi suka wakilta a lokaci daya, wadanda ba sa bambam game da cakudawa ko yawaita haduwa;
- Greenback tit (Parus monticolus).
Har zuwa kwanan nan, jinsin Gabas, ko Jafananci an sanya shi a matsayin ƙananan nau'ikan babban titin, amma saboda ƙoƙarin masu binciken na Rasha, yana yiwuwa a tabbatar da cewa waɗannan jinsunan biyu suna rayuwa cikin nasara cikin nasara.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Titananan launin toka yana wakiltar ƙananan ƙasashe goma sha uku:
- R.c. ambiguus - mazaunin yankin Malacca da tsibirin Sumatra;
- P.c. caschmirensis tare da tabo mai launin toka a bayan kai - mazaunin arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan, arewacin Pakistan da arewa maso yamma na Indiya;
- P.c. cinereus Vieillot yanki ne mai ɗan gajeren yanki wanda ke rayuwa a tsibirin Java da tsibirin Sunda Karami;
- P.c. desоlorans Koelz - mazaunin arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan da arewa maso yammacin Pakistan;
- P.c. hnainanus E.J.O. Hartert - mazaunin tsibirin Hainan;
- P.c. intеrmеdius Zarudny - mazaunin arewa maso gabashin Iran da arewa maso yammacin Turkmenistan;
- P.c. mаhrаttаrum E.J.O. Hartert - mazaunin arewa maso yammacin Indiya da tsibirin Sri Lanka;
- P.c. plаnorum E.J.O. Hartert - mazaunin arewacin Indiya, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, tsakiya da yammacin Myanmar;
- P.c. sаrawacensis Slаter - mazaunin tsibirin Kalimantan;
- P.c. sturay Koelz - mazaunin yamma, tsakiya da arewa maso gabashin Indiya;
- P.c. templоrum Meyer de Sсhauensee - mazaunin tsakiyar yankin da yammacin Thailand, kudu da Indochina;
- P.c. vаuriеi Riрley - mazaunin arewa maso gabashin Indiya;
- P.c. ziаratensis Whistler mazaunin tsakiyar yanki ne da kudancin Afghanistan, yamma da Pakistan.
Babban titin yana mazaunin duk yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai, ana samunsa a Arewa da Tsakiyar Asiya, yana zaune a wasu yankuna na Arewacin Afirka. Subsungiyoyi goma sha biyar na babban tit suna da mazauni daban-daban:
- Tsakar rana rаhrоdite - mazaunin kudu na Italiya, kudu da Girka, tsibirin Tekun Aegean da Cyprus;
- Tsakar rana blаnfоrdi - mazaunin arewacin Iraki, arewa, arewacin tsakiyar yankin da kudu maso yammacin Iran;
- Tsakar rana bоkhаrеnsis - mazaunin yankin Turkmenistan, arewacin Afghanistan, yankin tsakiyar kudu a Kazakhstan da Uzbekistan;
- Tsakar rana сorsus - mazaunin yankin Fotigal, kudancin Spain da Corsica;
- Tsakar rana eski - mazaunin yankunan Sardinia;
- Tsakar rana exсessus - mazaunin arewa maso yammacin Afirka, daga yankin yammacin yammacin Morocco zuwa arewa maso yammacin ɓangaren Tunisia;
- Tsakar rana fеrghаnеnsis - mazaunin Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan da yammacin China;
- Tsakar rana karustini - mazaunin kudu maso gabashin Kazakhstan ko Dzhungarskiy Alatau, yankin arewa maso yamma na China da Mongolia, Transbaikalia, yankuna na saman Amur da Primorye, arewacin zuwa gabar tekun Okhotsk;
- Tsakar rana kаrеlini - mazaunin kudu maso gabashin Azerbaijan da arewa maso yamma na Iran;
- Tsakar rana majоr mazaunin nahiyar Turai ne, arewa da gabas daga tsakiyar yankin, kuma arewacin Spain, Balkans da arewacin Italia, Siberia ta gabas har zuwa tafkin Baikal, ta hanyar kudu zuwa tsaunukan Altai, gabas da arewacin Kazakhstan, wanda aka samo a Asiya orananan, ha Caucasus da Azerbaijan, ban da bangaren kudu maso gabas;
- Tsakar rana mаllorsae - mazaunin tsibirin Balearic;
- Tsakar rana Newtoni - mazaunin tsibirin Birtaniyya, Netherlands da Belgium, da kuma arewa maso yammacin Faransa;
- Tsakar rana niethammeri - mazaunin yankuna na Crete;
- Tsakar rana terraesanctae - mazaunin Lebanon, Siriya, Isra'ila, Jordan da arewa maso gabashin Misira;
- Tsakar rana turkеstaniсus mazaunin kudu maso gabashin Kazakhstan ne da yankunan kudu maso yamma na Mongolia.
A cikin daji, ana samun wakilan jinsunan a cikin yankuna daban-daban na gandun daji, galibi galibi a cikin mafi yawan wuraren buɗewa da gefuna, sannan kuma su sauka a bankunan tafkunan ruwa.
Gabas, ko Jafananci tit, yana wakiltar ƙananan ƙananan guda tara:
- Tsakar rana аmаmiensis - mazaunin arewacin Ryukyu Islands;
- Tsakar rana сommixtus - mazaunin kudancin China da arewacin Vietnam;
- Tsakar rana dаgeletensis - mazaunin tsibirin Ulleungdo kusa da Koriya;
- Tsakar rana kаgоshimae - mazaunin kudu na tsibirin Kyushu da tsibirin Goto;
- Tsakar rana minоr - mazaunin gabashin Siberia, kudu da Sakhalin, gabas ta tsakiyar yankin da arewa maso gabashin China, Koriya da Japan;
- Tsakar rana nigrilоris - mazaunin kudu na tsibirin Ryukyu;
- Tsakar rana nubiсolus - mazaunin gabashin Myanmar, arewacin Thailand da arewa maso yamma na Indochina;
- Tsakar rana okinawae - mazaunin tsakiyar tsibirin Ryukyu;
- Tsakar rana tibetanus - mazaunin kudu maso gabashin Tibet, kudu maso yamma da kudu na tsakiyar China, arewacin Myanmar.
Tit ɗin da ke da goyan baya ya bazu a Bangladesh da Bhutan, a China da Indiya, kuma yana zaune a ƙasashen Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand da Vietnam. Mahalli na wannan nau'in sune gandun daji da ke cikin gandun dajin da ke da yanayi mai kyau, subtropics da wurare masu zafi gandun daji masu zafi.
Tit rage cin abinci
Yayin lokacin haifuwa mai aiki, tsuntsaye suna ciyarwa akan kananan invertebrates, da kuma tsutsarsu. Dokokin fuka-fukai suna lalata da yawa kwari na gandun daji. Koyaya, mafi yawan lokuta ana wakiltar tushen abincin kowane iri a wannan lokacin:
- caterpillars na butterflies;
- gizo-gizo;
- jijiyoyi da sauran kwari;
- Diptera kwari, gami da kudaje, sauro da matsakaita;
- Hemiptera rayayyun halittu, gami da kwanduna.
Hakanan, titmice suna cin kyankyasai, orthoptera a cikin hanyar ciyawa da kunkuru, kananun mazari, retinoptera, earwigs, tururuwa, kaska da nikakku. Tsuntsun da ya balaga yana da ikon yin biki a kan ƙudan zuma, wanda daga baya aka cire masa harbin... Da farkon bazara, tsuntsaye na iya farautar irin abincin da ake kamawa kamar jemage na jemagu, wanda, bayan ya fito daga bacci, ya kasance har yanzu ba ya aiki kuma yana da sauƙi ga tsuntsaye. Ana ciyar da kajin, a matsayin mai mulkin, ta tsutsotsi na kowane irin malam buɗe ido, tsayin jikinsa bai wuce 10 mm ba.
A lokacin kaka da hunturu, rawar ciyarwar tsire-tsire iri daban-daban, gami da hatsi da beanyen beech na Turai, yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin abincin titmouse. Tsuntsaye suna cin abinci a filaye da wuraren da aka shuka da hatsin masara, hatsin rai, hatsi da alkama.
Tsuntsayen da ke rayuwa a yankunan arewa maso yamma na Rasha sau da yawa suna cin 'ya'yan itace da tsaba na wasu tsire-tsire da aka fi sani:
- spruce da Pine;
- maple da Linden;
- lilac;
- birch;
- zobo na doki;
- pickulniks;
- burdock;
- jan elderberry;
- irgi;
- rowan;
- blueberries;
- hemp da sunflower.
Babban bambanci tsakanin babban tit da sauran nau'ikan wannan jinsi, gami da shuɗin shuɗi da Muscovy, shine rashin wadatattun wuraren ajiyar sa na lokacin hunturu. Irin wannan tsuntsu mai saurin jujjuyawa da iya zirga-zirga zai iya samun kwarewar gano abincin da wasu tsuntsayen suka tattara kuma suka ɓoye shi a lokacin faduwar. A cewar masana, wani lokacin wakilan nau'ikan Babbar Tit suna iya cin mushe iri-iri.
Don ciyarwa, tsuntsaye sukan ziyarci masu ciyar da tsuntsaye a cikin birane da wuraren shakatawa, inda suke ciyarwa a kan tsaba na sunflower, ragowar abinci da gutsuren burodi, da man shanu da naman alade mara laushi. Hakanan, ana samun abinci a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, akan ƙananan tiers na shuke-shuke da kuma cikin ganyen ƙasan karkashin ƙasa ko shrubs.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Babban titin ne a cikin dukkan masu wucewa wanda yake da mafi girman jerin abubuwa don farauta, kuma bayan sun kashe rawar famfo, oatmeal na kowa, fuka fuka, bewaro mai launin rawaya ko jemage, mai farauta mai fuka fuka yana sauƙaƙe kwakwalwar su.
'Ya'yan itacen da ke da bawo mai wuya, gami da goro, an riga an kakkarya su da baki. Predation muhimmi ne a cikin manyan tsuntsaye. Wakilan wannan jinsin sanannu ne a matsayin dillalai na dindindin da na yau da kullun, suna ciyar da gawawwakin dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A cikin kasarmu, Bolshaks sun yadu musamman, wadanda suke tsuntsaye ne masu auren mace daya kuma, bayan sun rabu biyu-biyu, sun fara hadin gwiwa tare da gina wa kansu gida gida. Kaji irin wannan nau'in suma ana tashe su tare. Tsuntsayen sun fi son yin gida a wurare tare da gandun daji marasa tsari, tare da kogin, a wuraren shakatawa da kuma lambuna.... Yankunan daji na gandun daji ba su dace da nesting tit. Gida na titmouse an sanya shi a cikin mahimmin kan tsofaffin gine-gine ko kuma cikin ramuka na tsoffin itatuwa. Hakanan, wani lokacin zaka iya ganin wakilan jinsuna a cikin tsofaffin gidajen da tsofaffin mazauna suka watsar, waɗanda suke a tsayin mita biyu zuwa shida. Tsuntsayen wannan jinsin suna da niyyar zama a wuraren da mutane suka dace da su.
Don gina gida, tsuntsaye suna amfani da siraran ciyawa na ciyawa da gaɓoɓi, har ma da ƙananan ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire har ma da gansakuka. Cikin gida an rufe shi da ulu, zaren gizo, auduga, ƙasa da fuka-fukai, a tsakiyar ana fitar da tire na musamman, an rufe shi da gashin doki ko ulu. Girman tit nest na iya bambanta dangane da halaye na wurin shimfidar, amma girman tiren na ciki koyaushe kusan ɗaya ne: a zurfin 40-50 mm, diamitarsa 40-60 mm.
Viaya daga cikin oviposition ya ƙunshi aƙalla fari kwai goma sha biyar tare da ƙaramar sheen. Abubuwan da ke dangi da yawa da ɗigon launuka masu launin ja-ja a warwatse a saman ƙwai ɗin ƙwai, waɗanda ke samar da irin corolla a gefen gefen ƙwai. Manyan tsuntsaye suna sanya ƙwai sau biyu a shekara. Oviposition na farko yana faruwa ne a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na Afrilu ko a farkon Mayu, kuma na biyu - kusan tsakiyar lokacin rani.
Femalewaiƙwanƙwan kwan ne da mace zata saka cikin ɗan ƙasa da sati biyu. Duk wannan lokacin namiji yakan kula da mace kuma ya ciyar da ita. Kwanaki biyun farko na ƙyanƙyashe kajin an lulluɓe su da launin toka-toka, saboda haka mace ba ta bar gidanta ba, amma tana zafin zuriya da dumi-dinta.
A wannan lokacin, namiji bai ciyar da mace kawai ba, har ma da zuriyarsa. Sai bayan an rufe jikin kajin da fuka-fukai na al'ada, mace da namiji tare zasu fara ciyar da zuriyarsu masu tarin yawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A lokacin saduwa, tsuntsaye ba abune mai ban dariya da nutsuwa ba, amma tsuntsayen da suke da tsananin zafin rai ga ɗayan tsuntsayensu.
Bayan kamar kwanaki goma sha bakwai, jikin kajin ya lullub'e da gashin tsuntsaye, don haka suka zama a shirye don samun cikakken 'yanci, amma na wani mako, samari tsuntsaye sun fi son zama kai tsaye kusa da iyayensu, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin ciyar da su lokaci-lokaci. Irin waɗannan samartakan samarin sun isa cikakkiyar jima'i kawai kusa da shekara.
Makiya na halitta
Tsuntsaye tsuntsaye ne masu fa'ida sosai, a cikin kayan lambu da kuma na gandun daji na gargajiya.Ofaya daga cikin abubuwanda ke haifar da mummunan tasiri ga jimlar dukkan nau'in tsuntsaye shine yunwa a lokacin sanyin hunturu. Yana daga rashin abinci a lokacin hunturu cewa yawancin wakilan jinsin suna mutuwa kowace shekara. Har ila yau a cikin yanayi, manya martens, weasels, da kuma wasu kuliyoyin daji da wakilan gida na dangi, amma manyan mujiya da sauran masu farauta, suna farautar duk nau'ikan titmice.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A yau, yawancin nau'ikan tsuntsaye suna da yawa sosai, sabili da haka, basu buƙatar matakan kariya ko kariya musamman. Koyaya, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba na yau da kullun ba wadanda kusan suke kusan halaka.
Misali, Whiskered Tit (Panurus biarmicus), wanda ba shi da kyau kuma ba a karancin nazarin tsuntsayen Palaearctic na kudanci mai kewayon wuri, a halin yanzu ba wai kawai ana iya kare shi tare da sauran kananan tsuntsayen kwari ba, amma kuma an jera su a cikin Littafin Ja na Jamhuriyar Khakassia. Yow, ko Jafananci tit, shima an haɗa shi a cikin Red Book of Russia a yau, kuma ana samun samfuran wannan nau'in ne kawai a yankin Kuri na Kudancin Kudancin, saboda haka rashin daidaito ya kasance saboda iyakantaccen iyaka.
