Domin ganin bushiya - dabbar da kowa ya sani tun yarintarsa, ba lallai bane a je daji ko zuwa gona. Bayan duk wannan, waɗannan ƙananan dabbobin da aka rufe da allura galibi suna rayuwa kusa da mutane: da yawa daga cikinsu suna zama a cikin gidajensu na bazara, wasu kuma, mahimman samfuran ƙarfin hali, har ma suna zaune a birane.
Bayanin bushiya
Bakin bushiya, wanda ya zama sananne a cikin littattafan yara da majigin yara, na dangin bushiya ne, wanda wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar kwari... Dabba ce mai ɗimbin yawa wacce aka lulluɓeta da allura masu juji, waɗanda suke girma a haɗe da gashin gashi masu kyau. Ikonsa na lanƙwasa cikin ƙwallo saboda gaskiyar cewa saman fatar jikinsa na iya miƙawa sosai.
Bayyanar
Hedgarhog wata ƙaramar dabba ce (matsakaiciyar nauyinta - kimanin gram 800 - kg 1) tare da taƙaitaccen jela kuma, a matsayinka na mai mulki, tare da ƙananan kunnuwa da ɗan madaidaiciyar fuska. Nosean ƙaramin hancin sa baki, wanda dabbar yanzu da kuma sanya ta cikin ramuka da ramuka daban-daban a cikin ƙasa don neman ganima, koyaushe rigar tana haske. Kan ya fi girma, mai tsaka-tsalle; yankin fuska yana da ɗan tsayi. Hakoran kanana ne da kaifi, akwai guda 36 daga cikinsu gaba daya, 20 daga ciki suna kan babba, da kuma 16 a kan muƙamuƙi na ƙasan, yayin da ƙyamaren babba daban suke, ta yadda ƙananan ƙananan suka shiga tsakanin su.
Ginin bushiya yana da girma sosai, ƙafafu gajeru ne kuma ba su da kaɗan, kuma gaɓoɓin baya sun fi na baya tsayi. A kan tafin hannu, dabbar tana da yatsu 5 tare da kaifi masu duhu masu kaifi. Yatsun tsakiya a kan gabobin baya sun fi sauran tsinkaye a hankali: tare da taimakonsu, bushiya tana wanke ƙayarsa daga cututtukan da ke shan jini kamar kaska, waɗanda suke da matukar son daidaitawa tsakanin allurai. Wutsiyar gajere ce sosai, don haka yana da wahala a ganta a ƙarƙashin ƙashin baya wanda ya rufe baya da gefuna.
A yawancin nau'ikan wannan dabba, gami da bushiya ta kowa, allurar gajeru ne, suna girma ta fuskoki daban-daban, a kan kai ana raba su da wani irin rabuwa. Launin allurar daga nesa kamar alama datti-launin toka, kamar dai an ɗura shi da ƙura, amma a zahiri bangare ne: a kan kowane ɗayan allurar, wuraren launin ruwan duhu masu sauyawa tare da haske, fari-fari. A cikin allurar akwai wani rami cike da iska.
Alluran suna girma daidai gwargwadon gashi kuma, kamar gashin, suna fadowa lokaci-lokaci don sabbin allurai su iya girma a wurinsu. Yin motsi a cikin busassun bishiyoyi yana faruwa a lokacin bazara ko kaka, yayin da, a matsakaita, ana maye gurbin allura ɗaya daga cikin uku a kowace shekara. A lokaci guda, dabbar ba ta zubar da kwata-kwata: allurar a hankali ta fado kuma sababbi suna girma a madadinsu. Cikakken maganin allurai a cikin busassun bishiyoyi yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan akwai rashin lafiya mai tsanani.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kowane allura an kafe shi a jikin bushiya tare da taimakon zare na tsoka, wanda ke daga shi ya kuma saukar da shi idan ya cancanta, godiya ga dabbar da za ta iya yin birgima idan tana bukatar kare kanta daga masu cin ta.
Waɗannan sassan jikin bushiya waɗanda ba su da allurai (kai, ciki, gaɓoɓi) an rufe su da farin furci mai kauri, yawanci launin toka, rawaya ko launin ruwan kasa, kodayake a cikin wasu nau'ikan waɗannan dabbobin za a iya narkar da babban launi da launin fari ko na haske.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Itace bushewar bushewar dare. Da rana sukan ɓuya a cikin gidajansu, kuma cikin duhu sukan fita neman abinci. An shirya gida-gida a cikin daji, ramuka, ƙananan kogwanni, haka kuma a cikin ramuka da haƙora suka haƙa kuma daga baya masu su na farko suka watsar. Diamita daga cikin gida, a matsakaita, yakai 15-20 cm, kuma gurun kanta an rufe shi da dattin busasshiyar ciyawa, ganye ko gansakuka.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Saboda gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin cutar shan jini suna girma a tsakanin kayayyun wadannan dabbobi, masana kimiyyar da ke nazarin wadannan dabbobin har ma sun fito da wata ma'ana ta musamman: a kowane lokaci. Yana nuna adadin kaska da bushiya ke tarawa cikin sa'a guda na motsi a cikin daji.
Bakin bushiya dabba ce mai tsabta, yana lura da tsabtar gashinsa da ƙayayuwa... Yana lasar gashin kan kirjinsa da cikinsa da harshensa, kamar yadda kuliyoyin gida sukeyi. Amma ba shi yiwuwa a tsabtace allurar ta baya da gefuna ta wannan hanyar, sabili da haka dabbar tana kula da su ta wata hanyar daban. Don hana cizon ƙoshin ƙasa da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗauke da jini daga taruwa tsakanin ƙaya, bushiya tana tsabtace allurar daga gare su tare da taimakon dogon ɗan yatsa na tsakiya a gabobin baya. Duk da haka, duk da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen, masu haya marasa kyau a cikin rigar saƙar sutturar rigar suna zama a kai a kai.
Ya fi kowace hanya kyau, wanka na acid, wanda bushiya ke samu yayin birgima a cikin rubabbun fruitsa fruitsan itace, taimakawa dabba mai ƙayoyi ta kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɓacin rai. Wannan al'ada ta haifar da ra'ayin cewa wannan dabba tana son cin tuffa. A zahiri, kusan ba shi da damuwa da su, kamar, ba zato ba tsammani, wasu wakilan umarnin kwari. Bushiya tana da dabara ta hanci wacce ke taimaka masa farauta cikin duhu kuma mai kyau ji, wanda kuma ya zama yana da matukar amfani yayin yawo cikin duhun, yayin da idanunsa basu da karfi, shi yasa bushiya take dogaro wasu hankula.
A matsakaici, dabbar tana iya yin tafiyar kimanin kilomita uku a kowane dare. Saboda gajerun kafafu, bushiyar ba ta iya rufe nesa, amma wannan ba ya hana shi haɓaka saurin da ya isa girmansa: 3 m / s. Rafi ko ƙaramin kogi da ya haɗu a kan hanya ba cikas ga bushiya ba: Bayan haka, wannan dabbar tana iya iyo sosai. Shima yayi tsalle sosai, sabili da haka yana da damar tsallakewa kan ƙaramar matsala, kamar, misali, ƙashin bishiyar da ta faɗi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kowane ɗayan dabbobin yana da yankinsu, wanda maza ke kishi daga abokan fafatawa.
A dabi'arta, bushiya tana cikin lumana da kyakkyawar dabi'a: ban da waɗancan dabbobin da yake farauta da masu fafatawa don kula da mace, ba zai taɓa kaiwa farmaki da farko ba. Amma, idan ya cancanta, wannan dabbar tana da ikon tunkude mai laifin. Na farko, zai yi ƙoƙari ya kori mai musgunawa ta hanyar ihu mai ƙarfi, kuma idan bai taimaka ba, zai yi ƙoƙari ya yi tsalle a kansa don ɗan ɗan huɗi.
Kuma kawai, bayan da ya tabbatar da cewa duk matakan da ya dauka bai haifar da komai ba kuma mai farautar baya tunanin yin ja da baya, bushiyar za ta dunkule cikin ball da bristle, ta mai da kanta ta zama wani katafaren kagara. Mai bibiyar ci gaba, dirka masa fuska ko fata game da alluransa, a matsayinka na ƙa'ida, ya fahimci cewa wannan farautar ta fi ƙarfinsa, sannan ya tafi. Kuma bushiyar, lokacin da ya jira har sai ya kasance ba a gani, sai ya juya yana kara yin kasuwanci game da kasuwancinsa.
A lokacin kaka, bushiyar bushiya tana shiga cikin kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya fara daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu. Kafin fara bacci, dabbar tana ciyar da mai a cikin aƙalla aƙalla gram 500, kuma kafin ta faɗa cikin rayar da aka dakatar, ta rufe ƙofar ramin sosai. A lokacin hunturu, zafin jikinsa na iya sauka zuwa 1.8 ° C, kuma bugun zuciyarsa ya sauka zuwa 20-60 a kowane minti daya. Bayan farka daga bacci, bayan kammala rashin nutsuwa, bushiya tana zama a cikin ramin har sai iskar dake waje ta kai 15 ° C, kuma bayan an kafa zafin ne, sai ya tashi daga gidansa kuma ya tafi neman abinci.
Koyaya, ba duk bishiyoyi ke fadawa cikin tashin hankali ba tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, amma kawai waɗanda ke zaune a cikin yanayin sanyi, kuma dangin su da ke zaune a ƙasan kudu suna ci gaba da aiki duk shekara. Itace bushiya ce ta dabbobi masu hayaniya: yayin da suke yawo a cikin rukunin yanar gizon su, suna yin kuwwa da kakkausar murya kuma suna yin sautuka masu kama da atishawa, yayin da kananan bushiya kuma na iya busawa ko girgiza kamar tsuntsaye.
Mahimmanci! An yi imani sosai cewa bushiya itace dabba ce da za a iya kiyaye ta a gida, amma a zahiri wannan ya yi nesa da lamarin.
Da fari dai, bushiya ba shi yiwuwa a horar da shi, kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa ba shi da dare, wannan yana haifar da wasu matsaloli. Don haka, idan an saki wannan dabbar daga kejin da maraice, to zai yi ta yawo cikin ɗakuna tsawon daren, yana yin kuwwa da ƙarfi kuma yana taka ƙafafunsa a ƙasa. Bugu da kari, bushiya itace mai dauke da cututtuka masu tsanani, da suka hada da tularemia da rabies, kuma dubunnan cututtukan encephalitis za su iya zama a cikin kayoyinta, wanda, a farkon damar, za ta koma wurin mutane ko dabbobin gida, kamar karnuka ko kuliyoyi ... Saboda haka, ya fi kyau kada a kawo shinge a cikin gida ko gida, kodayake ba a hana ciyar da su a cikin gonar lambu ba, musamman tunda bushiya tana lalata kwari iri-iri na gona, kamar caterpillars da slugs.
Yaya tsawon lokacin bushiya?
A dabi'a, bushiya ba ta da tsayi da yawa - shekaru 3-5, amma a cikin garken waɗannan dabbobi na iya rayuwa na shekaru 10-15... Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin mazauninsu na asali suna da makiya da yawa waɗanda, wani lokacin, hatta ƙaya ba sa kiyayewa.
Jima'i dimorphism
Maza da mata na bushiya a waje sun ɗan bambanta da juna: suna da launi iri ɗaya kuma kusan jiki ɗaya ne. Bambanci kawai tsakanin bishiyoyin bishiyun daban-daban a cikin girma yake, mazajensu sun fi girma kaɗan kuma sun fi nauyi.
Ire-iren shinge
A halin yanzu, akwai sanannun nau'ikan bushiya 16 da suka kasance daga jinsi 5 na dangin bushiya.
Gandun daji na Afirka
- Farin ciki
- Aljeriya
- Afirka ta Kudu
- Somali
Yankunan bishiyar Eurasia
- Amursky
- Yammacin Turai
- Talakawa
- Kudu
Kunnen bushiya
- Kunnuwa
- Kwala
Matsakaicin shinge
- Daursky
- Sinanci
Dogayen shinge
- Habasha
- Allura mai duhu
- Ba'indiye
- Apodal
Wurin zama, mazauni
Yaman bushiya suna zama a Turai, gami da Tsibirin Biritaniya. An samo shi a Asiya da Afirka. Bugu da kari, an gabatar da wadannan dabbobi zuwa New Zealand. A Amurka, bishiyoyin bishiya ba sa rayuwa a halin yanzu, kodayake akwai burbushin dabbobi na dangin bushiya a wurin. Ba a kuma samun su a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Madagascar da Ostiraliya.
5 nau'ikan bishiyoyi suna zaune a yankin ƙasar Rasha:
- Talakawa: yana zaune a yankunan arewacin yankin Turai na ƙasar.
- Kudu: yana zaune a yankunan kudanci na ɓangaren Turai da Caucasus.
- Amursky: yana zaune a kudancin yankin Gabas mai Nisa.
- Daursky: yana zaune a Transbaikalia.
- Kunnuwa: yana zaune a kudu maso gabashin ɓangaren Turai na Rasha, amma kuma yana faruwa a Yammacin Siberia, Tuva da Caucasus.
Mazaunan da suka fi so su ne gandun daji da aka haɗu, belin gandun daji, filayen ciyawa, daɓar kogin da ciyayi da yawa. Wasu nau'ikan shingayen daji suna bunƙasa a cikin hamada da hamada. Itacen bushewa na iya zama kusan ko'ina: kawai suna guje wa dausayi da dazuzzuka masu danshi.
Sau da yawa ana iya ganin bushe bushe a kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam, kamar wuraren shakatawa, lambunan da aka watsar, gidajen rani, ƙauyukan birane da filayen da aka shuka da hatsi. A ƙa'ida, dabbobi masu ƙayoyi ba sa son barin wurarensu na asali kuma irin waɗannan abubuwa marasa kyau kamar gobarar daji, tsawan yanayi mara kyau ko rashin abinci suna tura su su matsa kusa da mutane.
Abinci na bushiya
Duk da cewa bishiyoyin bishiya na cikin tsarin kwari ne, sun kasance, masu komai. Ainihi, dabbobi masu ƙayoyi suna ciyar da ƙwayoyin invertebrates: kwari iri-iri, caterpillars, slugs, katantanwa, ƙarancin tsutsar ciki sau da yawa. A cikin yanayin yanayi, ana cin ganyayyaki ba safai ba, kuma wannan, a matsayin mai mulkin, yakan kai hari kwaɗi da ƙadangare waɗanda suka faɗa cikin rayarwar da aka dakatar.
Mahimmanci! Idan bushiya ta zauna a wani yanki na lambu kuma kuna so kuyi masa da wani abu, baku buƙatar ciyar da baƙo mai laushi da madara, tunda yana da lahani ga dabbobin manya.
Zai fi kyau a ba da bushiyar bushiyar 'yan alade, naman sa ko kaza, ko ɗanyen kwai. Hakanan bai kamata ku ciyar da dabbar da cat ko na kare ba, tunda bai dace da shi ba kuma yana haifar da matsala game da narkewar abinci.
Da wuya bushiya ke farautar beraye... Ba ya kama manyan tsuntsaye kwata-kwata, amma a wani lokaci ba zai ba da ƙwan tsuntsaye ko ƙananan kajin da aka samo a ƙasa ba. Amma a kan macizai, akasin ra'ayin da aka yarda da shi, bushiya ba sa farauta, kodayake za su iya mu'amala da su a yayin da wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe kansu suka kawo musu hari. Daga abincin shuke-shuken, bushiya zata iya cin namomin kaza, saiwa, itacen ɓaure, 'ya'yan itace ko fruitsa ,an itace, amma ba sa yin hakan kamar yadda ake yawan gaskatawa.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin saduwa don shinge yana farawa a cikin bazara, bayan rashin nutsuwa. A lokacin, maza sukan yi fada a kan mata, suna cizon kafa da juna, da kuma yin allura. A yayin yakin, bushiya ta yi kururuwa da kuwwa da karfi, suna kokarin tsoratar da abokin hamayyar su da wadannan sautuka. Kuma bayan an gama yaƙin, wanda ya yi nasara ya shafe sa’o’i yana kula da mace, don neman tagomashinta. Ciki a cikin bushiyar mace ta kasance daga kwanaki 40 zuwa 56. A matsayin mafaka kafin haihuwa, bushiya ko dai ta haƙa rami kanta, ko kuma ta yi amfani da ramuka da rodents suka jefa.
A cikin kabarin, mace tana shimfida ciyawar busasshiyar ciyawa da ganye, kuma tuni cikin wannan gida ta haifi toa heranta. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi, daga uku zuwa takwas ake haifuwa, amma galibi, ana haihuwar yara huɗu tsirara, makaho, kurma da haƙori. Yawancin sa'o'i da yawa sun wuce, kuma fatar jariran sun zama an rufe su da allura: da farko sun kasance masu taushi da launi, wanda daga baya, a rana, yake taurara da duhu. An kafa alluran bushiya a ranar goma sha biyar na rayuwa, ma'ana, daidai da lokacin da suka sami ikon gani da ji.
Mace tana ciyar da sa withanta da madara na kimanin wata ɗaya kuma duk wannan lokaci yana kiyaye su daga sanya hankali. Idan kuwa har wani ya sami rami, to bushiyar tana canza ɗiyanta zuwa wani, mafi aminci. Yaran nata suna samun 'yanci bayan wata biyu, kuma daga karshe su bar gidansu na asali a ƙarshen kaka. Balaga cikin jima'i a cikin bushewar bishiyoyi yana faruwa ne daga shekara guda zuwa shekara, sannan kuma suna iya haifuwa.
Makiya na halitta
A cikin daji, bushiya tana da makiya da yawa, waɗanda ko da allurai ba koyaushe suke ceta ba. Gaskiyar ita ce wasu mafarauta sun koyi nasarar farauta bishiyoyi, suna tura wata dabba mai ƙayoyi a cikin ruwa, saboda abin da aka tilasta ta juyawa, kuma idan bushiya ta yi haka, nan da nan sai su kama ta. Kuma tsuntsayen masu farauta ba sa jin tsoron ƙayawar bushiya ta wata hanya: bayan haka, fatar da ke kan ƙafafunsu na da wuya ga allurar bushiya ta cutar da su.
Mahimmanci! Don shinge da ke zaune kusa da mazaunin mutum, karnuka na iya haifar da haɗari, musamman waɗanda ke cikin manyan dabbobi masu haɗari irin su Rottweilers ko Bull Terriers, da kuma ɓatattun karen kare.
Gabaɗaya, waɗannan masu cin abincin suna daga cikin dabbobin da ke farautar shinge: dawakai, kerkeci, badgers, kuliyoyi, tsuntsayen dabbobi, musamman, mujiya da na mujiya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A halin yanzu, kusan dukkan nau'ikan shingen shinge, ban da Sinawa, an sanya su matsayin "haifar da wata damuwa." An rarraba busar bishiyar Sin a matsayin "nau'ikan halittu masu rauni". Game da lambar, yawancin nau'ikan busassun bishiyoyi nau'ikan ci gaba ne, saboda haka babu abin da ke barazana ga jin daɗinsu a halin yanzu. Kodayake gaskiyar cewa da yawa daga cikin dabbobin da ke cikin daji suna mutuwa a cikin ƙusoshin farauta ko kuma saboda ba za su iya jurewa al'ada ba, ba zai iya haifar da raguwar mahimmin adadin shinge ba.
Bushiyoyi ba wai kawai abubuwan ban sha'awa bane don karatu, amma har ma dabbobi masu amfani da ke lalata kwari na lambuna, lambunan kayan lambu, filaye da dazuzzuka. Suna yawan zama kusa da mutum, misali, a cikin gidajen rani. Waɗannan dabbobin ƙaya suna aikata alheri da yawa, suna lalata kwari, slugs da sauran kwari, kuma, idan da wannan kawai, sun cancanci mutane su girmama su. Lokacin saduwa da bushiya, babu buƙatar yin ƙoƙari don kama shi da sanya shi a cikin keji: yana da kyau kawai ba dabba mai ƙayoyi zarafi don ci gaba da gudanar da harkokinta, ba tare da tsangwama da shi ba kuma ba tare da ƙoƙarin jinkirta shi ba.
