Masana ilimin sararin samaniya, da dazuka da kuma nazarin yanayi. Mutanen waɗannan sana'o'in galibi suna amfani da kalmar "yankin tsakiyar Rasha". Manufar tana da sharadi, kamar iyakokin yankin. Gabaɗaya, muna magana ne game da yankin Turai na ƙasar da ke da yanayin yanayi mai kyau.
Tana kama yankin Tambov, Kursk, Smolensk, Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Tula da Orel. Hakanan an saka yankin babban birnin cikin jerin. Ya rage don ƙara Lipetsk, Belgorod Orel, Bryansk, Kaluga, Ryazan da Vladimir.
Saboda yanayin yanayin yanayi, tsuntsayen da ba koyaushe suke cikin wasu yankuna na Rasha ba suna zama. Nau'o'in gama gari 16. Bari mu fara da waɗanda ake rera muryoyinsu a cikin adabi, waƙa da almara ta jama'a.
Daren dare gama gari
A tsakiyar Rasha, tsuntsu ya bayyana a ranar 10 ga Mayu. Idan alamomin yanayi sun bishe ku, daddare yana jiran birchi da ganye. Wannan yana nufin cewa sanyi ba zai dawo ba har sai kaka kuma ba za a rufe ruwan da kankara ba.
Kusancin ruwa shine babban sharadin narkar da daddare. Wadannan waƙoƙin waƙoƙin tsakiyar Rasha son danshi. Sabili da haka, suna neman maƙarƙashiya a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da kuma gandun daji masu ƙasa.
A waje, ta yadda, daddare ba su da tabbas, sun fi gwarare girma. Tsuntsayen masu launin ruwan kasa ne-zaitun. Maƙogwaro da ciki sun fi manyan lemo haske. Gashin gashin jela na sama yana da ɗan ja. “Tufafin” mata da na miji duk daya ne. Yawan taro iri daya ne. A cikin manya, gram 25-30 ne.
Ana hada Nightingales a cikin dangin bakaken fata. Nau'in da ke gama gari dangin yamma ne. Wannan na ƙarshe shine mafi raira waƙa tsakanin maraice. Dangantakar ta shafi tsuntsayen Rasha. Arias ɗinsu kusan sun yi daidai da na waƙoƙin tsuntsayen yamma. Nightingales suna bada kide kide da dare, suna mutuwa da wayewar gari.
A cikin hoton tsuntsu ne na dare
Toadstool
Gashi mai datti, a kan sirara da doguwar kara. Wannan shine yadda ake bayyana toadstool - naman kaza da aka sani da guba. Me tsuntsu zai yi da shi? Hakanan akwai wuraren shakatawa a cikinsu. An kira shi ta hanyar kwatankwacin naman kaza, saboda kamanninsu na waje.
Sulfur mai fukai. Maimakon doguwar kafa, akwai wata doguwar wuya, wacce aka yi wa kambi tare da kai tare da jan wuyan jan-baƙi. An raba gashinsa masu duhu zuwa kashi 2, wanda yake kara kama da hular naman kaza mai guba. Wannan cikakken bayani ne.
Gidan toadstool yana da ƙananan ragi. Yawancin mazauna tsakiyar layi. Tsuntsaye ana rarrabe rabe-rabe masu jan wuya ta hanyar raɗaɗɗiyar zinare a kan kumatu, suna juyawa zuwa daidai ƙyallen fuka-fukan fuka-fukai kusa da kunnuwa. Babban toadstool yana da farin gira, amma wanda yake da launin toka-toka ba shi da.
Toadstools sun bambanta cikin girma. Wakilan manyan ƙananan suna da nauyin fiye da kilogram kuma sun kai tsawon santimita 57. Yawan man shafawa masu launin toka kusan gram 700. Tsawon jiki, yakai kimanin santimita 43. Tsuntsayen da ke da kumatu suna da nauyin gram 400 kawai, suna kaiwa santimita 34.
Toadstools suna zaune a wurare masu dumi, amma a Rasha suna zuwa ne kawai don bazara. Tsuntsayen suna bayyana a tsakiyar watan Afrilu kuma suna sauka a jikin ruwa. Anan, toadstools sun sami ma'aurata kuma sun fara raye-raye. Aikin shine sake maimaita motsi na abokin aiki tare. Wannan ana yin sa ne ta tsuntsaye tare da ciyawar ciyawa a cikin bakinsu. Fatan alheri, ko yaya, ana iya yin hassada.
A cikin hoton akwai sandar togo ta tsuntsu
Bustard
Wadannan tsuntsayen tsakiyar Rasha rarraba kawai a iyakar ta kudu. An tsara jinsin a cikin Littafin Ja. Yawan mutane ya gurgunta ta hanyar farauta. Bustard shine mafi girma daga tsuntsayen Turai masu tashi. Naman ba shi da yawa kawai, yana da dadi kuma. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa an dakatar da farautar ne kawai ta hanyar hanawa.
Idan akwai matsala, 'yan sata ba sa ihu. Wakilan jinsunan bebe ne. A gefe guda kuma, toshiyar tana da kaifin gani da haske mai kyau, wanda ke tuna da turkey. Kunnawa tsakiyar tsuntsu hoto bayyana m.
Maza sun fi girma, suna da nauyin kilogram 15-20. Nauyin mata bai wuce kilo 8 ba. Jinsi mata yana tafiya ba tare da gashin baki ba. Maza suna da su, ba shakka, sun ƙunshi fuka-fukai. Kawunnan tsuntsayen matsakaita ne, launin toka tare da gajeren baki. Neckaƙƙarfan ƙarfi da jiki suna da bambanci. Black, fari, ja gashin tsuntsaye suna hade. Yana nuna alamar haƙarƙari.
Bustards - tsuntsayen tsakiyar Rasha, cirewa kawai tare da farawa farawa. Girman abubuwa suna tsoma baki tare da farawa daga wuri. Mafarautan suna cikin rahamar wannan jinkirin, suna ba da gudummawa ga raguwar hanzari da yawa na 'yan fasa kauri.
Tsuntsun Bustard
Yin kwalliya
Tafiya A cikin Rasha tuni a farkon Maris. Idan lokacin hunturu yayi dumi, yakan iso a watan Fabrairu. Wuraren zama kusa da jikin ruwa. Yana ciyar da kwari. A waje, ana rarrabewa da ƙwanƙwasa a kawunansu. An lankwasa da wasa, kamar curl.
Launin wakilan jinsin baƙar fata ne da fari, amma a lokacin da ake saduwa da shi "yana toshewa" da launuka masu launi. Gutansu yana kama da tulin man fetur akan ruwa, ko oxides akan ƙarafa.
Abun ciki mai dusar fari fari-fari, kuma kafafu mulufi ne. Kyakkyawa kankanta. Nauyin tsuntsayen bai wuce gram 350 ba. Lapwings yana da tsayi santimita 28-30. Girman mata da maza iri ɗaya ne.
Muryoyin gyaran gwiwa ba su da daɗi kamar kamanninsu. Fuka-fukai suna da hayaniya, suna jin tsoro. A Rasha, ana ba da labari daga baki zuwa baki game da wata mata da ta rikide ta zama tsuntsu tana nishi saboda rashin mijinta. Tarihi ya cancanci jinƙai. Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da yasa Slav suka ɗauki lamuran tsattsarka na tsarkaka, da lalata lalatattun gidansu masu zunubi.
A cikin hoton tsuntsun yana ta kwantawa
Wurin ƙasa
Muryar masarar kuma ba ta da karin waƙa. Tsuntsayen daji na layin tsakiyar fasawa kuma galibi kuskure ne don kwadi. Lokacin da ka samo asalin sautin, sai ka ga tsuntsu mai nauyin gram 150.
Jikin gashin fuka-fukin an dan daidaita shi, an zana shi da launin ruwan toka, launin ruwan kasa da baki. A bangon da ba a gani ba, gajerun fikafukai 2. Suna iya daga tsuntsun zuwa sama. Wannan ba safai yake faruwa ba. Crake ba ya son tashi.
Yana da wuya a ga masarar masarar. Wakilan jinsunan suna da matukar tsoro, suna gani da kyau, suna ji kuma, ga alama, suna jin yanayin. Gwaninta na masarar yana bincike a cikin ciyawar ciyawa tare da ciyawa masu tsayi, inda suka zauna. Rarraba binciken tsuntsaye shima ba dare bane. Koda a cikin rufin duhu, masarar masara ta motsa, ta dunkule a ƙasa. Tsuntsayen sun runtse wuya da kirjin ta.
A ƙarshe, za mu tona asirin kwanciya na masarar masara. Matsawa na gefe yana rage juriya na iska yayin aiki. Ba su saba da tashi daga haɗari ba, tsuntsaye suna dogaro da ƙarfin ƙafafunsu da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi.
Tsuntsu ya fashe
Fasto
Jikin taurarin yasha ruwan hoda. Ga sauran, sunan tsuntsayen tsakiyar Rasha yayi dace da baki. Fentin gashin kan wutsiya, wuya da kai an zana a ciki. Suna da haske mai haske. A kan kan tsuntsun akwai toshewa.
Dogayen gashinsa bawai kawai a saman bane, amma kuma a gefen muzzle. Legsafafun kafafu masu launin ja ne. A cikin samarin taurari, wannan shine kawai madaidaicin haske. A lokacin samartaka, tsuntsayen launin ruwan kasa ne.
Starwallon ruwan hoda ba za su iya tunanin kansu ba tare da ƙungiyar ba. Garkunan tsuntsaye suna da yawa har sun rufe sararin sama. Suna tashi cikin dubun-dubatar. A cikin sama, kodadde ruwan hoda jikin taurari an "ɓace". Stati yayi kama da narkar da tawada. Yawan su saboda dabi'ar taurari ne a cikin jirgi don cudanya juna.
Gidajen hoda mai launin ruwan hoda a cikin jeji. Idan babu bishiyoyi, tsuntsaye suna tona ramuka a cikin ƙasa, suna jera musu ciyawa da fuka-fukai. The yawa daga nests kama da wurin da starlings a cikin jirgin. A kan murabba'in mita 20 - daidai da masonry.
Fasto
Mujiya mai gajeren saurare
Ana samun sa a ko'ina cikin Rasha, amma yayi ƙaura tare da yanayin sanyi. A CIKIN tsakiyar layi - tsuntsun hunturu... Koyaya, a wannan shekarar da muke ciki, masu lura da tsuntsaye sun gano wani mujiya mai gajeren kunne a yankin Tyumen. Wannan ita ce gaskiyar farko ta yanayin hunturu na nau'in a wajen yankin tsakiyar.
Bayanin mujiya mai karamin kunne yayi kama da halayen mujiya na kowa. Koyaya, a cikin fadama, gashin tsuntsu a kan kansa karami ne, ƙari kuma, tsuntsun ya fi girma. Tsawon jiki yakai santimita 40.
Haka kuma, mata sun fi na maza girma, wanda ba shi da matsala ga yawancin tsuntsaye. Fikafikan fifa mafi kyau ya wuce santimita 30, rabin ƙarfin yawan jama'a bai kai 27 ba.
Owls-kunnuwa tsuntsayen ganima na layin tsakiyarfiye da taimakon masana harkar noma. Gashinsa yana lalata beraye da kwari masu cutarwa. Gaskiya ne, yawan mujiya da kansu yana raguwa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, nau'in marsh yana fama da tarin fuka da parasites. Yawancin tsuntsaye suna mutuwa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe tare da wasu masu farauta.
Mujiya mai gajeren saurare
Furfurar farar fata
Fikafikan sa ya kai mita 2. Haka kuma, tsuntsun bai wuce kilogram 2.5 ba. Siriri, kyakkyawa jiki yakai santimita 90-100. Ana kwatanta bakin beza da wuƙa, yana da girma ƙwarai.
Kan heron yana da tsayi, a gani da alama ya fi girma girma. Usionirƙirar gani ta ƙirƙira da guntun fuka-fukai waɗanda ke faɗaɗa abun kamar alade. Hakanan tuttukan fuka-fukai sun rataye daga doguwar wuya mai launin toka. Wuya, af, yana da fari. Akwai alamun baki a ciki da kan. Sauran plumage launin toka ne, saboda haka sunan nau'in.
A cikin Rasha, masu jijiyoyi suna tsayawa na watanni 6-7. Suna tashi zuwa Afirka don lokacin sanyi. Kullum suna komawa tsoffin gidajen su na shaƙatawa. Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye su. Rushewar wuraren yanar gizo yana juya yan mulkin mallaka nesa da bazuwar Rasha.
Wasu lokuta, tsuntsaye suna tsayawa akansu a cikin hunturu, suna gwada kansu don ƙarfi. Tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi da tsananin sanyi, tsuntsaye suna mutuwa. Koyaya, sha'awar zama masu launin toka su zauna a Rasha suna ba da damar kiran su ƙaura ne kawai a wani ɓangare.
An tsara jinsin a cikin Littafin Ja. Matsayin kiyayewa yana da alaƙa da raguwar yawan adadin masu launin toka-toka. Ba su da tabbas musamman a ƙuruciya. Ana haihuwar kaza ba tare da fuka-fukai ba kuma ba za su iya tafiya ba. Herons suna tsaye a ƙafafunsu a cikin sati na 3 na rayuwa, suna kasancewa cikin rauni har tsawon shekaru. A wannan lokacin, yawancin samari ana kashe su.
Furfurar farar fata
Mikiya mai taka leda
An kwatanta shi da hurumi. Mikiya mai taka leda ta bambanta a cikin rashin tabo a kafadu da kuma farin “hula” a kai. Bugu da kari, filin binnewa yana da launi mai duhu. Mikiya mai tsalle-tsalle ta yi launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Akwai alamar tsatsa a kan shimfidar tsuntsun.
A tsawonta, gashin fuka-fukin ya kai santimita 85. Fikafikan gaggafa yakai santimita 180. Nauyin jiki bai wuce kilo 5 ba. Kamar mujiya mai jan kunne, mazan da ke jinsin sun fi mata ƙanana.
Mikiya - tsuntsayen hunturu na tsakiyar layi... Masu farauta ba wai kawai suna kashe wasan a duk shekara ba, har ma suna warkar da dazuzzuka. An gudanar da gwaji a Transbaikalia. Masana ilmin namun daji sun kama marmot 20,000 suka gwada su da sandar cutar.
Duk dabbobi suna cikin koshin lafiya. Sannan, masana kimiyya suka je wuraren da mikiya ke ciki, suna tattara ragowar marmarin da suka ci. Mafi yawansu sun sami kamuwa da cuta. Mikiya mai tudu suna neman dabbobi marasa ƙarfi da marasa lafiya a cikin taron, su ciyar da su. Ba a san yadda tsuntsaye za su gane waɗanda sun riga sun yi rayuwa ba.
Mikiya mai taka leda ita ce samfurin littafin Red. Raguwar jama'a yana cike da yaɗuwar cututtukan da ɓoyora ke ɗauka. Masana ilmin namun daji suna fada don dawo da jinsunan. Musamman, an shigar da na'urori na musamman akan layukan wutar lantarki. Wucewa cikin matakan, sai suka zama sanadiyar mutuwar tsuntsaye. Mikiya sun sauko kan wayoyin sai suka faɗi matattu, wutar lantarki ta buge su.
Mikiya mai taka leda
Sterkh
Girman tsuntsu yana daidai da mutum, kuma yana rayuwa kusan iri ɗaya. Tsohon Siberian Crane yana da shekaru 80. Fikafikan tsuntsayen ya kai mita 2.5. Yana da kyau a sama. Akwai imani cewa garken Siberian Cranes rayukan sojojin da suka mutu ne. Muna magana ne game da farin cranes.
Masana kimiyya suna kiran su Siberian Cranes. Gaskiya ne, har zuwa shekaru uku tsuntsaye suna ja. Fararrun kwanuka, kamar swans, sun balaga da jima'i. Tsuntsaye na tsakiyar layi a cikin hunturu yi ƙaura Koyaya, a cikin yanayi mai dumi babu wani wuri don Siberian Cranes a cikin Rasha. An gane tsuntsun a matsayin mai cutar ƙasar, ba ya yin gida a waje da iyakokinta.
A cikin hoton akwai farar ƙirar crane ta Siberian
Buzzard
Wannan dangin shaho, saboda sunan sa na sautin. Tsuntsayen suna watsa shirye-shirye cikin baƙin ciki, kamar bishiyar mawaƙiya. Ya isa a tuna da kalmar aikatau "nishi" don fahimtar yanayin gashin fuka-fuki. Tsawon sa ya kai kimanin santimita 60. Fukafukan buzzards sun ɗan wuce sama da mita 1, kuma nauyin ya kai kilo 13.
Bambancin buzzards launi ne na mutum don kowane tsuntsaye. Wasu suna da farin baya, wasu suna da kirji, wasu suna da fuka-fukai masu yawa, kuma na huɗu gaba ɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne. Har ila yau, akwai buzzards masu launin toka. Launin ƙafafun kawai ya dace. Yana da kullun, rawaya rawaya.
Buzzards suna rayuwa a cikin matakan fadada, suna raba yankin tare da mikiya. Na biyun, a hanya, suna taushi kamar karnukan bushe-bushe. Don haka, a wasu lokuta, matakan suna cike da sautunan da suke nesa da karin waƙa.
A cikin hoton tsuntsun ungulu ne
A ƙarshe, zamu ambaci sanannun, tsuntsayen ko'ina na tsakiyar Rasha. Anan, kamar yadda yake a wasu yankuna na ƙasar, ana samun agwagwa, gwarare, hankaka, ɓarauniyar ruwa da haɗiya.
Sunan na ƙarshe, a hanya, yana da alaƙa da kalmar "flatter". Amma, idan kun zurfafa, a cikin yaren Lithuania akwai batun lakstiti, wanda ke nufin "tashi". Don haka, haɗiye ne mai jujjuyawa. Furtawa yana nufin yin birgima kusa da wani kamar tsuntsu.
