Penguins, ko penguins (Spheniscidae) dangi ne masu yawan gaske a yau, waɗanda tsuntsayen da ba su da jirgin sama ke wakilta, dabbobin zamani ne kaɗai daga tsarin Penguin-kamar (Sphenisciformes). Irin waɗannan wakilan dangi sun san yadda ake iyo da nutsuwa sosai, amma ba sa iya tashi kwata-kwata.
Bayanin penguins
Dukkanin penguins suna da madaidaiciyar jiki, madaidaiciya don motsi kyauta a cikin yanayin ruwa... Godiya ga tsoffin tsokoki da tsarin kasusuwa, dabbobi suna iya aiki tare da fikafikan su a karkashin ruwa, kusan kamar sukurori na gaske. Bambanci mai mahimmanci daga tsuntsayen da basu tashi sama shine kasancewar wata ƙwanƙwara mai ƙarfi tare da keel mai ƙarfi da tsokoki. Kasusuwa na kafada da na gaba suna da haɗin kai tsaye da daidaitacce a cikin gwiwar hannu, wanda ke daidaita aikin fuka-fuki. Musculature a cikin yankin kirji ya haɓaka, wanda ya kai kimanin 25-30% na jimlar nauyin jiki.
Penguins ya bambanta cikin girma da nauyi bisa ga nau'in. Misali, tsayin balaguro na babban sarki Penguin shine 118-130 cm kuma yana da nauyin kilo 35-40. Penguins an rarrabe su ta hanyar gajerun mata, gaɓoɓin gwiwa mara motsi da ƙafafu waɗanda ke sane da gudun hijirar baya, wanda ya faru ne saboda saurin tafiya irin wannan dabba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kashin kowane penguin yana da kwatankwacin kamannin kasusuwan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar su dolphins da hatimai, saboda haka, gaba daya basu da kogon ciki na halayyar tsuntsaye masu tashi.
Bugu da kari, tsuntsayen teku suna da halin karancin kafafu da matattarar ruwa ta musamman. An lura da wutsiyar dukkanin penguins a takaice, tunda babban aikin tuƙi an sanya shi zuwa ƙafafu. Hakanan, bayyanannen bambanci tsakanin sauran wakilan tsuntsaye shine ƙashin ƙugu na penguins.
Bayyanar
Theungiyar penguin mai wadataccen abinci an ɗan matse ta daga ɓangarorin, kuma babban babbar dabbar yana kan madaidaiciya da hannu, maimakon gajeren wuya. Tsuntsayen teku suna da ƙarfi da kaifi baki. An sauya fikafikan a cikin fika-filastik. Jikin dabbar yana rufe da kananan gashin tsuntsaye masu yawa, marasa bambanci, masu kama da gashi. Kusan dukkan nau'ikan manya suna da launin shuɗi-shuɗi, suna juyawa zuwa baƙar fata ta baya a ciki da farin ciki. A yayin aikin narkakken jini, an zubar da wani muhimmin bangare na labulen, wanda ke shafar tasirin yin iyo.
A cikin mazauninsu na asali, penguins suna fuskantar yanayi, amma ake kira matsanancin yanayin yanayi, wanda ke bayyana wasu daga cikin yanayin halittar tsuntsayen teku. Ruwan zafin yana da wakiltar wadataccen mai mai mai kauri, wanda kaurin sa yakai 20-30 mm... A saman kitse na jiki akwai matakan ruwa da gajere, mai matse-matse-mai-nauyi. Bugu da ƙari, riƙewar zafi yana sauƙaƙa ta “kaidodin kwararar baya,” wanda ke sauya zafi daga jijiyoyin zuwa jini mai saurin sanyi, wanda ke rage zafin zafin.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin yanayin cikin ruwa, penguins ba safai ake yin sautuka ba, amma a doron ƙasa irin waɗannan tsuntsayen teku suna sadarwa ta amfani da kukan da yayi kama da sautin ƙaho ko ƙaho.
Idanun penguin suna da kyau don ruwa, tare da lalataccen cornea da kwangilar yara, amma a doron tsuntsayen ruwa yana fama da wasu myopia. Godiya ga nazarin abubuwanda ke tattare da launin, ya yiwu a tantance cewa penguins suna ganin shuɗin launuka mafi kyau duka, kuma mai yiwuwa suna iya hango hasken ultraviolet sosai. Kunnuwa ba su da wani tsari na zahiri, amma yayin aiwatar da ruwa, an rufe su da fuka-fukai na musamman wadanda ke hana ruwa shiga da kuma hana karfin matsi.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Penguins ƙwararrun masu ninkaya ne, suna iya sauka zuwa zurfin mita 120-130, haka kuma suna da sauƙin rufe nisan kilomita 20 ko fiye, yayin da saurin haɓaka zuwa 9-10 km / h. A waje da lokacin kiwo, tsuntsayen teku na motsa kusan kilomita 1,000 daga gabar teku, suna matsawa zuwa cikin ruwan teku mai budewa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Penguins suna rayuwa a cikin yankuna kuma a ƙasa suna haɗuwa a cikin nau'in garken tumaki, gami da dubbai har ma da ɗaruruwan ɗari na mutane.
Don matsawa kan ƙasa, penguins suna kwance akan cikinsu suna turawa da ƙafafunsu. Don haka, dabbar tana tafiya a sauƙaƙe a saman dusar ƙanƙara ko kankara, yana haɓaka iyakar saurin 6-7 km / h.
Har yaushe penguins ke rayuwa
Matsakaicin rayuwar penguins a yanayi na iya bambanta daga shekaru goma sha biyar zuwa rubu'in ƙarni.... Dangane da duk ka'idoji na kiyayewa da tabbatar da cikakken kulawa a cikin fursuna, wannan mai nuna alama na iya haɓaka zuwa shekaru talatin. Ya kamata a lura cewa damar rayuwa ta penguins, ba tare da la'akari da jinsuna ba, a lokacin shekarar farko ta rayuwa ba ta da yawa.
Nau'in Penguin
Iyalan Penguin sun hada da jinsi shida da jinsuna goma sha takwas:
- Manyan penguin (Arténodytes) - tsuntsaye masu launin fari da fari da halayyar wuyan rawaya-orange. Wakilan halittar sunada girma kuma sunada nauyi fiye da kowane nau'in, basa gina gida da kuma haifar da ƙwai a cikin wani keɓaɓɓen fata na fata a yankin ciki. Nau'in: Emperor penguin (Artёdytes fоrstеri) da King penguuin (Artеnоdytes ratagonicus);
- Penguins masu launin zinare (Nura_m_inuwa) Tsuntsayen teku ne har zuwa girman 50-70 cm, tare da halayyar haruffa a yankin kai. Wannan jinsin yana da wakiltar wasu jinsuna shida masu rai a yanzu: Penguin da aka sassaka (E. chrysosome), Penguin ta arewa (E. mosselyi), penguin din da aka biya kudi mai kauri (E. rashyrhynchhus), Snair wanda aka kuntata penguin (E. robustus), E. Babban Penguin Mai Crest (E. schlateri) da Macaroni Penguin (E. chrysolorhus);
- Penananan penguins (Рudyрtula) Wani jinsi ne wanda ya hada da jinsuna biyu: Kananan, ko shuɗin penguin (Еudyрtula minоr) da Fuka-fuka masu fuka-fukai (Еudyрtula аlbosignata). Wakilan jinsi suna da girman matsakaici, sun bambanta a tsayin jiki a cikin zangon 30-42 cm tare da matsakaicin nauyin kusan kilogram ɗaya da rabi;
- Idanun rawaya, ko kwazazzabo penguinkuma aka sani da Antipodes penguin (Меgаdyрtes аntiроdеs) Tsuntsu ne wanda ba shi da nona extan jinsin Megadyrtes. Girman mutum balagagge yakai 70-75 cm tare da nauyin jiki 6-7 kg. Sunan ya fito ne daga kasancewar raƙuman rawaya kewaye da idanu;
- Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis) Wani jinsin halitta ne wanda a yanzu yake da nau'ikan zamani guda uku kawai: Adélie penguin (Rygosselis adéliae), da kuma Chinstrap penguin (Rygosselis antarctisa) da Gentoo penguin (Rygosselis papua);
- Yan kallo a Penguins (Sрhenisсus) Jinsi ne wanda ya hada da nau'ikan halittu guda hudu wadanda suke da kamanni na waje a launi da girma: Sifen penguins (Sрhenisсus dеmersus), penguins na Galapagos (Sрhenisсus mendisulus), Humboldt penguins (Sрhenisсsus Magbellus m.
Manyan wakilan zamani na Penguins sune penguins na sarki, kuma mafi ƙanƙancin girma shine Little Penguins, wanda tsayi ne daga 30-45 cm tare da matsakaicin nauyin kilogram 1.0-2.5.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Kakannin penguins sun kasance wurare ne masu matsakaicin yanayi, amma a wancan lokacin Antarctica ba yanki ne na kankara mai ƙarfi ba. Tare da canjin yanayi a duniyarmu, mazaunan dabbobi da yawa sun canza. Yawo tsakanin nahiyoyi da kaurar da aka yi wa Antarctica zuwa Pole ta Kudu ya haifar da ƙaurawar wasu wakilan fauna, amma penguins ɗin ne suka iya daidaita yanayin sanyi da kyau.
Mazaunin penguins shine buɗaɗɗen teku a Kudancin Hemisphere, ruwan bakin teku na Antarctica da New Zealand, kudancin Australiya da Afirka ta Kudu, duk bakin tekun Kudancin Amurka, da kuma Tsibirin Galapagos kusa da ekweita.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A yau, mafi kyawun mazaunin penguins na zamani yana cikin layin tsaka-tsakin tsibirin Galapagos.
Tsuntsayen teku sun fi son sanyi, saboda haka, a cikin sararin samaniya na wurare masu zafi, waɗannan dabbobin suna bayyana ne kawai tare da yanayin sanyi. Wani muhimmin bangare na dukkan nau'ikan zamani suna rayuwa daga kewayon daga 45 ° zuwa 60 ° S latitude, kuma mafi girman ɗimbin mutane yana cikin Antarctica da tsibiran da ke kusa da ita.
Cincin Penguin
Babban abincin penguins yana wakiltar kifi, crustaceans da plankton, da matsakaiciyar sifa... Tsuntsayen teku suna jin daɗin krill da anchovies, sardines, kifin azurfa na Antarctic, ƙaramin dorinar ruwa da kifaye. A lokacin farauta ɗaya, penguin na iya yin kusan nutsewa 190-900, wanda yawansu ya dogara da halayen jinsuna, da kuma yanayin canjin wurin zama da buƙatun yawan abinci.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wakilan penguins suna shan ruwan gishirin teku galibi, kuma ana fitar da gishiri mai yawa daga jikin dabba ta cikin gland na musamman da ke yankin ido.
Kayan bakin penguin suna aiki ne bisa ka'idar famfo ta al'ada, sabili da haka, matsakaicin siket mai kamawa ana tsotsewa ta bakin tsuntsu, tare da isasshen ruwa. Kamar yadda lura ya nuna, matsakaicin nisan da tsuntsayen teku ke yi yayin daya daga cikin abincin nata ya kai kimanin kilomita 26-27. Penguins na iya ɗaukar kimanin awa ɗaya da rabi a rana a zurfin da ya wuce mita uku.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Gidajen Penguins, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, a cikin manyan yankuna, kuma iyayen biyu suna yin aiki tare tare da haɗa ƙwai da ciyar da kajin. Zamanin saduwa kai tsaye ya dogara da halaye da jinsin dabbobi. Misali, karami, kyakkyawa, jaki da kuma wasu yankuna masu karancin ruwan penguins a karon farko suna da shekaru biyu, yayin da macaroni penguins ke haduwa da shekaru biyar kacal.
Ga Galapagos, ƙarancin penguins, na ƙarami da na jakuna, shiryawa na kajin ya zama ruwan dare a duk tsawon shekara, kuma ƙananan penguin a wasu yanayi na iya yin ko da wasu abubuwa biyu cikin shekara guda. Yawancin jinsunan da ke zaune a yankunan Antarctic da Antarctic sun fara kiwo a lokacin bazara da bazara, kuma penguins na sarki suna kamawa kawai tare da farkon kaka. Kaza yawanci ana dacewa da ita sosai da gwamnatocin ƙananan zazzabi kuma sun fi son lokacin sanyi a cikin yankuna da ke arewacin. A lokacin lokacin hunturu, iyaye kusan basa ciyar da zuriyarsu, don haka kajin na iya rasa nauyi sosai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Maza da ke cikin jinsunan da ba a rarrabe su da salon rayuwa ba suna bayyana yayin lokacin shiryawa a cikin mulkin mallaka fiye da mata, wanda ke ba su damar mallakar wani yanki, wanda za a yi amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar gida.
Namiji yana jan hankalin mace sosai ta hanyar yin kiran ƙaho, amma galibi tsuntsayen teku waɗanda suka dace a kakar bara sun zama abokan tarayya... Hakanan akwai kyakkyawar alaƙar haɓaka tsakanin tsarin zaɓar abokin tarayya da mawuyacin halin zamantakewar tare da girman mulkin mallaka. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, a cikin manyan yankuna mazauna al'adun al'adar na iya kasancewa tare da gani da jan hankali na jan hankali, yayin da penguins da ke zaune a cikin ciyawar ciyayi da yawa sun fi son yin hankali da rashin fahimta.
Makiya na halitta
Penguins dabbobi ne da suke gida da farko a wani keɓe, saboda haka, manya a ƙasa, a ƙa'ida, ba su da abokan gaba na zahiri. Koyaya, dabbobin da ke farauta sau da yawa waɗanda mutane suka shigo da su, gami da karnuka da kuliyoyi, suna iya yin mummunar haɗari har ma ga tsuntsayen balagaggun halittun.
Don manufar kare kai, penguins suna amfani da fikafikai na roba da ɗan kaifi mai kaifi, waɗanda makamai ne masu tasirin gaske.... Kaji da aka bari ba tare da kulawar iyayensu ba sau da yawa ana samun ganimar ganga (Procellariidae). Wasu nau'ikan kwarya kuma suna amfani da kowace dama don cin abinci a kan qwai na penguin.
Alamar damisa (Hydrurga lertonykh), like na Antarctic fur (Arctocerhalus), zakunan tekun Australia (Neorhosa cinerea) da zakunan tekun New Zealand (Phocarctos hookerii), da zakunan teku (Orsacuchus) a cikin ruwa. Dukkanin nau'ikan hatimin da aka lissafa a sama sun fi son yin sintiri a cikin ruwa mai zurfin kusa da yankuna da yawa, inda penguins ba za su iya amfani da irin wannan damar ta ƙasa kamar babban motsi ba. Dangane da ƙididdigar masana kimiyya da yawa, kimanin kashi biyar cikin ɗari na yawan adadin ƙwarin peni na Adélie na mutuwa a irin waɗannan wuraren kowace shekara.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wataƙila, a gaban masu cin abincin ruwa ne babban dalilin da ya sa ake ganin babu wata ma'ana ta tsoron tsuntsayen teku game da yanayin ruwa, wanda kwata-kwata kwalliyar penguin ta dace da ita, ƙarya.
Kafin shiga ko nutsewa cikin ruwa, penguins sun fi son kusanto bakin tekun a cikin ƙananan rukuni. A yayin aiwatar da irin wannan motsi, dabbobin suna jinkiri da bayyana rashin yanke hukunci, saboda haka galibi wannan hanya mai sauƙi takan ɗauki rabin awa. Sai kawai bayan ɗayan waɗannan tsuntsayen teku suka yi tsalle don tsalle cikin ruwa, duk sauran wakilan mulkin mallaka sun nutse.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A farkon wannan karnin, yawancin jinsunan penguins uku an lasafta su a matsayin masu hatsarin gaske: masu lalata penguins (Еudyрtes sсlаteri), penguins masu kyau (Меgаdyрtes аntirodes) da Galapagos penguins (Sрhenisсulus me. Wani lokaci da suka wuce, mutum ne ya aiwatar da lalata coan mulkin mallaka na tsuntsayen teku. Mutane sun tattara ƙwayaye sosai don dalilan abinci, kuma an hallaka manya don samun kitse mai ƙasa.
Mahimmanci! A yau, tsuntsayen teku suna fuskantar wasu barazanar da yawa, gami da rasa mazauninsu. A saboda haka ne yawan gwanayen penguins yanzu suke cikin barazanar bacewa gaba daya.
Adadin mutane da yawa na tsuntsayen Galapagos penguins sun mutu a cikin haƙoran karnukan feral, kuma yawancin nau'ikan sun ragu a cikin lambobi saboda canje-canje a yanayin yanayi a mazaunin da kuma raguwar samar da abinci. Zaɓin na ƙarshe ya dace da penguins na Rocky (Еudyрtes сhrysоshome), penguins magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus) da Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humbоldti), waɗanda ke farautar sardines da anchovies, wanda ke shafar sha'awar masunta. Jakuna da Magellanic penguins suna ƙara fuskantar mummunan tasirin gurɓataccen ruwa mai yawa a mazauninsu tare da kayayyakin mai.
