Turtles (lat.Testudines) wakilai ne na ɗayan umarni huɗu na dabbobi masu rarrafe na zamani waɗanda ke cikin nau'in Chordate. Shekarun burbushin halittar turtles shekaru miliyan 200-220 ne. shine shekaru miliyan 200-220.
Bayanin kunkuru
Dangane da shaidar mafi yawan masana kimiyya, a cikin shekaru miliyan 150 da suka gabata, bayyanar da tsarin kunkuru ba su canzawa ba.
Bayyanar
Babban fasalin kunkuru shi ne kasancewar bawo, wanda hadadden kasusuwa mai launin fata ya wakilta, yana rufe jikin halittar dabbobi masu rarrafe daga kowane bangare kuma yana kare dabbar daga hare-haren mahautan da yawa. Yanayin ciki na harsashi yana kasancewa da kasancewar faranti masu ƙashi, kuma ɓangaren na waje yana da alamun garkuwar fata. Irin wannan harsashi yana da ɓangaren ƙugu da ciki. Kashi na farko, ana kiransa carapace, yana da fasali mai fasali, kuma filastin, ko kuma ɓangaren ciki, koyaushe yana kwance.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jikin kunkuru yana da haɗuwa mai ƙarfi tare da ɓangaren harsashi, wanda daga kansa, wutsiya da gaɓoɓinsa ke fitowa tsakanin plastron da carapace. Lokacin da kowane haɗari ya bayyana, kunkuru suna iya ɓoyewa a cikin kwandon ɗin.
Kunkuru ba shi da hakora, amma yana da kaifi da kuma kakkausar baki wanda ke ba dabba damar cizon kayan abinci cikin sauki... Kunkuru, tare da wasu macizai da kadoji, suna yin ƙwai na nau'in fata, amma dabbobi masu rarrafe galibi ba sa kula da zuriyarsu da aka haifa, saboda haka suna barin wurin kwanciya kusan nan da nan.
Turtuwa na nau'ikan nau'ikan daban sun sha bamban a girmansu da nauyinsu. Misali, tsawon kunkuru gizo-gizo na ƙasa bai wuce 100 mm tare da nauyi a kewayon 90-100 g, kuma girman balagaggen ruwan fata mai girma ya kai 250 cm tare da nauyin sama da rabin sautin. Nau'in gwarzaye a cikin kunkurulen ƙasar da aka sani a yau sun haɗa da kunkurulen giwar Galapagos, wanda kwarinsa ya fi tsayi mita, kuma adadin na iya zama tsakiya huɗu.
Launin kunkuru, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, yana da ladabi sosai, yana bawa dabbobi masu rarrafe damar yin kamanninsu cikin sauƙin abubuwa. Koyaya, akwai kuma nau'ikan da yawa waɗanda aka rarrabe su ta hanyar tsari mai haske da bambanci sosai. Misali, kunkuru mai walƙiya a tsakiyar ɓangaren carapace yana da halayyar duhu mai halayyar rawaya mai haske da kuma haskoki masu yawa da ke kanta. Yankin kai da wuya na kunkuru mai kunnuwa mai kunnuwa an kawata shi da fasalin layin wavy da ratsi, kuma akwai jajayen launuka masu haske a bayan idanu.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Duk da cewa rashin isassun matakan ci gaban kwakwalwa, sakamakon gwaji, ya yiwu a tantance cewa hankalin kunkuru na nuna babban sakamako. Ya kamata a sani cewa ba wai na kasa kawai ba har ma da wasu nau'o'in kunkuru, wadanda suka hada da fadamar Turai da Kurtukan Caspian, sun halarci irin wadannan gwaje-gwajen.
Kunkuru dabbobi masu rarrafe ne da ke tafiyar da rayuwa ta kadaici, amma irin wadannan dabbobin suna bukatar kamfani irin nasu tare da farkon lokacin saduwarsu... Wasu lokuta kunkuru kan taru don lokacin hunturu a cikin kananan kungiyoyi. Wasu nau'ikan jinsunan ruwa, gami da kunkuru mai kai-komo (Phrynops geoffroanus), suna da halin azanci game da kasancewar danginsu koda a wajen lokacin saduwa ne.
Kunkuru nawa ke rayuwa
Kusan dukkan nau'ikan kunkuru da ke akwai sun cancanci kasancewa cikin rukunin masu dogon rai, masu riƙe da rikodi a tsakanin ƙananan dabbobi da yawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sanannen Ran Ruwan nan mai Haske na Madagascar mai suna Tui Malila ya sami nasarar rayuwa kusan shekaru ɗari biyu.
Shekarun irin wannan rarrafe sau da yawa ya fi ƙarni ɗaya. A cewar masana kimiyya, kunkuru ma na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru dari biyu ko fiye.
Bawon kunkuru
An rarrabe karafon kunkuru ta yanayin fasalinsa, wanda aka wakilta ta asalin ƙashi da suturar ƙaho. Boneashin kashi na carapace yana ƙunshe da vertebrae pre-sacral takwas, da kuma ɓangarorin kuɗin dorsal. Kunkurui na al'ada suna da faranti hamsin na asalin gauraye.
Siffa da lambar irin waɗannan maganganu fasalin muhimmin abu ne don tantance nau'in kunkuru:
- nau'ikan jinsunan duniya galibi suna da babban, mai lankwasawa da kauri mafi girma, wanda ke da alaƙa da alamun da ke cikin hanji. Tsarin dullin yana ba da sararin ciki mai mahimmanci, yana sauƙaƙa narkewar kayan lambu;
- nau'ikan filayen burrowing suna da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar carapace, wanda ke taimaka wa dabbobi masu rarrafe su iya motsawa cikin burrow cikin sauki;
- ruwa mai yawa da kunkuru a teku galibi ana alakanta shi da kasancewar lalatacciyar iska mai laushi, wacce ke da siffa ta oval, ovoid ko hawaye, amma tushe kashi yana da kyau kuma zai iya raguwa;
- nau'ikan kunkuru masu taushi ana rarrabe su ta hanyar karamin karapace, tushen kasusuwa koyaushe yana raguwa sosai idan babu ɓoyayyiyar fatar jiki da kasancewar kasancewar suturar fata a kan harsashi;
- carapace a cikin kunkurulin fata ba shi da wani alaƙa tare da ɓangaren axial na kwarangwal, saboda haka, ana yin sa ne ta hanyar mosaic na ƙananan ƙasusuwa haɗe da juna, waɗanda fata ke rufe su;
- wasu turtles an rarrabe su da carapace a gaban kyakkyawan tsarin haɗin keɓaɓɓu na wayoyin hannu tare da nau'ikan sinadarai tare da ƙwayoyin cartilaginous a ɗakunan faranti.
Za'a iya yin rikodin iyakar layin karafase a saman ɓangaren ƙananan kasusuwan, kuma karapace mai laushi, ko ɓarnar nau'in ƙaho, yana da sunaye kama da faranti ɗin da ke wurin.
Nau'in kunkuru
A halin yanzu, an san nau'ikan kunkuru sama da ɗari uku, waɗanda ke cikin iyalai goma sha huɗu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan halittu masu rarrafe suna jagoranci na musamman ne na rayuwar kasa, yayin da dayan bangaren kuma yake dauke da kyakkyawan yanayin yanayin yanayin ruwa.
Wadannan nau'ikan suna rayuwa a yankin kasarmu:
- kunkuru, ko kulawa, ko Loggerhead (lat Ttarettа сaretta) - kai tsawon 75-95 cm tare da matsakaita nauyin 80-200 kg. Jinsin yana da karapace mai siffar zuciya, launin ruwan kasa, ja-kasa-kasa ko zaitun a launi. Filasti da gada mai ƙarfi na iya zama mai laushi ko launuka masu rawaya. A yankin baya, akwai farantin farashi masu tsada guda goma, kuma babban kan an kuma rufe shi da manyan faranti. Fins na gaba an sanye su da ƙusoshin ƙafa biyu;
- kunkuru na fata, ko ganima (lat Dermoshelys coriacea) - kawai nau'ikan zamani ne na dangin kunkuru na fata (Dermoshelyidae). Wakilai sune manyan kunkuru na zamani masu tsayin jiki na 260 cm tare da gaba mai juyewa na 250 cm da nauyin jiki har zuwa 890-915 kg;
- kunkuru mai nisa, ko trionics na kasar Sin (lat Perodisсus sinensis) - Kunkuru masu dauke da ruwa, wadanda suke dangin 'yan kunkuru masu laushi mai laushi uku-uku. A cikin kasashen Asiya, ana amfani da nama sosai don abinci, saboda haka dabbobi masu rarrafe na abubuwa ne don kiwo na masana'antu. Tsawon balaguron balagaggu, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, bai wuce kwata na mita ba, kuma matsakaita nauyi shine 4.0-4.5 kg;
- Kunkuruwar Turai (lat Emys orbiсularis) - Turtles na ruwa mai dauke da oval, low and kadan convex, carapace mai santsi, wanda ke da hanyar sadarwa ta hannu tare da plastron ta hanyar kunkuntar da jijiya. Tsawon baligi na wannan nau'in shine 12-35 cm tare da nauyin jiki a cikin kilogram ɗaya da rabi;
- Kunkuruwan Caspian (lat Mauremys caspisa) - dabbobi masu rarrafe na jinsin kunkuru da na dangin Asia. Nau'in yana wakiltar ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa uku. Ga balagagge, tsayin 28-30 cm da carapace oval halayya ce. Matasa na wannan nau'in an rarrabe su ta hanyar carapace. Manya maza suna da harsashi mai elongated tare da ɗan concave plastron;
- Bahar Rum, ko Girkanci, ko Kunkuru na Caucasian (lat Testo graesa) Wani nau'in ne wanda yake da tsayi da oval, karamin carapace mai dan karen tsayi, wanda yakai tsawon daga 33-35 cm, na zaitun mai haske ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan toka tare da tabo mai launin baki. Feetafafun gaban suna da fika huɗu ko biyar. Bayan cinyoyin an sanye da tarin fuka mai zafin gaske. Kunkuruwar wannan nau'in yakan sami garkuwar wutsiya wacce ba a gyara ta ba, filastar sa ana rarrabe ta da launi mai haske da duhu.
A yankin Kazakhstan da kasashen Asiya ta Tsakiya, ana samun Kudancin Asiya ko kunkuru (Agriоnemys hоrsfiеldii). An halicci nau'in ta ƙananan, zagaye, harsashi mai launin rawaya mai launin rawaya tare da nau'in duhu mai duhu. An raba karapace ta hanyar raɗaɗi goma sha uku, kuma plastron ya kasu kashi goma sha shida. Gurasar da ake gabatarwa akan masaka suna sauƙaƙa ƙayyade yawan shekarun da kunkuru ya rayu. Matsakaicin tsayin kunkuru bai wuce 15-20 cm ba, kuma mata na wannan nau'in, a matsayin mai mulkin, sun fi maza girma sosai.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Matsakaici da mazaunin nau'ikan kunkuru daban-daban:
- Giwa kunkuru (Helоnоidis еleрhаntоpus) - Tsibirin Galapagos;
- Kunkuru Misra (Testo kleinmanni) - arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya;
- Kunkuruwar Asiya ta Tsakiya (Gwajin (Agrionеmys) hоrsfiеldii) - Kyrgyzstan da Uzbekistan, da Tajikistan da Afghanistan, Lebanon da Syria, arewa maso gabashin Iran, arewa maso yamma na Indiya da Pakistan;
- Damisar damisa ko damin kunkuru (Geochelone pardalis) - Kasashen Afirka;
- Spepeled igiya kunkuru (Alamar Homopus) - Afirka ta Kudu da kudancin Namibia;
- Fentin ko ado kunkuru (Сhrysеmys рiсta) - Kanada da Amurka;
- Turawan kunkuru na Turai (Emys orbiсularis) - kasashen Turai da Asiya, yankin Caucasus;
- Mai jan kunne ko kunkuru mai dauke da rawaya (Trachemys rubutun) - Amurka da Kanada, yankin arewa maso yamma na Kudancin Amurka, gami da arewacin Colombia da Venezuela;
- Cayman ko cizon kunkuru (Renthelydra serrentina) - Amurka da kudu maso gabashin Kanada.
Mazaunan teku da tekuna sun haɗa da Gaskiya caretta (Rеtmochelys imbricata), Kunkuru na fata (Dermoshelys coriacea), Korewa miyar kunkuru (Сhelonia mydаs). Dabbobin ruwa masu rarrafe suna rayuwa a cikin koguna, tabkuna da fadama na belin Eurasia mai sanyin zama, sannan kuma suna zaune a tafkunan Afirka, Amurka ta Kudu, Turai da Asiya.
Abincin Kunkuru
Abubuwan fifikon abinci na kunkuru kai tsaye sun dogara da halaye da nau'ikan halittu masu rarrafe. Tushen abincin turtuwa na ƙasa yana wakiltar abinci na tsire-tsire, gami da ƙananan rassa na bishiyoyi daban-daban, kayan lambu da kayan lambu, ciyawa da naman kaza, kuma irin waɗannan dabbobi suna cin katantanwa, slugs ko tsutsotsi don sake cika adadin furotin. Bukatar ruwa galibi ana biyan ta ne ta hanyar cin ɓangarorin tsire-tsire masu daɗi.
Za a iya rarraba ruwa mai dadi da kunkuru a matsayin masu farauta na yau da kullun, suna ciyar da kananan kifi, kwadi, katantanwa da kayan kwalliya, kwai tsuntsaye, kwari, kwalliyar kwalliya iri iri. Ana cin kayan lambu da ƙananan. Haka nan cin abincin dabbobi halaye ne na mutane masu yawan ɗabi'a. Hakanan akwai nau'ikan kunkuru na ruwa, wanda, yayin da suka girma, suka koma cin abincin tsirrai. Hakanan ana yin karatun kunkuru a teku.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Tare da farkon lokacin saduwa, manyan kunkuru maza suna shirya yaƙin gargajiya da faɗa don haƙƙin saduwa da mace. Kunkururan ƙasa a irin wannan lokacin suna bin abokin hamayyarsu kuma suna ƙoƙari su juya ta, suna bugawa ko ciji gaban bawon. Nau'in ruwa a cikin fadace-fadace ya ba da fifiko ga cizon da bin abokin gaba. Sauraro mai zuwa yana ba wa mace damar ɗaukar matsayin da ya fi dacewa don saduwa.
Maza na wasu jinsuna, yayin aiwatar da saduwa, suna da ikon yin sautuka na farko. Dukkanin nau'ikan kunkuru na zamani mallakar dabbobi ne masu wahala, saboda haka, mata suna yin kwai a cikin fossa mai kama da tulun da ƙafafunsu na baya suka haƙa kuma aka jiƙa musu ruwan da cloaca ya ɓoye.
Fossa tare da farin ƙwai mai faɗi ko ƙwai elliptical an cika shi, kuma an daidaita ƙasa tare da taimakon bugun plastron. Kunkururan teku da wasu kunkuru masu wuyan wuya suna kwan ƙwai da aka rufe bawo mai laushi da fata. Adadin ƙwai ya banbanta tsakanin wakilan jinsuna daban-daban kuma yana iya kaiwa 1 zuwa 200.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Giant kunkuru (Megalochelys gigantea) suna da hanyoyin halayyar da ke daidaita girman yawan mutane ta yawan ƙwai da ake sanyawa kowace shekara.
Yawancin kunkuru suna sanya kamawa da yawa a lokacin kaka ɗaya, kuma lokacin shiryawa, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, yakan ɗauki watanni biyu zuwa watanni shida.... Banda ke kula da ɗiyanta shine kunkuru mai launin ruwan kasa (Manouria emys), matan da ke gadin gida tare da saka kwai har sai an haifi upaupan. Wani abin birgewa shi ne halayyar kunkuru wacce aka yi wa ado (Bahaushen malonei), wanda ke tono kwan-kwan ya kuma saukaka fitowar matasa.
Makiya na halitta
Duk da kasancewar harsashi mai ƙarfi da abin dogaro, kunkuru suna da makiya da yawa waɗanda ke haifar da haɗari ga dabbobi masu rarrafe ba kawai a ƙasa ba, har ma a cikin yanayin ruwa. Babban makiyin kunkuru shi ne mutumin da ya kama kuma ya kashe irin waɗannan dabbobi don ya sami nama da ƙwai, har da bawo. Hakanan kunkuru yana kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da fungal, ectoparasites da helminths.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jaguars suna da kyau a shirya tattali da yawa don cin abincin su a lokaci guda, wanda mai farautar ya juya kan shimfidar ƙasa a bayan su kuma ya cire su daga baƙin tare da taimakon ƙafafu masu kaifi.
Dabbobin da ke cin karensu ba babbaka suna farautar kunkuru da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa, gabatar da kaguwa da mackerel na doki, manyan kifaye masu farauta har ma da kifaye. Tsuntsaye masu ganima suna da damar jefa turtu daga tsayi mai tsayi zuwa saman dutse, bayan haka sai su tsinkaye dabbar daga cikin bawon da ya rabu gida biyu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Wasu nau'ikan 228 daga wadanda ake da su da kuma wadanda suka mutu suna cikin littafin Red Data kuma wadanda ke da kariyar kungiyar Tarayyar ta OP, kuma kusan 135 a halin yanzu suna fuskantar barazanar bacewa gaba daya. A yanzu haka kunkuru da ke Gabashin Gabas (Тriоnyх sinensis), da kuma kunkuru na Girka ko na Bahar Rum (Testudo graaisa Iberia) suna wakiltar mafi shahararrun nau'ikan kunkuru da ke cikin hatsari yanzu.
Jerin Jerin IUCN ya hada da:
- Kananan kamfanoni 11 Geochelcne elephantcpus;
- Geochelcne carbonaria;
- Geochelone chilensis;
- Geochelone dénticulata;
- Astеrochelys yniрhora;
- Asterochelys rediyo;
- Geochelone elegans;
- Geochelone pardalis;
- Geochelone sulcata;
- Gorherus agassizii;
- Gorherus berlandieri;
- Gorherus flavomarglnatus;
- Gorherus polyphemus;
- Malasosherus tоrniеri;
- Psammobates lissafi;
- Рsаmmоbаtes tеntоrius;
- Psammobates osulifer;
- Ryxis planicauda;
- Рyхis аrасhnоids;
- Сhеrsine аngulata;
- Hormus boulengery;
- Hormus fеmоrаlis;
- Alamar Hormus;
- Homopus areolatus;
- Agriоnemys hоrsfiеldi;
- Testo Hermanni;
- Тstudо kleinmаnni;
- Testo mаrginаta.
Babban abin da ke yiwa jama'a barazana yana wakiltar koma bayan yanayin kunkuru saboda ayyukan gona da gine-gine, da farauta.
Tattalin arziki
Babu manyan filaye da kunkurulen ruwa shahararrun dabbobin gida waɗanda ƙaunatattun mashahurai ke ƙima da su... Ana amfani da naman kunkuru don dalilai na abinci kuma ana cin shi danye, dafaffe ko soyayyen, kuma saukin irin wadannan dabbobin na taimakawa safarar dabbobi masu rarrafe kamar "abinci mai gwangwani". Ana amfani da karas na dabba wajen kera kayan kwalliyar mata na gargajiya kamar kanzashi.
Yana da ban sha'awa!An ba da izinin dabbobin kunkuru amma ba a ba da shawarar a galibin jihohin Amurka ba, amma irin waɗannan dabbobin an hana su a Oregon. Ya kamata kuma a sani cewa dokar tarayya ta Amurka gaba daya ta hana fatauci ko safarar kunkuru, wanda yawansu bai kai 100 mm ba, kuma a yammacin kasar tseren kunkuru ya shahara sosai, wanda shine ainihin nishaɗin asali.
Ba kamar sauran sanannun mutane da yawa da kuma nazarin dabbobi masu rarrafe ba, kowane kunkuru ba shi da wata barazana ga rayuwar ɗan adam da lafiyar sa. Wani keɓaɓɓu ke gabatar da kunkuru na fata na fata, wanda, tare da farkon lokacin saduwa, suna iya kamo masu ninkaya tare da flippers ko nutsar da su, kuma ɓarna da ɓarna na ɓarna na iya haifar da mummunan rauni ga mutum.
