Daman ko Damanovye (lat. Prosaviidae) dangi ne da ke wakiltar ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ɗayan ɗayan da ke cikin ƙungiyar Damana (Hyrasoidea). Iyalin sun hada da jinsuna biyar.
Bayanin daman
Wani suna don damans shine zhyryaki... Kodayake duk da karancin bayanai na zahiri na zamani, irin wannan dabbar tana da tarihi, asalin ta nesa.
Bayyanar
Girman dabba mai shayarwa: tsawon jiki tsakanin 30-65 cm tare da matsakaicin nauyin 1.5-4.5 kg. Wutsiyar ɓangaren kitse mai ƙwanƙwasa ce, wadda ba ta fi tsayi 3 cm ba, ko kuma ba ta nan gaba ɗaya. A cikin bayyanar, tsaruka suna kama da beraye - marmots mara wutsiya ko manyan aladu na guinea, amma a cikin sifofin halitta irin wannan dabba mai shayarwa ta fi kusa da dabbobin proboscis da sirens. Damanovykh yana da kundin tsarin mulki mai yawa, wanda ke tattare da halin kunci, babban kai, haka kuma mai kauri da gajere.
Gaban gaban goge-goge ne, mai karfi kuma mai tsari mai kyau, mai yatsun kafa hudu da faratattun kafafu wadanda suka yi kama da kofato. Limafannun baya na nau'i-nau'i uku ne, tare da yatsan ciki na ciki tare da ƙusa mai tsayi kuma mai lanƙwasa don tsefe gashi. Theafafun ƙafafu babu ƙura, tare da kaurin roba da zaren roba da bututun gumi da yawa da ake buƙata don tsaftacewar fata koyaushe. Wannan fasalin tsarin ƙafafun yana ba wa hyraxes damar hawa gangaren duwatsu da kututtukan bishiyoyi tare da saurin gudu da ɓarna, tare da sauka ƙasa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A tsakiyar ɓangaren baya akwai wani yanki wanda tsawan elongated, mai haske ko duhu mai duwatsu tare da wani yanki mai ƙanƙara da layin gumi, wanda ke ɓoye wani sirri na musamman mai ƙamshi yayin haifuwa.
Abun bakin bakin gajere ne, tare da leɓen leɓe na sama. Kunnuwa suna zagaye, suna da ƙananan girma, wani lokacin kusan an ɓoye su gab da gashin. Jawo yana da yawa, wanda ya kunshi taushi mai laushi da rumfa mai laushi, launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa. A jiki, a yankin bakin da wuyansa, haka kuma sama da idanuwa, akwai waɗansu daure na dogon vibrissae.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Iyalan Damanovy sun kunshi nau'ikan halittu guda hudu, wadanda biyu daga cikinsu suna da rana, kuma ma'aurata basu da maraice.... Wakilan jinsi na Procavia da Heterohyrax dabbobi ne masu shayarwa wadanda ke rayuwa a tsakanin mutane biyar zuwa dozin. Dabbar daji da dare ba zata iya zama mai kadaici ko zama cikin iyali. Duk rarrabuwar kai ana rarrabe shi ta hanyar motsi da karfin gudu da sauri, tsalle sama da isa kuma a saukake hawa kusan kowane yanki.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Duk wakilan mulkin mallaka ɗaya suna ziyartar "banɗaki" iri ɗaya, kuma fitsarinsu ya ba da alamun ƙirar lu'ulu'u mai haske a jikin duwatsu.
Wakilan dangin Damanovy suna da halin kasancewar ingantaccen hangen nesa da ji, amma rashin kyawun yanayin zafi, saboda haka irin waɗannan dabbobin suna ƙoƙarin haɗuwa da dare don su dumama su. Da rana, dabbobi masu shayarwa, tare da dabbobi masu rarrafe, sun fi son yin kwalliya na dogon lokaci a rana, suna daga hannayensu da gumi. Daman dabba ce mai hankali kuma, idan aka gano haɗari, tana fitar da kuka mai kaifi, mai tilasta dukkan mazaunan yankin da sauri su ɓuya a cikin mafaka.
Da yawa hyraxes ke rayuwa
Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar hyrax a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi bai wuce shekaru goma sha huɗu ba, amma yana iya ɗan bambanta kaɗan dangane da mazauninsu da halayensu. Misali, tsirrai irin na Afirka na rayuwa na tsawon shekaru shida ko bakwai, yayin da Cape hyrax zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru goma. A lokaci guda, an kafa tsarin halayyar, ta yadda mata koyaushe ke ɗan rayuwa fiye da maza.
Nau'in Daman
Dangane da kwanan nan, dangin hyrax sun haɗu kusan goma ko goma sha ɗaya, waɗanda suka kasance daga jinsi huɗu. A halin yanzu, akwai guda huɗu, wani lokacin nau'ikan biyar:
- Iyalin Prosaviidae suna da wakiltar D. arboreus ko Wood hyrax, D. dorsalis ko Western hyrax, D. validus ko Eastern hyrax, H. brucei ko Bruce's Daman da Pr. Sarensis ko Cape hyrax;
- Iyalin Рliоhyracidac sun hada da yawancin jinsi - Kvabebihyrakh, Рliоhyrax (Lertodon), da Роstsсhizоtherium, Sоgdоhyraх da Titanоhyrax;
- Iyali Geniohyidae;
- Iyalin Myohyracidae.
Dukkanin abubuwanda aka haifa sun kasu kashi-kashi manyan kungiyoyi uku: tsauni, steppe da dabbobi masu dabbobi... Yawancin hyraxes suna wakiltar dangi daya, wanda ya hada da kusan nau'ikan tara da ke rayuwa a Afirka, gami da bishiyoyi da tsaunuka.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Dutsen tsaunuka dabbobi ne na mulkin mallaka gama gari a Gabas da Kudancin Afirka, daga Kudu maso Gabashin Masar, Habasha da Sudan zuwa Angola ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ta Kudu, gami da lardunan Mpumalanga da Limpopo, inda wuraren zama tsaunuka masu duwatsu, talus da tuddai.
Cape hyrax ya bazu sosai daga yankin Siriya, Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka da Isra'ila zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ana samun kusan ko'ina a kudu da Sahara. Ana lura da yawan keɓaɓɓun wurare a cikin tsaunukan ƙasar Algeria da Libya.
Tsarin bishiyoyin Yammacin Turai suna zaune ne a yankunan dazuzzuka a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Tsakiya, kuma ana samun su a gangaren tsaunuka har zuwa mita dubu 4,5 a saman teku. Yankin kudancin arboreal ya bazu a Afirka, har ma da yankin kudu maso gabashin bakin teku.
Mazaunin wannan nau'in ya fadada zuwa yankin kudu daga Uganda da Kenya har zuwa yankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma daga gabashin gabashin Zambiya da Kwango, ta yamma zuwa gabar gabashin nahiya. Dabbar ta zauna a cikin tsaunuka masu tudu da kuma gandun daji na bakin teku.
Abincin Hyrax
Tushen abincin da yawancin hyraxes ke wakilta ta ganye. Hakanan, irin waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna cin ciyawa da ƙananan harbe-harben samari. Cikakken ciki mai tarin yawa na irin wannan ciyawar yana dauke da isasshen adadin microflora mai fa'ida ta musamman, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga mafi inganci da sauƙin haɗuwa da abincin shuke-shuke.
Cape hyraxes wani lokacin suna cin abinci na asalin dabbobi, galibi kwari kwari, da kuma tsutsarsu. Cape hyrax yana iya cin ciyawar da ke ƙunshe da dafi masu ƙarfi ba tare da cutar da lafiyarta ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Damans suna da tsini mai tsini da kaifi, waɗanda ba kawai a cikin tsarin ciyarwa ba, amma har ila yau suna matsayin wata hanya ce ta kare dabbar da ke jin kunya daga dabbobi masu yawa.
Abincin da aka saba da shi na tsaunukan tsaunuka da ke zaune a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa sun haɗa da nau'in cordia (Cordia ovalis), grevia (Grevia fallax), hibiscus (Hibiscus lunarifolius), ficus (Fiсus) da merua (Maerua trirhylla) Irin waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa basa shan ruwa, saboda haka suna karɓar dukkan ruwan da yake buƙata ga jiki musamman daga ciyayi.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Yawancin damuwa suna haifuwa kusan duk shekara, amma yawan zuriya yakan faru ne a cikin shekaru goma na farkon lokacin damina. Ciki a cikin wata mace mai suna Cape hyrax ya wuce watanni bakwai. Irin wannan tsawan lokaci mai ban sha'awa wani martani ne na zamanin da daɗewa, lokacin da dabbobi masu shayarwa suka yi girma kamar na dusar ƙanƙara.
'Ya'yan matan suna kiyaye ta a cikin cikakkiyar aminci, abin da ake kira' yar tsintsiya, wanda aka yi layi-layi da ciyawa tukunna.... Lita ɗaya galibi tana ɗauke da yara biyar ko shida, waɗanda ba su da ci gaba fiye da zuriyar wasu nau'in jinsin. Tsintsin dutsen da yammacin arboreal hyrax galibi suna ɗauke da ɗaya ko biyu manya da ƙwararrun yara.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Matasa maza koyaushe suna barin danginsu, bayan haka kuma suna kafa nasu mulkin mallaka, amma kuma suna iya haɗuwa da wasu mazan a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi, kuma mata mata zasu shiga cikin danginsu.
Bayan haihuwa, kowane yanki ana ware masa "nonon mutum", don haka jaririn ba zai iya shan madara daga wani ba. Tsarin shayarwa na tsawan watanni shida, amma yaran suna kasancewa a cikin danginsu har sai sun kai ga balagar jima'i, wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɓarna a kusan shekara ɗaya da rabi. Makonni kaɗan bayan haihuwa, ,anyun hyraxes sun fara ciyar da abincin gargajiya na gargajiya don nau'in.
Makiya na halitta
Manyan macizai suna farautar tsaunukan tsaunuka, gami da hieroglyph python, tsuntsaye masu cin nama da damisa, gami da ƙananan dabbobi masu cin nama. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, jinsin yana iya kamuwa da cutar nimoniya na kwayar cutar ta tarin fuka da tarin fuka, kuma yana shan wahala daga nematodes, fleas, lice da ticks. Manyan makiya Cape hyena sune cheetah da caracals, da kuma diloli da kurayen hazo, wasu tsuntsaye masu farauta, gami da gaggafar Kaffir.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A cikin Larabawa da kudancin Afirka, ana kamuwa da cuta don neman nama mai daɗi da ƙoshin lafiya, wanda ke yin kama da zomo, wanda hakan ke shafar yawan irin waɗannan dabbobi masu ƙyallen ƙafa. Wadanda suka fi rauni a halin yanzu sune cututtukan daji, yawan mutanen da ke fama da sare dazuzzuka na yankuna da sauran ayyukan mutane. Gabaɗaya, a yau yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan hyrax yana da karko ƙwarai..
