Bayani da fasali
Na dogon lokaci, a cikin mutane, ana kiran waɗannan ƙwaro Khrushches. A wasu lokuta, suna da yawa daga cikinsu sai suka faɗi da yawa kai tsaye ƙasa kuma suka faɗi ƙarƙashin ƙafafun masu wucewa. Mutane sun taka su, yayin da aka ji kara mai karfi.
Akwai wani fasali game da dalilan wannan laƙabin: ana tsammani waɗannan halittu suna da yawan son ci abinci har suna cinye kansu, suna cin ƙananan ganye da ci, kodayake kaɗan sun ji wannan da kunnuwansu.
Daga baya, masana kimiyya, bayan da suka ware wadannan kwayoyin halittu a cikin dangi na musamman daga wata kungiyar gaba daya - dangin mai lamellar, sun basu suna iri daya: beetles. An sanya su a matsayin tsaka-tsakin abubuwa, saboda kafafun ƙwaro a tsarin su, sun yi daidai da wannan sunan.
Wadannan halittu sun kawo wa mutum asara mai yawa. Ordungiyoyin irin waɗannan ɓarna na ɓarna na iya yin ɓarna ga ƙasar noma fiye da mamaye sojojin abokan gaba. An kiyasta cewa kwaya daya tilo da ke da zurfin ciki tana da irin wannan tsananin sha'awar har ta iya cinye tushen duk wata bishiyar matashiya, za ta lalata shi a rana ɗaya kawai.
Irin wadannan kwari da hadama suna cinye mahimman sassan tsire-tsire: ganye, furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa, har da allurai, fallasa rassa da kututture cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa bayyanar wadannan halittu akan makircin mutum ya zama mummunar barazana ga filayen kore da ke akwai kuma babban bala'i ga masu mallakar, wadanda a shirye suke don mummunan yaki tare da "mahara" wadanda ba za a iya jurewa ba.
Amma a cikin irin wannan yaƙin, ɓangarorin biyu suna shan wahala, saboda mutane suna zaluntar ramuwar gayya ga "masu tayar da hankali" saboda matsalolin da suka kawo, ba tare da tausayi ba, suna saka musu guba da magungunan ƙwari da wasu abubuwa masu haɗari. Misali, an san cewa a karni na 19 a Saxony, an lalata kusan tsakiya dubu 30 na wadannan kwari, wanda, a cewar kiyasin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kwafin beet miliyan 15 ne.
Bugu da ƙari, wannan ba shine mafi ban mamaki na gaskiyar ba, saboda a cikin karni na gaba, guba sun zama cikakke kuma cikakke, kuma yawancin waɗanda aka cutar. Kuma kawai kwanan nan, dangane da hanawa akan abubuwa masu haɗari, yawan zalunci ya ɗan ɗan jinkirta.
Sakamakon wannan yaƙin mutum da kwaro mai haɗama, adadin na ƙarshen a Duniya a wani lokaci ya ragu cikin mummunan yanayi. Koyaya, duk da cewa masu kafa biyu da kwari da aka nuna suna da ƙunci a duniya ɗaya, ba wanda zai kasa lura da hakan Canjawa - Wannan wata halitta ce ta daban, wacce kwakwalwar dan adam bata fahimtarsa.
Misali, sanannen abu ne cewa irin waɗannan halittun da ke cikin tsari na ƙwaro suna iya tashi. Amma masana kimiyya, suna nazarin wannan tsari daki-daki, kawai suna daga kafaɗunsu, suna ayyana cewa irin wannan motsi ta cikin iska ya sabawa duk dokokin data kasance aerodynamics, sabili da haka abu ne mai wuya. Kuma wannan ba duka jerin keɓaɓɓun fasali da sirrin waɗannan halittu bane.
Irin ƙwaro yana da yawan cin abinci, amma in ba haka ba ba shi da lahani kuma ba shi da lahani ga mutane. Da yawa daga cikinmu suna tuna da son waɗannan kwari tun suna yara. Suna bayyana a kowace shekara a watan Mayu kuma daga waɗannan ranakun bazara, lokacin da birch ke cike da ƙwayoyi tare da warts - ginous mai ƙuna, da itacen oaks suna narkar da ganyensu, fara aikinsu, gami da gina jiki, aiki. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa ake kiran beetles May beetles.
Abu ne mai sauƙi a lura da rayuwarsu da halayensu, da zaran ya cancanci shiga cikin ɗabi'a. Etwaro ba cuta kawai yake haifarwa ba, har ma yana ba da gudummawa mai kyau ga yanayin halittu, yana juya zuwa cikakkiyar cikakkiyar abincin furotin ga tsuntsaye da yawa, bishiyoyi, dabbobi masu rarrafe da sauran abubuwa masu rai.
Waɗannan su ne mafi mahimmanci ayyukan ƙwaro a cikin hawan yanayi, saboda ba kawai ya sha ruwa ba, amma kansa ya zama abinci. Waɗannan su ne dokokin yanayi. Wadannan kwayoyin, a matsayin kayan halitta, sun zama suna da amfani har ma ga mutane, kasancewar suna da amfani a matsayin kwalliya ga babban kifi, wanda ke ba da matukar farin ciki ga masunta. Af, ana samun nasarar amfani da ƙwaro a madadin magani. Suna magance cututtukan fata, kansar mahaifa, sciatica da wasu cututtuka da yawa.
Khrushch kwata-kwata ba ƙaramar kwari ba ce, a wasu halaye da ke iya kaiwa girman sama da santimita uku ko fiye. Yana da m, elongated, convex jiki wanda zai iya zama launin ruwan kasa tare da jan launi ko baƙi.
Hakanan yawancin bambancin launin launi ba mai yiwuwa bane. Iya jikin ƙwaro an gina shi da manyan sassa uku: kai, kirji, da babban ciki idan aka kwatanta su. Wannan kwaro yana da kariya ta kayan ɗamara mai kyau - kwalliyar chitinous.
Yana da rabin-oval a cikin siffar, a wasu yanayi an rufe shi da zane-zane, wani lokacin kuma da sikeli. A cikin tsari, yana da sheki, mai santsi, mai rauni. Ana kiran bayan ƙwaro pygidium. An haɓaka ta musamman a cikin maza kuma yana iya zama mai tsayi ko karkace, obtuse ko triangular, ya danganta da nau'ikan.
Tsarin
Idan mutum zai iya kankantar girman kwaro, ko kuma idan, kamar dai ta hanyar sihiri, ya karu daidai gwargwado, to masu biped zasuyi mamakin irin abin da dodanni masu ban sha'awa ke rayuwa a duniyar su.
Ba wai kawai Khrushchev tanki ne mai sulke ba, har ila yau, halitta ce mai tsananin gashi. Ciyawar da aka nuna nau'ikan ma'auni ne irin na gashi na tsayi da launuka daban-daban: rawaya, shuɗi, fari.
Game da yawa, a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwaro, ƙwanƙwasawa yana da girma ƙwarai da gaske cewa ba shi yiwuwa a ga babban launin jiki a bayansa. Irin waɗannan gashin suna kan kai a cikin hanyar tsaka-tsaka, raƙuman wrinkled.
Kadaitaccen, ciyayi mai tsawo yana nan akan elytra. Haka kuma kirjin kwarin yana yawo tare da shuke-shuke mai tsayi na rawaya. Gashi mai siffofi daban-daban, tsayi da launuka ana samunsu a wasu sassan jikinshi.
Tsarin waje na May beetle ban mamaki da kuma peculiar. Amma bari mu fara da kan. Wannan wani karamin sashi ne na jiki, kusan murabba'i mai siffar, an sake juya shi zuwa cikin elytra, galibi yana da duhu, wani lokacin kuma yana da launin shuɗi. A bangarorin biyu akwai sassan gani na gani, yana ba ka damar duba abubuwan da ke kewaye da su ta wani mahimmin kusurwa.
Idon kwaro yana da tsari mai rikitarwa kuma ya kunshi adadi kaɗan na ƙananan idanu, wanda yawansu ya kai dubu da yawa. A gaban kai an haɗa nau'ikan eriya mai kamar eriya, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa goma da mai fasalin fanfo a ƙarshen.
Wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙwaro irin ƙwaro shine na'urar baka, shima an ɗora shi a kai. Daga sama an rufe shi da leben sama a cikin ƙananan ƙaramin farantin. Yankin da yafi shahara shine kwalliyar abinci, wacce ke aiki cikin nasarar sha da nika abinci.
Da gaske su ne hammata na sama, kuma ƙarami yana da kumatu masu taɓawa tare da masu karɓa. Waɗannan su ne farkon nau'i biyu na tsarin bakin. Na ukun shi ne leben ƙasan da yake da irin waɗannan gabobi na taɓawa. Gabaɗaya, palps suna wanzuwa don motsa abinci, kuma irin waɗannan halittu suna amfani da muƙamuƙansa sosai don cin shi.
An gina kirji daga yankuna uku. Partasan ƙasa yana da mahimmanci saboda ƙafafun suna haɗe da shi. Su shida ne kuma kowane nau'i daga cikinsu ya tashi daga ɗayan sassan. Asussuwan sun haɗa da sassa kuma sun ƙare a ƙafa tare da haƙori mai kaifi.
Ana kiran yankin na sama prothorax. Hard elytra suna dab da ita. Suna kiyaye sassan sassaƙan daga baya kuma, mafi mahimmanci, fikafikan baya na kwari, waɗanda ke da launin ruwan kasa-rawaya ko launin ja-ja-ja. Ciki na ƙwaro ya ƙunshi gabobi da yawa masu mahimmanci don aiki mai mahimmanci kuma an gina shi da sassa takwas.
Oxy oxygen yana shiga jikin kwaron ta hanyar wasan motsa jiki - kananan ramuka. Akwai 18 daga cikinsu a cikin duka. Sun kasance ba kawai a kan ciki ba, har ma a kan kirjin irin waɗannan halittu. Iska yana wucewa ta cikinsu ƙwaro a trachea.
Wadannan nau'ikan bututun numfashi ne. Su, kamar yadda yake, suna lulluɓe dukkan gabobin, sabili da haka iska mai ba da rai ana ɗauka da yardar kaina ta kowane bangare na jiki. Khrushchev bashi da huhu. Sabili da haka, kamar wasu ƙwayoyin ƙasa waɗanda ba su da su, yana gudanar da numfashi ta irin wannan hanyar.
Ƙwaro yana da jini. Koyaya, tsarin zagayawarta yana da ci gaba kuma yana buɗe. Yana da hannu a cikin jigilar abubuwan gina jiki, amma ba cikin numfashi ba. Samun dukkan sassan jiki tare da iskar oxygen mai amfani ga rayuwa ya kunshi Bewaro mai ƙwaro yana da aikin tracheal.
Abincin da kwaro mai kwarjini ke sha yana shiga ta cikin bakin magarya, sannan ya shiga ciki, kuma ragowar sa suna fita zuwa muhalli ta dubura.
Thewaƙwalwar ƙwaro tarin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi ne a cikin ƙaramin kai. Saboda haka, ba ta yadda za a iya sanya shi a matsayin kwari mai hankali, kamar ƙudan zuma, misali.
Irin
Game da nau'ikan nau'in ƙwaro iri-iri a cikin jerin sunayen mazaunan duniya, akwai mafi yawan bayanai masu karo da juna. Kawai tsarin May beetles, kazalika da girmansu da sigogin launuka daban-daban. Kuma ba a bayyana ba ko za a jingina su ga halayen mutum ko kuma a ɗauke su a matsayin sifofin ƙungiyoyi duka.
Bugu da kari, duniyar kwari tana da arziki sosai har ana sabunta bayanai akan su. Maye gurbi yana faruwa koyaushe, ana bayyana sabbin nau'ikan, kuma wasu nau'ikan beetles sun bace daga fuskar duniya ko kuma kawai ana daukar su a bace saboda tsananin rashi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa wasu daga cikinsu suka kirga har zuwa ɗaruruwan jinsuna a cikin dangin ƙwaro. Kodayake sauran bayanan sun fi kyau.
Yi la'akari da wasu samfurin da masana kimiyya suka bayyana, wanda aka samo a cikin Eurasia.
1. Kudancin Yammaci wakili ne mai tsayi na danginsa, yana girma a matsakaici zuwa kusan santimita 3. Bayan baya na jikin kwaro yana tafe a hankali a hankali, kuma ba mai kaifi ba, kamar yadda yake a yawancin jinsuna. Irin waɗannan kwari, idan aka kwatanta su da takwarorinsu, suna da yanayin zafi, sabili da haka suna fara aikin su mai mahimmanci a cikin bazara daga baya fiye da wasu.
Jikinsu galibi baki ne, banda elytra. Hakanan zasu iya zama duhu, amma kuma launin ruwan kasa tare da jan launi ko launin ruwan kasa, kodayake akwai bambancin launuka daban-daban.
Irin waɗannan ƙwaro suna rayuwa a Turai. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, daidai da sunan, galibi sun bazu ne ta ɓangaren yamma. A cikin Rasha, yawanci ba sa faruwa fiye da Smolensk da Kharkov, idan kun matsa gabas.
2. bewaro na Gabas - ɗan ƙarami fiye da na baya daban-daban a cikin girma. Manyan ƙwaro yawanci basu wuce 2 cm ba tsayi. Irin waɗannan halittu sun shahara saboda bambancin launuka, kodayake, ana ɗauke da launin ruwan kasa-ja mafi yawan inuwa.
Fentin baya na jiki, da kafafu da eriya, an zana su baƙi. An rufe kansa da furfura masu launin rawaya da ake gani da ɗigo-dige. Irin waɗannan halittu ana samun su a tsakiya da kuma arewacin Turai. Bugu da ari, zangonsu ya bazu zuwa gabas zuwa Siberia da yankuna Asiya har zuwa Beijing. A kudanci, mazaunin irin waɗannan ƙwaruruwar sun isa Altai.
3. Maris Khrushch. Jikinta, idan aka kwatanta shi da ma'abotansa, ba dogo bane, amma faɗi, yana da launi mai baƙar fata tare da ƙari mai haske. Bangaren baya mara kyau ne. Yankin gaba an rufe shi da gashi mai yawa.
Elytra suna da launin ruwan kasa tare da rawaya da ɓangaren gefen duhu. Irin waɗannan ƙwaro suna rayuwa a yankunan gabashin Uzbekistan. Kuma godiya ga yanayin sauyin yanayi na waɗancan yankuna, suna fara rayuwar yau da kullun a farkon bazara, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake kiransu Maris.
4. cawayar Transcaucasian tana da kaya a zahiri, tare da maɗaukaki kuma tana da faɗi sosai. A matsakaici, tsawon irin waɗannan halittu ya kai cm 2.5. Kan da ƙananan yankuna baƙi ne, elytra masu launin ruwan kasa ne tare da ƙari na launin ruwan kasa, ja, baƙi ko fari. Ana samun irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin a cikin Caucasus da kudancin Turai.
Sau da yawa, tare da Mayu, mutane a cikin yanayi suna haɗuwa da koren ƙwaro mai ƙyalƙyali. Ana kiransu da tagulla na yau da kullum. A kallon farko, wadannan kwari sun yi kama, duk da cewa ilimin halittun su ya banbanta.
Bronzes, kamar Khrushchev, ba su da lahani ga mutane, saboda haka ba shi da haɗari a ɗauke su a hannu. Amma ba su da wadatar zuci, kodayake suna son cin abinci a kan bagade da 'ya'yan itatuwa da furanni, sabili da haka kar su fada cikin jerin kwari masu cutarwa.
Rayuwa da mazauni
A hoto na May beetle zaka iya duban bayyanar wannan mazaunin duniyar. Yawancin ire-iren gidan dangin ƙwaro sun zaɓi ƙasashen Palaearctic. A yankin wannan yanki ne mafi yawancin rukunin kwari suke rayuwa.
Eurasia tana da wadataccen arziki a cikin bambancinsu, amma ba ɓangarenta na har abada ba, ƙwarin bei basu sami tushe ba. Wasu daga cikin jinsunan, duk da cewa sunfi yawa, suna zaune a Afirka har ma da Kudancin Amurka, amma galibi ana samunsu ne kawai a Arewacin Hemisphere.
Don kasancewar nasarar kwari a ƙasa, kusancin tafki, da kuma yashi mai yashi, ya zama dole. Yana da mahimmanci ba kawai ga ƙwaro ba, har ma ga shuke-shuke da ke girma a kai, a matsayin garantin wadatar abinci.
Bugu da kari, idan kasa tana da yumbu, suna hana yaduwar nasara kuma ci gaban ƙwaro, tunda basu dace da tona ramin da beraye ke da dabi'ar sanya kwayayensu ba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa waɗannan halittu suka fi ban mamaki don kafewa a cikin kwarin kogi.
A lokacin bazara, maza sune farkon wanda ya fara bayyana. Kuma kawai bayan mako guda da rabi, abokansu suna haɗuwa da 'yan uwansu don fara rayuwarsu ta bazara irin wannan ƙwaro. Matakan ci gaba na irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittu suna da ƙarfin da zasu iya tashi sama da kwanaki arba'in yayin rayuwarsu gabaɗaya.
Amma idan sun balaga, to suna kokarin cikakken amfani da damar su. A lokacin zirga-zirgar iska, suna hanzarta zuwa 10 km / h kuma suna biye da jiragensu tare da amo mara daɗi. A yunƙurinsu na nemo tushen abinci, ƙwaro na iya shawo kan nisan kilomita dubu biyu a kowace rana.
Waɗannan halittun ba su da taurin kai. Kuma idan sun sanya wa kansu wata manufa, amma yana da wahala ga wani karfi daga waje ya buge su daga tafarkin. Koda kuwa wasu yan iska sun kama wani matafiyi mai taurin kai kuma sunyi iya kokarinsu don su bata masa rai, kasancewar yanada 'yanci, kwaro zai iya tashi da naci a hanya daya.
Amma idan ƙwaro ya sami abinci, to suna aiki sosai tare da muƙamuƙasu. Kuma a kusa da abubuwan da suka zaba masu girma, yana da sauƙi a samu ɗumbin gandun ganyaye da najiji da yawa. Suna iya cin abinci da rana da kuma bayan tsakar dare.
Lokacin da wadataccen abinci mai ƙaranci ya ƙare, ƙwaro ya sake shiga neman bala'in abinci. Ayyukansu, gwargwadon nau'ikan, na iya faruwa a cikin sa'o'in da aka fara ko maraice na yamma. Iya ƙwaro da dare Hakanan yana iya tashi, kuma idan ya ga fitilu masu ƙonawa ko kwan fitila, sai ya yi sauri zuwa ga hasken.
Gina Jiki
An riga an faɗi isa game da sha'awar waɗannan kwari, da kuma abin da ke jawo ƙwaro musamman ga kayan lambu. Lokaci ya yi da za mu fada game da abubuwan da kake so.
May beetles ana iya ɗauka a matsayin gourmets, saboda suna son musamman cin abinci akan sabo da harbe-harbe da samari kore. A sakamakon haka, shuke-shuke da albarkatun gona sun shafi su. Daga karshen, shahararrun sune: apple, plum, ceri mai zaki, ceri.
Koyaya, tunda beetles kusan basu da komai dangane da tsarin shuka, dukkanin dabi'u na mai kula da lambu na iya wahala daga wadatar zuci: currants, gooseberries, buckthorn na teku da sauransu.
Daga bishiyoyin daji da ke cikin haɗari su ne: birch, itacen oak, aspen, poplar da sauransu, wasu, wasu, kazalika da mafi ƙarancin yanayi: hazel, chestnut da sauransu. Musamman musamman, dabi'un ciyarwa da yawa sun dogara da nau'in ƙwaro, da kuma kan mazauninta da kuma furen da suke girma a wurin.
Irin ƙwaro ya lalata sassa daban-daban na tsire-tsire: ovaries, furanni, ganye, asalinsu. Ko abinci na itace ne, daji ko ciyawa galibi ana tantance su ta hanyar ci gaban waɗannan halittu masu tashin hankali.
Misali, ƙwaro irin ƙwaro, wanda ya fara ayyukanta na rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, a cikin shekarar farko ta kasancewarta ba ta mallaki babban iko mai halakarwa ba. Tana cin rhizomes na ganye da humus.
Amma bayan shekara guda, ta riga ta ci abinci a kan tushen bishiyoyin gandun daji, kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace. Hakanan, babbar lalacewa ana haifar da strawberries, dankali, karas da sauransu. Manyan beetles da aka samo a cikin duniyar da ke ƙasa sun fi son saman shrubs da floy woody. Yadda duk ya ƙare an riga an san shi.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Idan ɗan mutum, yana zuwa cikin wannan duniyar, kodayake baya kwafa na zahiri ga manya, amma har yanzu yana kama da wakilan jinsin mutane daidai gwargwado da sassan jiki, komai ba haka yake a ƙwari ba.
Khrushchev, alal misali, bayyana a yanayi daga ƙwai masu launin toka mai launin toka, kama da beads, sam ba abin da ya zama a ƙarshe. Kuma kawai yayin aiwatar da wasu matakai na canzawa zasuyi girma gabobin ƙwaro kuma an haifi babban mutum a cikin sifa da aka riga aka bayyana.
Kuma duk yana farawa kamar haka. Tun daga ƙarshen Mayu, mace ke ciyarwa sosai da ma'aurata, tana haƙo rami a cikin ƙasa kuma tana saka ƙwai a cikinsu. Sannan ya sake cikawa ya sake maimaita yanayin haihuwar, ya kammala shi sau uku, ko ma sau hudu a kowane yanayi, bayan haka ya mutu. Adadin yawan kwan da ta sarrafa ta kai ya kai guda 70.
Bayan wata daya ko kaɗan daga baya, larvae, wanda ake kira grooves, ƙyanƙyashewa daga kama ƙasa. Yayi kama da wani "abu" mara daɗin ji daɗi, mai kama da fararen kwari mai ƙananan gashin gashi, mai lankwasa da mai kauri, mai ƙafafu da ƙafafu uku masu ƙarfi. Irin waɗannan halittun zasu kwashe kusan uku, wani lokacin kuma shekaru huɗu a cikin lahira.
A lokacin hunturu, furcin, hako ƙasa, yana zurfafawa cikin ƙasa, kuma a lokacin bazara yakan tashi da kyau domin ya sami wadatuwa da tushen shuke-shuke duk lokacin rani. Don neman abinci, tsutsa na iya motsawa a cikin kwana ɗaya daga nisan matakin ɗan adam kuma ya girma tsawon lokaci zuwa santimita biyar ko fiye. Bugu da ari, a ƙarshen bazara na uku, ya juye izuwa pupa, mai kama da ƙwaro a cikin wannan jihar, wanda aka keɓe a cikin ɗaki mai ban mamaki.
Har zuwa lokacin bazara mai zuwa, wannan halittar tana nan cikin karkashin kasa, tana bi ta sauye sauye a hankali tana 'yanta kanta daga' yar tsana. Kuma a cikin watan Afrilu ko Mayu na kakar wasa mai zuwa, mutum wanda aka kirkira (imago) yana yin hanyar fita zuwa sabuwar rayuwa.
Da zarar cikin duniyar supermundane, saboda yunwa, da farko ta damu ne kawai da neman abinci kuma tana ɗokin neman isasshen ƙuruciya, buds, ganye. A matakin manya, ƙwaro zai rayu kusan shekara ɗaya, har zuwa mutuwarta. Kuma cikakken zagayen rayuwa irin na kwaro bai wuce shekaru biyar ba.
