A bikin baje kolin Jafanawa na zamani, wannan mazaunin cikin zurfin teku an wuce da shi a matsayin 'yar kasuwa, saboda jahilcin jama'a gama gari. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa ainihin sunan "dugong" (duyung) aka fassara daga Malay zuwa "budurwar teku".
Bayanin dugong
Dugong dugon yana cikin umarnin sirens, kasancewa a yau shine kawai wakilin ƙirar jiniya. Kari akan haka, an kira dugong ne kadai mai shayarwar dabbobi masu rayuwa kawai a cikin ruwan teku. Babbar dabba ce, tana girma har zuwa 2.5-4 m kuma nauyinta yakai 600 kg... Hakanan akwai karin samfuran wakilci: tsawon lokacin namijin da aka kama a cikin Bahar Maliya ya kusa zuwa mita 6. Maza, saboda haɓakar haɓakar jima'i, sun fi mata girma sosai.
Bayyanar
Dongong, duk da girmansa mai ban sha'awa, yana da kyawawan halaye masu kyau tare da bakin fuska da ƙananan idanu. Lokacin da aka kalle shi a cikin martaba, dugong ɗin yana bayyana yana murmushi. Kan mai nutsuwa yana gudana a hankali cikin sifa mai siffa, a ƙarshen abin da akwai ƙararrawa a kwance, kwatankwacin jelar cetaceans. Ba kamar wutsiyar manatee ba, ƙwararraki mai zurfi yana raba dungong tail fin lobes.
Saboda santsi na silhouette gabaɗaya, ba shi da cikakkiyar fahimta inda ƙaramin kai ya ƙare kuma gajeriyar wuyanta ta fara. Guguwar ba ta da kunnuwa, kuma idanunta a zurfafa suke. Muzzle, wanda ya bayyana kamar an datse shi, yana da hancin hanta tare da bawul na musamman waɗanda ke rufe ruwa lokacin da ake buƙata. Hanyoyin hancin kansu (idan aka kwatanta su da sauran sirens) ana lura dasu sun koma sama.
Hannun bakin dugong ya ƙare da leɓun tsoka masu rataye a ƙasa, wanda aka tsara na sama don sauƙin cire algae (an raba shi biyu a tsakiya kuma an yi shi da murtsatattun vibrissa bristles). A cikin samari, ana nuna bifurcation sosai. Bugu da kari, suna da karin hakora (galibi 26) - incis 2 da kuma 4 zuwa 7 na molar a kan kumatu biyu. A cikin dabbobin manya, 5-6 nau'i-nau'i na molars sun kasance.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hannun maza na sama daga karshe ya zama hauren hazo (tare da yankan yankan kaifi), wanda ke fitowa daga gumis zuwa 6-7 cm. A cikin mata, tozalin na sama ko dai ba ya fashewa ko kuma da kyar aka san su.
Manyan abubuwan ciki suna ci gaba da girma cikin rayuwar dugong. Lipananan leɓe da kuma ɓangaren nesa na palate an rufe su da ƙwayoyin keratinized, kuma ƙananan muƙamuƙin sun lanƙwasa ƙasa. Juyin halittar jinsin ya haifar da sauyawar gabbansa zuwa kamar flipper mai sassauƙan ƙura (0.35-0.45 m) kuma zuwa ga cikakkiyar asarar ƙananan, waɗanda yanzu suke tuna ƙashin ƙugu (rudimentary) a cikin tsokoki. Dongong yana da kauri, mai kauri (2-2.5 cm) fatar da aka rufe da ƙarancin gashi. Yayin da suke girma, launin dabba yana yin duhu, yana samun sautunan launin ruwan kasa masu launin shuɗi tare da ciki mai sauƙi.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata, dugongs (idan aka yi la'akari da burbushin halittar da aka samo) suna da gaɓoɓin huɗu 4, wanda ya basu damar tafiya a kan ƙasa cikin sauƙi. Koyaya, dabbobin sun kwashe mafi yawan rayuwarsu a cikin teku, amma da shigewar lokaci suka saba da wanzuwar ruwa ta yadda suka rasa ikon yin tafiya gaba ɗaya.
Kuma yanzu raunanan fincinsu ba za su ƙara ɗaukar nauyi, rabin tan ba, jiki. Fuka-fukai sun ci gaba da aikinsu kai tsaye - don samar da ninkaya, tare da manya-manyan gwanaye waɗanda suka fi son amfani da fin, kuma yara sun fi son yin amfani da abubuwan da ke ciki.
Gaskiya ne, 'yan wasan ninkaya masu tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsalle ne: suna binciken zurfin teku a saurin kusan kilomita 10 / h, suna hanzarta kusan sau biyu (har zuwa kilomita 18 / h) kawai a lokacin haɗari. Dongong na iya zama a ƙarƙashin ruwa na kusan rubu'in sa'a, kuma a lokacin cin abinci ne kawai yake zuwa saman sau da yawa, kowane minti 2-3. Yawancin yini, dugongs suna neman abinci, suna mai da hankali sosai akan lokutan hasken rana, kamar yadda yake akan canjin ruwa. Suna ci gaba, a matsayin ƙa'ida, ban da juna, suna haɗuwa cikin ƙungiyoyi inda akwai abinci mai yawa. Irin waɗannan al'ummomin wucin gadi na iya ƙidaya daga 6 zuwa ɗaruruwan mutane.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wani ɗan dako da ya busa bushewa cikin haɗari, ƙaramin dongong yana yin sautuhin kama da busawa. Dabbobi ba su da gani sosai, amma kyakkyawan ji. Suna jure wa zaman talala mafi sharri fiye da manatees.
Dugongs suna da saurin rayuwa, amma yawancin mutane suna ƙaura. Motsawar yanayi da ta yau da kullun ana haifar da su ne da wadatar abinci, hawa da sauka a cikin ruwa da yanayin zafin jiki, da kuma abubuwan rashin lafiyar anthropogenic. Tsawon irin waɗannan ƙaura, a cewar masana ƙirar halitta, yana gab da ɗaruruwan da ma dubban kilomita.
Har yaushe dugong ke rayuwa
Masana ilmin namun daji sun yarda da cewa dugong na kowa (tare da kyawawan abubuwan waje) na iya rayuwa matsakaiciyar rayuwar mutum har zuwa shekaru 70.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Shekaru dubbai da yawa da suka gabata, zangon dugong ya bazu zuwa arewa, har ya kai yamma da yankin Turai. Yanzu yankin ya kankance, amma duk da haka, har yanzu ya game jihohi 48 da kusan kilomita dubu 140 na bakin teku.
Ana iya samun waɗannan kyawawan kwarkwata a cikin wannan kusurwa ta duniya kamar:
- kusan dukkanin ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya (gami da yankunan yammacin Madagascar da Indiya);
- ruwan gabar teku a gabashin nahiyar Afirka;
- daga gefen arewacin arewacin Ostiraliya;
- daga cikin murjani na Tekun Fasiya da Bahar Maliya;
- a cikin Tekun Larabawa, Philippines da Ruwa na Johor.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A yau, yawancin mutanen dugongs (sama da mutane dubu 10) suna rubuce a Babban shingen jirgin ruwa da kuma a cikin mashigin Torres.
Ba a tabbatar da ainihin adadin dabbobin da ke zaune a Tekun Fasha ba, amma, a cewar wasu bayanai, ya yi daidai da kawuna dubu 7.5. Kusa da tekun Japan, garkunan dugongs ƙanana ne kuma ba su wuce dabbobi hamsin ba.
Dugongs suna zaune a cikin raƙuman ruwa masu zurfin zurfin ruwa da kuma lagoons tare da ruwan raƙuman ruwa masu dumi, wani lokaci suna ratsawa a buɗe tekun, inda basa nitsewa ƙasa da mita 10-20. additionari ga haka, ana samun waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin kogin da ke bakin ruwa. Mazaunin dabbobi ya dogara da kasancewar / rashin albarkatun abinci (musamman algae da ciyawa).
Abincin Dugong
Har zuwa kilogiram 40 na ciyayi - wannan shine adadin abincin da dugong ke ci kowace rana... Don ciyarwa, suna iyo a cikin ruwa mara ƙanƙani, galibi zuwa ga murjani, inda zurfin ba shi da zurfi, kuma ya nitse zuwa mita 1-5. Kiwo a ƙarƙashin ruwa yana ɗaukar mafi yawa (har zuwa kashi 98%) na ayyukansu na ƙarfi: galibi suna motsawa tare da ƙasan, suna dogara da ƙafafunsu na gaba.
Tsarin abinci na dugong ya hada da:
- tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa (galibi daga dangin launin fatar / dangin pdestine);
- tsiren ruwan teku;
- ƙananan ƙananan fure;
- kananan crustaceans, gami da kadoji.
Mahimmanci! Canza zuwa abinci mai gina jiki ana tilasta shi: dugongs dole ne su ci dabbobi saboda raguwar bala'in wadatar abincin da suka saba. Idan ba tare da irin wannan abincin ba, da alama ba za su iya rayuwa a wasu bangarorin na Tekun Indiya ba.
Dabbobi a hankali suna huɗa ƙasan, suna yanke ciyayi tare da leben sama na tsoka. Neman tushen jijiyoyi yana tare da ɗaga wani gajimare dakatarwa daga yashi da ƙasan ƙasa. Af, daga fuskokin halayyar mutum ne zai iya fahimtar cewa wani dongong ya sami abincin rana anan kwanan nan.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Whales sune dodanni na teku
- Orca whale ko dabbar dolfin?
- Babban farin shark
Yana da kyau sosai kuma, kafin ya aika shukar a cikin bakin, zai wanke shi sosai, ta amfani da harshe mai daɗi da ɗanɗano a tauna abinci. Sau da yawa, gandun daji yana tara algae da aka cire a gaɓar tekun, suna fara cin su ne kawai bayan da ƙwarin ya daidaita.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Ba a fahimci yaduwar Dugong da kyau ba. Sananne ne cewa saduwa tana faruwa duk shekara, tana kaiwa kololuwa a cikin watanni daban-daban gwargwadon yankin..
Maza suna fada don mata, ta amfani da haurensu, amma an ƙara cire su daga kiwon zuriya. Ciki yana ɗaukar kimanin shekara guda, yana ƙarewa da bayyanar ɗa, aƙalla jarirai 2. Mata suna haihuwa a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, inda suke haihuwar ɗan maraƙi na hannu mai nauyin 20-35 kg da tsawon 1-1.2 m.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Da farko, uwar tana ɗauke da yaron tare da ita, ta rungume ta da finafinai. Idan aka nitsar dashi, sai ya manne sosai a bayan uwa, kuma yana shayar da madara a wani wuri da aka juya shi.
A cikin watanni 3 da haihuwa, thean rago ya fara cin ciyawa, amma yana ci gaba da shan ruwan nono har zuwa shekara 1-1.5. Girma, ƙuruciyar girma suna garken cikin ruwa mara ƙarancin ruwa. Haihuwa na faruwa ne tun kafin shekaru 9-10.
Makiya na halitta
Sharananan kifaye, manya - sun afkawa ƙananan yara ta hanyar kifin whale da kuma kada masu haɗuwa. Amma babbar barazanar da ake yiwa dugongs ta fito ne daga mutane da ayyukansu.
Babban mahimman abubuwan:
- kamawa ta hanyar haɗari;
- gurbatar sinadarai, gami da malalar mai;
- rauni ta motar waje;
- gurɓatar yanayi (amo);
- sauyin yanayi (tashin zafin jiki da munanan al'amura);
- canjin wurin zama saboda jigilar kaya, mahaukaciyar guguwa / tsunamis, gina bakin teku;
- bacewar ciyawar teku, gami da matsalar safarar kasuwanci, da ruwa mai guba, sake gyarawa da kuma hakowa.
'Yan daba da yawa sun mutu a hannun mafarauta, na doka da na doka. Dabbar da nauyinta yakai kilogiram 200-300 tana bada kimanin kilogiram 24-56 na mai. Kari akan haka, dugongs sun "samarwa" dan adam da nama (mai kama da dandano na naman maroƙi), fata / kasusuwa (da ake amfani dashi don kayan kwalliya) da kuma gabobin mutum (ana amfani dasu a madadin magani).
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Rashin farauta da lalata wuraren zama sun haifar da asarar yawan jama'a a yawancin zangon, kuma yanzu an kame dabbobi da raga.... Kuna iya farautar dugongs tare da harpoons daga jiragen ruwa. Har ila yau haramcin bai shafi kamun kifi na asali ba.
Dugong tare da matsayin "nau'ikan halittu masu rauni" an sanya su a cikin Littafin Ja na Unionungiyar Internationalasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi. Bugu da kari, jinsunan sun hada da wasu takaddun kiyaye abubuwa da dama kamar su:
- Yarjejeniyar kan Dabbobin Gudun Hijira na Dabbobin Daji;
- Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halittu;
- Yarjejeniyar kan Cinikin Kasa da Kasa a cikin Dabbobin Dabbobin daji da Dabbobi masu hatsari;
- Tsarin Coral Triangle Initiative;
- Yarjejeniya kan Yankin Dausayi.
Masu kiyaye muhalli sun yi imanin cewa 'yan dugong (baya ga manufofi na doka) suna buƙatar matakan gudanarwa mai kyau wanda zai rage tasirin anthropogenic akan dabbobinsu.
Mahimmanci! Duk da cewa tanadin kiyayewa ya shafi ƙasashe da yawa, ya zuwa yanzu Ostiraliya ce kawai ke samar da mafi dacewa da aiwatar da dokoki.
Masana ilimin halittu sun bayyana cewa a yawancin sauran yankuna masu kariya, an rubuta kariya ta dugong a takarda, amma ba a girmama ta a rayuwa ta ainihi.
