Merlin Babban firist ne, mafi girma a duniya a duniya, yana mulkin bazuwar tundra da bakin hamada a cikin babban Arctic. A can yake farautar manyan tsuntsaye, yana bi su da gudu mai ƙarfi. An san wannan sunan tsuntsun tun karni na 12, inda aka rubuta shi a cikin "Lay of Igor's Host." Yanzu ana amfani dashi a ko'ina cikin ɓangarorin Turai na Rasha.
Asali ana iya danganta asalinsa da kalmar Hungary "kerechen" ko "kerecheto", kuma ya sauka garemu tun lokacin gidan Pramagyar a cikin ƙasashen Ugra. Likinta ya bambanta dangane da wuri. Kamar sauran falcons, yana bayyanar da dimorphism, tare da mace sunfi namiji girma. Shekaru aru aru, gyrfalcon yana da daraja a matsayin tsuntsu mai farauta.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Krechet
Gyrfalcon an tsara shi ne bisa ka'ida ta Karl Linnaeus 'yar asalin Sweden a shekara ta 1758 a cikin bugu na 10 na Systema Naturae, inda aka saka shi a ƙarƙashin sunansa na yau. Chronospecies ya wanzu a cikin Late Pleistocene (125,000 zuwa 13,000 shekaru da suka wuce). Burbushin mutanen da aka samo asalinsu an bayyana su da "Swarth Falcon". A halin yanzu, sun kasance sun yi kama da na gyrfalcon na yanzu, sai dai cewa wannan nau'in ya fi girma.
Bidiyo: Krechet
Shekaru na baya-bayan nan sun sami wasu canje-canje ga yanayi mai yanayi wanda ya kasance a cikin kewayon su yayin shekarun kankara na ƙarshe. Tsoffin jinsunan sun fi kama da yawan mutanen Siberia na yau ko falcon falcon. An tsara wannan matakin mai farauta ne don farautar ƙasa da dabbobi masu shayarwa maimakon tsuntsayen teku da tsuntsayen ƙasa waɗanda suka zama babban ɓangare na abincin gyrfalcon na Amurka a yau.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Gyrfalcon memba ne na hadadden Hierofalco. A cikin wannan rukuni, wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'in fuka-fuka, akwai wadatattun shaidu da za su nuna haɗuwa da kuma rashin kammala layin, wanda ke ba da wahalar nazarin bayanan jerin DNA.
Samun abubuwa daban-daban na dabi'un halitta da halayya a cikin rukunin hierofalcons ya bayyana a yayin da Mikulinsky ya shiga tsakanin juna a farkon marigayi Pleistocene. Gyrfalcons sun sami sabbin ƙwarewa kuma sun dace da yanayin gida, sabanin ƙarancin mazaunan arewa maso gabashin Afirka, wanda ya zama Saker Falcon. Gyrfalcons sun haɗu tare da Saker Falcons a cikin tsaunukan Altai, kuma wannan jigilar halittar ta zama tushen asalin fallan Altai.
Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya gano yawan mutanen Iceland a matsayin na musamman idan aka kwatanta da na gabashin da yammacin Greenland, Canada, Russia, Alaska da Norway. Bugu da kari, an gano matakai daban-daban na kwayar halittar jini tsakanin shafukan samfuran yamma da na gabas a cikin Greenland. Ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki don gano abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli waɗanda ke tasiri ga waɗannan rarrabuwa. Game da bambance-bambancen da ke jikin plum, bincike ta hanyar amfani da bayanan alƙaluma ya nuna cewa nesting chronology na iya yin tasiri ga rarraba launin launi.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Gyrfalcon tsuntsu
Gyrfalcons sun yi daidai da girman girman manyan buzzards, amma sun ɗan cika nauyi. Maza suna da tsayi 48 zuwa 61 kuma suna da nauyi daga 805 zuwa 1350 g. Matsakaicin nauyin shine 1130 ko 1170 g, fikafikan daga 112 zuwa 130 cm Mata sun fi girma kuma suna da tsawon 51 zuwa 65 cm, fikafikan daga 124 zuwa 160 cm , nauyin jiki daga 1180 zuwa 2100 g. An gano cewa mata daga Gabashin Siberia na iya yin nauyin 2600 g.
Daga cikin mizanin ma'aunai sune:
- murfin reshe yana da 34.5 zuwa 41 cm:
- jelar tana da tsayi 19.5 zuwa 29 cm;
- ƙafa daga 4.9 zuwa 7.5 cm.
Gyrfalcon ya fi girma kuma tare da fikafikan fuka-fukai da doguwar wutsiya fiye da falwar peregrine da take farauta. Tsuntsu ya banbanta da ungulu a tsarin gaba daya na fika-fikai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Gyrfalcon wani nau'in polymorphic ne mai matukar wahala, saboda haka yawan kayan masarufi daban daban. Canza launi na iya zama “fari”, “azurfa”, “launin ruwan kasa” da “baƙi”, kuma ana iya zana tsuntsu a cikin launuka masu launuka daga fari gaba ɗaya zuwa duhu sosai.
Halin launin ruwan kasa na gyrfalcon ya bambanta da falgalin peregrine ta yadda akwai ratsiyoyin cream a bayan kai da kambi. Fom ɗin baƙar fata yana da ƙananan ɓangaren ƙasa mai haske, kuma ba siraran sirara ba kamar falkin peregrine. Jinsi ba shi da bambancin jinsi a launi; kajin sun fi manya girma da launin ruwan kasa. Gyrfalcons da aka samo a Greenland yawanci farare ne gaba ɗaya ban da 'yan alamu akan fuka-fukan. Launi launin toka mahada ce ta tsaka-tsalle kuma ana samun sa a cikin dukkanin zangon sulhu, galibi ana samun launuka biyu masu launin toka a jiki.
Gyrfalcons suna da fikafikai masu doguwa da doguwar jela. Koyaya, shima ya banbanta da sauran falcons a girman girmansa, gajerun fikafukai waɗanda suka miƙa 2⁄3 ƙasa da wutsiya lokacin da suke ƙasa, da kuma fikafikan fukafukai. Wannan nau'in kawai za'a iya rikita shi da shaho na arewa.
Ina gyrfalcon yake zaune?
Hotuna: Gyrfalcon a cikin jirgin
Manyan wuraren kiwo guda uku sune teku, kogi da dutse. Ya yadu a cikin tundra da taiga, na iya rayuwa a matakin teku har zuwa mita 1500. A lokacin hunturu, yakan yi ƙaura zuwa filayen gona da na noma da yawa, gaɓar teku da kuma asalin ƙauyensu.
Yankin kiwo ya hada da:
- Yankin Arctic na Arewacin Amurka (Alaska, Kanada);
- Greenland;
- Iceland;
- arewacin Scandinavia (Norway, arewa maso yammacin Sweden, arewacin Finland);
- Rasha, Siberia da kudu na yankin Kamchatka Peninsula da Tsibirin Kwamanda.
Ana samun tsuntsayen da ke cin ruwa a kudu zuwa Midwest da arewa maso gabashin Amurka, Burtaniya, Yammacin Turai, kudancin Rasha, Asiya ta Tsakiya, China (Manchuria), Tsibirin Sakhalin, Tsibirin Kuril, da Japan. Kodayake an yi rikodin wasu mutane a matsayin gurbi a cikin bishiyoyi, yawancin gyrfalcons gida a cikin arctic tundra. Galibi ana samun wuraren zama a cikin manyan tsaunuka, yayin da farauta da wuraren neman abinci sun fi yawa.
Shafukan ciyarwa na iya haɗawa da yankunan bakin teku da rairayin bakin teku waɗanda tsuntsayen ruwa ke amfani da su sosai. Rarraba wuraren zama ba ya zama barazana ga wannan nau'in, musamman saboda gajeren lokacin girma da yanayin yankin. Tunda tsarin duwatsu bai dami ba kuma tundra baya fuskantar manyan canje-canje, mazaunin wannan jinsin ya bayyana da kwanciyar hankali.
Lokacin hunturu na iya haifar da wannan nau'ikan suyi motsi na yanki. Yayin da suke can yankin kudu maso kudu, sun fi son filayen noma wadanda ke tunatar da su filayen kiwo a arewacin su, galibi suna sauka kasa da kasa akan shinge.
Menene gyrfalcon yake ci?
Hotuna: Gyrfalcon tsuntsu daga littafin Red
Ba kamar gaggafa ba, waɗanda ke amfani da girmansu don kama abin farauta, da falgons na peregrine, waɗanda ke amfani da nauyi don samun saurin gudu, gyrfalcon suna amfani da ƙarfi don kame ganima. Galibi suna farautar tsuntsaye a sararin samaniya, wani lokacin suna tashi sama suna kai hare hare daga sama, amma galibi suna kusantar sa, suna tashi sama ƙasa da ƙasa. Suna yawan zama a ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da jiragen ƙasa masu saurin gudu a wuraren buɗe ido (babu bishiyoyi), inda gyrfalcons ke kai hari ga ganima a cikin iska da ƙasa.
Abincin na gyrfalcons ya ƙunshi:
- bangare (Lagopus);
- Irungiyoyin ƙasa na Arctic (S. parryii);
- tsibirin hactic arctic (Lepus)
Sauran abincin sun hada da kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa (voles) da sauran tsuntsaye (agwagwa, gwarare, buntings). Yayin farauta, wannan falkarar tana amfani da kwazonta na hango abin da zai iya kamari, tunda kusan duk dabbobin da ke arewa suna da takamaiman launi don kaucewa ganowa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin kiwo, dangin gyrfalcon suna buƙatar kusan jaka 2-3 a kowace rana, wanda yake kusan jan 150-200 da aka cinye tsakanin gyaran jiki da ƙaura.
Filin farautar Gyrfalcon yakan yi daidai da filayen mujiya na dusar ƙanƙara. Lokacin da aka gano mai yuwuwar cin zarafin, farawar ta fara, inda, fiye da wataƙila, za a buge wanda aka azabtar da ƙasa da ƙwanƙwasa ƙafa, sannan a kashe shi. Gyrfalcons suna da ƙarfi don tsayayya da dogayen jirage a yayin farautar kuma wani lokacin suna fitar da abincinsu har sai kamun ɗin ya zama da sauƙi. Don lokacin gida, ana sanya gyrfalcon da abinci don amfani. Wasu lokuta tattabarai (Columba livia) sukan zama abin farautar falwar.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Farin Gyrfalcon
Gyrfalcons sun fi son wanzuwar rayuwa, sai dai lokacin kiwo, lokacin da suke hulɗa tare da abokin tarayya. Sauran lokaci, wannan tsuntsu zai yi farauta, ya sami abinci ya zauna shi kaɗai. Galibi ba sa yin ƙaura, amma suna yin gajeren tafiya, musamman a lokacin hunturu, zuwa wuraren da suka fi dacewa inda za a iya samun abinci.
Tsuntsaye ne masu ƙarfi da sauri, kuma dabbobi ƙalilan ne suka yi iya ƙoƙarin su kawo masa hari. Gyrfalcons suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayi azaman masu farauta. Suna taimaka wajan sarrafa yawan dabbobi masu cin nama kuma suna taimakawa wajen daidaita daidaito a cikin halittun da suke rayuwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana ilimin halittu da suka yi nazarin gyrfalcons shekaru da yawa sun taɓa yin tunanin cewa waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da kusanci sosai da ƙasar, inda suke sauka, farauta da gida. Duk da yake an tabbatar da wannan a cikin lamura da yawa, an gano a cikin 2011 cewa wasu gyrfalcons suna yawan lokacin hunturu a cikin teku, nesa da kowace ƙasa. Da alama, falkin suna cin tsuntsayen teku a wurin kuma suna hutawa a kan kankara ko kankara.
Manya ba su da saurin yin ƙaura musamman a Iceland da Scandinavia, yayin da yara za su iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Yunkurinsu yana da alaƙa da wadataccen lokacin abinci, misali, tsuntsaye masu fararen dusar ƙanƙara suna tashi daga Greenland zuwa Iceland. Wasu gyrfalcons sun ƙaura daga Arewacin Amurka zuwa Siberia. A lokacin hunturu, zasu iya rufe nisan kilomita 3400 (daga Alaska zuwa Arctic Russia). An yi rikodin cewa wata yarinya mace ta motsa kilomita 4548.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Wild Gyrfalcon
Gyrfalcon kusan koyaushe sheƙan gida akan duwatsu. Nau'o'in kiwo suna gina nasu gida kuma galibi suna amfani da dutsen da aka fallasa ko wani gida da aka watsar da sauran tsuntsaye, musamman gaggafa zinariya da hankaka. Maza za su fara kare filayen gida daga tsakiyar lokacin hunturu, a kusan ƙarshen Janairu, yayin da mata ke zuwa wuraren da ake yin lalata a farkon Maris. Haɗuwa yana faruwa a cikin kusan makonni 6, yawanci ana yin ƙwai ne zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Har zuwa kwanan nan, ba a san komai game da wuraren nesting ba, lokutan shiryawa, kwanakin ƙarewa, da halayyar haihuwa na gyrfalcons. Kodayake an gano abubuwa da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, har yanzu akwai sauran fannoni na yanayin haihuwar da za a tantance.
Tsuntsaye suna amfani da gidajanansu shekara da shekara, sau da yawa sau da yawa burbushin ganima na tara su, kuma duwatsun suna yin fari daga guano mai yawa. Kamawa zai iya zama daga ƙwai 2 zuwa 7, amma galibi yawanci 4. Matsakaicin ƙwai girman 58.46 mm x 45 mm; matsakaita nauyi 62 g. Yawanci yawan ƙwai ne mace ke sakawa tare da taimakon namiji. Lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 35 a matsakaita, tare da dukkan kajin da ke kyankyashe cikin awanni 24-36, nauyinsu yakai 52g.
Saboda yanayin sanyi, kaji an rufe shi da nauyi. Mace zata fara barin gida ne kawai bayan kwanaki 10 don shiga cikin namijin don farauta. Kaji suna tashi daga cikin gida a makonni 7-8. Yayinda yakai watanni 3 zuwa 4, gyrfalcon mai girma ya zama mai cin gashin kansa daga iyayensa, kodayake suna iya saduwa da siblingsan uwansu a lokacin hunturu mai zuwa.
Halittan makiya na gyrfalcons
Hotuna: Gyrfalcon tsuntsu
Matsakaicin girma da ingancin jirgin sama yasa Gyrfalcon balagagge kusan mawuyacin hali ga masu lalata halittun. Zasu iya zama masu zafin rai lokacin da suke kare theira youngansu kuma zasu kawo hari tare da korar manyan mujiya, dawakai, kyarkeci, kerkeci, beyar, dabbobin daji da na gaggafa wadanda ke cin kajinsu. Gyrfalcons ba su da karfi sosai ga mutane, har ma ga masana kimiyyar bincike waɗanda ke nazarin gidajan tattara bayanai. Tsuntsaye zasu tashi a kusa, suyi sautuka, amma su guji kai hari.
Gaskiyar wasa: Wasu Inuit suna amfani da gashin tsuntsu gyrfalcon don dalilai na bukukuwa. Mutane suna ɗaukar kajin daga gida don ƙarin amfani da su a cikin falconry a cikin siffar abin da ake kira idanu.
Kadai mahautan da ke yin barazana ga gyrfalcon su ne mikiya na zinariya (Aquila chrysaetos), amma har ma da kyar suke yakar wadannan manyan falcons. Gyrfalcons suna da alamun dabbobi masu gajiyarwa. Raven gama gari ne kawai sanannun masu farauta waɗanda suka sami nasarar cire ƙwai da sasa daga gida. Ko da bera masu ruwan kasa sun kai hari kuma an barsu hannu wofi.
Mutane galibi suna kashe waɗannan tsuntsayen ba da gangan ba. Zai iya zama haɗarin mota ko gubawar mutane na dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda mushenta wani lokacin yana ciyarwa akan gyrfalcon. Hakanan, ƙaddara kisan kai yayin farauta shine sanadin mutuwar gyrfalcons. Tsuntsayen da ke rayuwa har zuwa girma suna iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Bird na ganima Gyrfalcon
Saboda yawan jama'a, IUCN ba ta ɗaukar Gyrfalcon a cikin haɗari. Wadannan tsuntsayen ba su da matukar illa game da lalata muhalli, amma gurbatar abubuwa kamar su magungunan kashe kwari sun haifar da raguwa a tsakiyar karni na 20, kuma har zuwa 1994 ana daukarta "mai hadari". Ingantattun ka'idojin muhalli a kasashen da suka ci gaba sun baiwa tsuntsaye damar murmurewa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An ɗauka cewa yawan yawan mutanen yanzu yana kasancewa mai daidaituwa tare da ƙananan canje-canje a cikin dogon lokaci. Wannan na iya faruwa ne saboda rashin asarar muhalli ba shine babban abin damuwa ba saboda karancin tasirin dan adam ga muhallin arewa.
Kulawa da tsuntsayen ganyayyaki ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma saboda nisan su da rashin isa gare su, ba dukkan yankuna ne suka cika ba. Wannan saboda tsuntsayen masu cin nama alama ce mai kyau na lafiyar lafiyar mahalli. Ta hanyar lura da gyrfalcons, mutum na iya tantancewa idan yanayin ƙasa ya ragu kuma yayi ƙoƙarin dawo dashi.
Kariyar gyrfalcons
Hotuna: Gyrfalcon daga littafin Red Book
A cikin karnonin da suka gabata, an sami raguwa a yawan gyrfalcon a wasu wurare, musamman a Scandinavia, Russia da Finland. Wannan galibi yana da alaƙa da canje-canjen ɗan adam a cikin yanayin + rikicewar yanayi. A yau halin da ake ciki a waɗannan ƙasashe, gami da yankuna da yawa na Rasha, ya canza zuwa maido da yawan jama'a. Mafi yawan jama'a a Rasha (nau'i-nau'i 160-200) an rubuta su a Kamchatka. Gyrfalcon, ɗayan nau'ikan nau'in falcons, wanda aka jera a cikin Littafin Ja na Tarayyar Rasha.
Adadin gyrfalcon yana shafar:
- rashin gidajen yanar gizo;
- raguwa cikin nau'in tsuntsaye da gyrfalcon ke farauta;
- harbi na gyrfalcon + lalata nests;
- tarkunan da mafarauta suka sanya don kama Arx fox.
- kawar da tsuntsaye daga muhallinsu saboda ayyukan mutane;
- cire kajin daga gida gida + kama manya don fataucin doka.
Mafarauta, a cikin hanyar kamawa da sayar da tsuntsaye ga tsuntsaye, ya kasance babbar matsala. Saboda tsananin takunkumin fitarwa, wannan baya faruwa sau da yawa. An sanya nau'in a cikin Shafuka: CITES, Bonn Convention, Berne Convention. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin Amurka, Rasha, Japan kan kare tsuntsayen masu ƙaura. Rashin bayanai na da illa ga tsuntsu merlin, sabili da haka, ya zama dole a gudanar da cikakken bincike.
Ranar bugawa: 06/13/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/23/2019 da 10:17
