Wannan kyakkyawar dabba ta dangin squirrel ne, umarnin rodents. Marmot dangi ne na kurege, amma ba kamar sa ba, yana zaune a ƙasa cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ko a cikin yankuna da yawa.
Bayanin marmot
Asalin rukunin marmot shine dangi... Kowace iyali tana da nata filin wanda mutane ke da alaƙa da shi. Iyalai wani bangare ne na mulkin mallaka. Girman "ƙasashe" na mulkin mallaka ɗaya na iya kaiwa girma masu girma - hekta 4.5-5. A Amurka, an ba shi sunaye da yawa, misali - alade na ƙasa, bushe-bushe, tsoron bishiyoyi har ma da jan zuhudu.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Akwai imani - idan a ranar Rage ƙasa (2 ga Fabrairu) ƙwarwaron ya yi rarrafe daga cikin maɓuɓɓugansa a ranar girgije, bazara zai kasance da wuri.
Idan, a wata rana, dabbar tana rarrafe kuma tana tsoron inuwarta, jira lokacin bazara aƙalla ƙarin makonni 6. Punxsuton Phil shine mafi shahararren marmot. Dangane da al'adar da aka kafa, kwatancen wannan kwandon shara yana hasashen zuwan bazara a ƙaramin garin Punxsutawney.
Bayyanar
Marmot dabba ce tare da jiki mai ɗimbin yawa da nauyi a kewayon kilogiram 5-6. Babban mutum yana da kusan 70 cm tsayi. Mafi kankantar nau'in yana girma har zuwa cm 50, kuma mafi tsayi shine marmot mai hawa daji, yana girma har zuwa cm 75. Yana da sandar tsire-tsire tare da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi, dogayen filoli da faɗi, gajere bakin. Duk da yanayinsu na shuke-shuke, marmot suna iya motsawa cikin sauri, iyo har ma suna hawa bishiyoyi. Kan gwaiwar yana da girma da zagaye, kuma matsayin idanuwa yana ba shi damar rufe filin kallo mai fadi.
Kunnuwa masu ƙananan kuma zagaye ne, kusan an ɓoye su gaba ɗaya a cikin Jawo. Yawancin vibrissae wajibi ne don marmot su rayu a cikin ƙasa. Suna da rashi mai ƙarfi sosai, ƙarfi da haƙori haƙori. Wutsiya tana da tsayi, duhu, an rufe shi da gashi, baƙi a ƙarshensa. Jawo mai kauri ne kuma mara nauyi-launin ruwan kasa a bayanta, ƙananan ɓangaren peritoneum mai launi ne mai tsatsa. Tsawon bugun gaba da na baya yakai 6 cm.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Waɗannan dabbobi ne waɗanda ke son sunbathe a rana a cikin ƙananan rukuni. Duk marmot na rana suna wucewa don neman abinci, rana da wasanni tare da wasu mutane. A lokaci guda, koyaushe suna kusa da kabarin, wanda dole ne su koma da yamma. Duk da ƙaramin nauyin wannan sandar, zai iya gudu, tsalle da matsar da duwatsu tare da tsananin sauri da saurin aiki. Lokacin da aka firgita, marmot yana fitar da bushewa mai kaifi.... Amfani da ƙafafu da dogayen fiƙu, yana haƙa ramuka masu tsayi daban-daban, yana haɗa su da ramin ƙasa.
Zaɓuɓɓukan rani na rani ba su da ƙasa sosai kuma tare da yawan hanyoyin fita. Na lokacin sanyi, a gefe guda, an gina su da hankali: kusan suna wakiltar gidan kayan fasaha, samun damarsa na iya zama tsayin mita da yawa kuma yana kaiwa zuwa babban ɗakin da ke cike da ciyawa. A cikin irin waɗannan matsugunan, marmot na iya yin hunturu har na tsawon watanni shida. Waɗannan dabbobin suna iya rayuwa kuma suna hayayyafa a cikin wani yanayi mai matukar wahala, waɗanda tsaunuka za su iya yin bayanin yanayinsu. A ƙarshen watan Satumba, suna komawa zuwa kabarinsu kuma suna shirin dogon lokacin hunturu.
Kowane burrow na iya gida daga 3 zuwa 15 marmot. Lokacin hutu ya dogara da tsananin sauyin yanayi, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, wannan matakin yana daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu. Kwancen bacci yana ƙara damar sa na rayuwa cikin sanyi, yunwa, lokacin sanyi. Yayin kwanciyar hankali, marmot yana yin ainihin abin al'ajabi na ilimin lissafi. Zafin jikinsa ya sauka daga 35 zuwa 5 kuma ƙasa da digiri Celsius, kuma zuciyarsa tana yin jinkiri daga bugun 130 zuwa 15 a minti ɗaya. A lokacin wannan '' lull '' numfashin marmot ya zama da kyar sananne.
Yana da ban sha'awa!A wannan lokacin, sannu a hankali yana amfani da tarin kitsen da aka tara a cikin yanayi mai kyau, wanda ke ba shi damar yin barci mai zurfi har tsawon watanni 6 kusa da sauran danginsa. Marmot tana farkawa lokaci-lokaci. A ƙa'ida, wannan yana faruwa ne kawai idan zafin jiki a cikin kogon ya faɗi ƙasa da digiri biyar.
Yana da matukar wahalar rayuwa lokacin hunturu duk da haka. A cikin wannan al'amari, zamantakewar ƙasa da ƙasa shine mai yanke shawara don rayuwa. Wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa yara kan iya rayuwa idan sun yi bacci tare da iyayensu da kuma danginsu da suka manyanta.
Idan ɗayan iyayen ko duka biyun suka mutu ko ba su nan saboda wasu dalilai, a cikin kashi 70% na ɗiyan da ke zuriya ba sa jurewa yanayin sanyi mai tsanani. Wannan saboda girman jarirai bai basu damar tara kitse mai yawa don rayuwa ba. Suna dumama ta hanyar matsa jikinsu akan jikin manya. Kuma manya, bi da bi, suna fama da raunin nauyi lokacin da jarirai suka bayyana a cikin kabarin.
Yaya tsawon lokacin marmot ke rayuwa
Matsakaicin rayuwar dabba shine shekaru 15-18. A cikin yanayin hamada mai kyau, akwai lokuta na tsawon rai tare da marmot waɗanda suka rayu har zuwa shekaru 20. A cikin yanayin gida, an rage rayuwarsu sosai. Dukan ma'anar ita ce buƙatar gabatar da rodent cikin nutsuwa. Idan ba kuyi haka ba, to marmot ba zai rayu koda shekaru biyar ba.
Nau'o'in marmot
Akwai nau'ikan marmot sama da goma sha biyar, waɗannan sune:
- bobak wata tsohuwar marmot ce wacce ke zaune a tsaunuka na yankin Eurasia;
- kashchenko - marmot-steppe marmot yana zaune a gefen kogin Ob;
- marmara mai furfura tana zaune a cikin tsaunukan Arewacin Amurka;
- Har ila yau Jeffi - jan marmot mai tsawo;
- marmot mai launin rawaya - mazaunin Kanada;
- Marmot na Tibet;
- Mountain Asiya, Altai, wanda aka fi sani da marmot mai launin toka, yana zaune a tsaunukan Sayan da Tien Shan;
- marmot mai tsayi;
- kullin-tsutsa, bi da bi, an raba shi zuwa ƙarin ƙananan ƙananan - Lena-Kolyma, Kamchatka ko Severobaikalsky;
- woodchuck na cibiyar da arewa maso gabashin Amurka;
- Marzot ta marmot - shi ne Talas a cikin tsaunukan Tien Shan;
- Tarbagan na Mongolian, wanda ke zaune ba kawai a Mongolia ba, har ma a arewacin China da Tuva;
- Vancouver Marmot daga Tsibirin Vancouver.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Arewacin Amurka ana ɗaukarta asalin mahaifar marmot.... A halin yanzu, sun bazu ko'ina cikin Turai da Asiya. Marmot yana zaune a cikin tsauni. Burukansa suna a tsawan mita 1500 (galibi tsakanin mita 1900 da 2600), a yankin da ake fasa dutse zuwa iyakar dajin da ke sama, inda itatuwa ba su da yawa.
Ana iya samun sa a cikin tsaunukan Alps, a cikin Carpathians. Tun 1948, an gano ta ko da a cikin Pyrenees. Marmot tana tantance wurin zama dangane da jinsinta. Marmot kuma mai tsayi ne da ƙasa. Saboda haka, mazauninsu sun dace.
Abincin Marmot
Marmot yanayin cin ganyayyaki ne. Yana ciyarwa a kan ciyawa, harbe da ƙananan tushe, furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kwararan fitila. A sauƙaƙe, duk wani abincin shuka wanda za'a iya samu a duniya.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Abincin da ya fi so shi ne ganye, amma a wasu lokutan ma marmot yakan ci ƙananan ƙwayoyi. Misali, marmot mai jan ciki ba ya kyamar cin abinci a kan fara, kwari, har ma da ƙwai tsuntsaye. Ana buƙatar abinci mai yawa, domin don rayuwa cikin ɓacin rai, yana buƙatar samun ƙiba a cikin rabin nauyin jikinsa.
Dabba ta sami nasarar samun ruwa ta hanyar cin tsire-tsire. Kusa da babbar hanyar shiga "mazaunin" marmots shine "lambun" nasu. Waɗannan, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, kauri ne na gicciye, abinci mai ɗaci da hatsi. Wannan sabon abu ya faru ne saboda nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙasa, wadatar da nitrogen da ma'adanai.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin kiwo yana daga watan Afrilu zuwa Yuni. Ciki mace na wucewa sama da wata guda, bayan haka sai ta haifi kananan 2 zuwa 5, tsirara da marmara mara kyau. Suna buɗe idanunsu kawai a cikin makonni 4 da haihuwa.
A jikin mace akwai nonuwan nono guda 5 wadanda suke ciyar da jarirai dasu tsawon wata daya da rabi. Sun zama masu cikakken 'yanci a watanni 2 da haihuwa. Marmots sun kai girman balaga a kusan shekaru 3. Bayan wannan, suna kafa dangi na kansu, yawanci suna zama cikin yanki ɗaya.
Makiya na halitta
Babban maƙiyansa sune gaggafa zinariya da fox.... Marmot dabbobi ne na yankuna. Godiya ga gland a cikin gammayen hannayensu na gaba, kan bakin da kuma cikin dubura, wari zai iya bayar da wani ƙamshi na musamman wanda ke nuna iyakokin yankunansu.
Suna kiyaye yankunansu daga mamayar wasu mahaifa. Yaƙe-yaƙe da farauta sune mahimman hanyoyin tabbatarwa ga maharan cewa ba'a maraba dasu anan. Lokacin da mai farauta ya kusanci, marmot, a matsayin ƙa'ida, yana gudu. Kuma don yin wannan da sauri, marmot ɗin sun haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin: na farkon wanda ya hango haɗari, ya ba da sigina, kuma a cikin secondsan daƙiƙu kaɗan duk ƙungiyar ta sami mafaka a cikin rami.
Hanyar sigina tana da sauki. "Guardian" ya miƙe. Tsaye yake kan kafafunta na baya, a matsayin kyandir, yana buɗe bakinsa kuma yana fitar da ihu, kwatankwacin busa, wanda aka samu sanadiyyar sakin iska ta hanyar muryoyin, wanda a cewar masana kimiyya, harshe ne na dabba. Kyarkyata, duwawu, dodanni, beyar, mikiya da karnuka suna farautar marmot. Abin farin ciki, ana adana su ta hanyar karfin haihuwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Iri-iri - woodchuck, yana ƙarƙashin kariya. A cikin littafin Red Book of Endangered Species, an riga an sanya shi matsayin nau'in nau'in haɗari mafi ƙarancin haɗari... A halin yanzu, adadin dabbobi na iya ƙaruwa. Suna fa'idantar da ci gaban ƙasashen daji. Yanke gona, sare dazuzzuka yana ba da damar gina ƙarin burukan, kuma dasa shuki na tabbatar da ciyarwa ba tare da yankewa ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Marmot suna da sakamako mai amfani akan yanayin da yanayin ƙasar. Yaga ramuka yana taimakawa matuka, kuma najasa ingantacciyar taki ce. Amma, da rashin alheri, waɗannan dabbobin na iya haifar da babbar illa ga ƙasar noma, cin amfanin gona, musamman tare da babban mulkin mallaka.
Hakanan marmoti abun farauta ne. Ana amfani da gashinsu don dinka kayayyakin fur. Hakanan, ana ɗaukar wannan aikin a matsayin mai nishaɗi, saboda saurin dabbar da kuma iyawarta da sauri ɓoye cikin kabura Hakanan, ana amfani da kamun su don gwaje-gwajen kan hanyoyin kiba, samuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran cututtuka.
