An yi imanin cewa sunan mai suna "hawks" ya ƙunshi tushen Proto-Slavic guda biyu - "str" (gudun) da "rebъ" (motley / pockmarked). Don haka sunan tsuntsun ya nuna yanayin motley na kirjin kirji da kuma ikon saurin kama ganima.
Bayanin shaho
Shaho na gaskiya (Accipiter) nau'in tsuntsaye ne masu cin nama na dangin shaho (Accipitridae). Ba su da girma sosai ga masu farautar rana - har ma da babban wakilin jinsi, goshawk, bai wuce mita 0.7 ba tare da nauyin kimanin kilo 1.5. Wani nau'in na yau da kullun, sparrowhawk, yana girma ne kawai har zuwa 0.3-0.4 m kuma yana da nauyin kilogiram 0.4.
Bayyanar
Bayyanar jiki, kamar yanayin jikin shaho, yanayin ƙasa da salon rayuwa ne ke tantance shi.... Mai farauta yana da kyakkyawar gani, sau 8 yana da ƙarfi a cikin ƙima ga mutane. Hawwayar shaho tana karɓar hoton binocular (volumetric) saboda tsari na musamman na idanu - ba a gefen kai ba, amma da ɗan kusanci da baki.
Idanun manya tsuntsaye masu launin rawaya / rawaya-lemu, wani lokaci tare da inuwar ja ko ja-da-ruwan kasa (tyvik). A wasu nau'in, iris yana ɗan haske kaɗan da tsufa. Shaho yana dauke da makami mai kamala mai kama da halayyar halayya - rashin hakori sama da baki.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Shaho yakan ji sosai, amma ya rarrabe ƙamshi sosai da hancinsa kamar ... da bakinsa. Idan aka bawa tsuntsu tsoffin nama, da alama zai iya kama shi da baki, amma tabbas zai jefar dashi.
Legsananan kafafu yawanci fuka-fukai ne, amma babu fuka-fuka a kan yatsun kafa da tarsus. Ana rarrabe ƙafafu da tsokoki masu ƙarfi. Fuka-fukan suna da ɗan gajarta kuma masu ƙyama; wutsiya (mai faɗi da tsayi) yawanci ana zagayeta ko kuma a tsaye take. Launin saman a yawancin jinsuna ya fi na ƙasa duhu: waɗannan launuka ne masu launin toka ko ruwan kasa. Haske na gaba ɗaya na ƙananan ɓangaren (fari, rawaya mai raɗaɗi ko haske) koyaushe ana narkar da shi tare da masu wucewa / tsayin daka.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Shaho yana rayuwa a cikin kurmin daji kuma ya gina gida a kan bishiya mafi tsayi domin bincika wuraren farautarta kusan 100-150 km². Wannan mafarautan gandun dajin cikin rawanin rairayi, yana juyawa a tsaye / kwance, ba zato ba tsammani ya tsaya kuma ya tafi da sauri, tare da kai hare-haren bazata ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Wannan tsuntsu yana taimakawa ta karamin jiki da surar fuka-fuki.
Shaho, ba kamar gaggafa ba, ba ya yin shawagi a sama, yana neman halittun masu rai na dogon lokaci, amma ba zato ba tsammani ya afka wa kowane abu (gudu, tsaye ko tashi), yana kallo daga kwanton bauna. Kamawa, mai farautar ya matse shi da ƙafafunsa ya huɗa tare da fika, yana sokawa yana shaƙa a lokaci guda. Shaho yakan cinye wanda aka azabtar duka, tare da gashi / gashinsa da ƙasusuwa.
Idan ka ji tsattsauran "ki-ki-ki" ko kuma zana "ki-i-i, ki-i-i" daga kurmi, to, kun ji muryar shaho. Yawancin sautunan karin waƙoƙi, kwatankwacin sautin ƙaho, ana yin su ta waƙar shaho. Sau ɗaya a shekara (yawanci bayan kiwo), shaho, kamar duk tsuntsaye masu cin nama, molt. Wani lokaci molt yana jinkiri har tsawon shekaru.
Har yaushe shaho ke rayuwa
Masu lura da tsuntsaye suna da tabbacin cewa a cikin daji, shaho zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 12-17... A cikin gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka, tsuntsayen tsuntsaye suna son zama a ƙarƙashin gidajen shaho, suna gujewa daga abokan gaba na halitta, ɓarna da jays. Irin wannan rashin tsoron yana da sauƙin bayani - shaho yana farautar ɓarna, amma kwata-kwata ba ruwansu da tsuntsaye masu birgima.
Rabawa, iri
Jinsi na shaho ya hada da nau'ikan 47, mafi yawanci ana kiransu Accepiter gentills, goshawk. Tsuntsayen gabashin duniya suna tashi zuwa hunturu a Asiya, Yammacin - zuwa Mexico. Goshawk yana da saurin salon rayuwa, amma yana kaucewa zama a cikin manyan gandun daji. A cikin gudu, tsuntsu yana nuna yanayin wavy.
Accipiter nisus (sparrowhawk) ya sami wakilcin ƙungiyoyi shida, suna rayuwa daga Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Afirka ta gabas zuwa Tekun Pacific. An lura da mafi girman yawan jama'a a Turai a cikin Rasha da Scandinavia. Gidajen, waɗanda aka yi layi ɗaya da ganye da gansakuka mai laushi, an gina su a kan conifers, galibi akan spruces. Ma'auratan suna gina sabon gida kowace shekara. Sparrowhawk kyakkyawa ne mai farauta wanda ke buƙatar wurare daban-daban tare da ɗimbin ƙananan tsuntsaye.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin Caucasus / Crimea, farautar kwatankwacin kaka tare da farautar shaho sanannen abu ne, waɗanda aka kama, aka horar da su kuma aka horar da su na kwanaki da yawa. Da zarar lokacin farautar ya ƙare, sai a sake masu gwarare.
Ana iya gane Sparrowhawk ta sanannen dutsen baƙar fata tare da layuka masu fari a ciki.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Halin halittar Accipiter (ainihin shaho) ya sami tushe a duk kusurwar duniya, ban da Arctic. Ana samun su kusan ko'ina cikin Eurasia, daga gandun daji-tundra a arewa zuwa wuraren kudu na babban yankin. Hawks sun saba da yanayin Afirka da Australia, Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, Philippines, Indonesia da Tasmania, da Ceylon, Madagascar da sauran tsibirai.
Tsuntsaye suna zaune cikin savannas, dazuzzuka masu zafi, da dazuzzuka da gandun daji, da filaye da tsaunuka... Sun fi son kada su hau cikin zurfin daji, suna zaɓar gefuna masu haske, dazukan bakin teku da dazuzzuka. Wasu nau'ikan sun koyi rayuwa ko da a cikin shimfidar wurare. Shaho daga sararin samaniya masu sauƙin ra'ayi mabiya ne na zama, kuma tsuntsaye daga yankuna arewa suna tashi zuwa ƙasashen kudu don yin hunturu.
Hawk abinci
Tsuntsayen (matsakaici da ƙarami) sune mafi girman sha'awar gastronomic a gare su, amma idan ya cancanta, shaho suna cin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, amphibians (toads and frogs), macizai, kadangaru, kwari da kifi. Babban ɓangaren menu ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsuntsaye (galibi daga dangin mai wucewa):
- itacen oatmeal, sparrows da lentil;
- finch, skates da finches;
- warblers, crossbills da dusar ƙanƙara;
- wagtails, warblers da dippers;
- sarauta, kaza da kuma jan zane;
- blackbirds, flycatchers da tsuntsaye.
Manyan shaho suna farautar ƙarin tsuntsaye - masu sanƙara, manyan bishiyoyi masu hangen nesa, kayan alatu, ɓarna, ɓarke, aku, tattabaru, masu ruwa, da kuma na gida (kaji) da kifin ruwa.
Mahimmanci! Sparrowhawks na Japan sun haɗa da jemage a cikin abincinsu, yayin da waƙoƙin duhu na Afirka ke cin ganyayyakin dabbar guinea da pygmy mongooses.
Daga cikin shaho masu jini da dumi, sun fi son shrews, beraye, kurege, kurege, beraye, lalatattu da zomaye. Daga cikin kwari, mazari, da ciyawa, cicadas, fara da ƙwaro (gami da giwaye, ƙwarraji da dogo) an rarrabe su.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Shaho yawanci yana kasancewa mai aminci ga rukunin yanar gizo ɗaya da abokin tarayya ɗaya. Ma'auratan sun gina gida wata 1.5-2 kafin saduwarsu, suka haɗa shi da reshe kusa da akwatin kuma ba nesa da saman ba. Ba duk shaho suke amfani da tsohon gida ba - wasu suna canza gidajensu kowace shekara, suna gina sabo ko hawa kan na wani. Mace tana yin ƙwai 3-4, tana haɗa su na tsawon wata ɗaya, yayin da namijin ke ɗauke da abincinta.
Ya ci gaba da neman abinci bayan bayyanar kajin, amma ba ya ciyar da su. Bayan ya kama halittun masu rai, shaho ya sanar da budurwarsa, wacce ta tashi don ganawa da shi, sai ta dauki gawar ta fara yanka ta, tana 'yanta shi daga gashin fuka-fuka da fata.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Uwa ce kawai take ciyar da kajin da "kayayyakin da aka gama dasu". Idan ta mutu, tsaran ma sun mutu, amma daga yunwa: uba ne ya kawo ya jefa ganima a cikin gida, wanda kajin ba zai iya jurewa ba.
Kaji sun bambanta da iyayensu ba kawai a cikin girma ba: a ƙarshen, idanun sun fi haske fiye da na yara. A cikin kajin, yawancin gashin gashin ido kamar baƙaƙen beads ne masu haske, waɗanda suke alama ce ta fara ciyarwa. Da zaran kajin ya koshi, sai ya juya wa uwar baya - ba ta sake ganin bakaken idanun da ke neman hakan kuma ta fahimci cewa abincin ya zo karshe.
Kajin Hawk ba sa barin gida na asali na ɗan fiye da wata guda... Idan brood ya bayyana a ƙarshen Yuni, to a rabi na biyu na watan Agusta, samarin shaho sun riga sun yi fika. Bayan sun tashi daga cikin gida, iyayen suna ci gaba da kulawa da su har kusan makonni 5-6. Yara suna tashi daga gidan iyayensu, suna samun cikakken 'yanci. Yaran shaho ba sa haihuwa sai sun cika shekara ɗaya.
Makiya na halitta
Manyan abokan hamayyar shaho sune mutum da ayyukan tattalin arzikin da ba shi da takunkumi. Mara karfi da samari tsuntsaye na iya kama cikin tarko ta hanyar masu lalata ƙasa, gami da martens, Foxes da kuliyoyin daji. A cikin iska, barazanar ta fito ne daga tsuntsaye masu cin nama kamar gaggafa, mujiya, ungulu da gaggafa. Kada mu manta cewa samarin shaho sukan faɗi ganima ga tsofaffin danginsu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Haukalin marainiya da sauri yana iya yin barna sosai a filayen farauta, shi ya sa aka hallaka ta ba tare da nadama ba (tare da biyan albashi) a duk duniya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sun daina kashe shaho ne kawai a tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata, bayan da suka gano cewa suna kula da ingancin jinsunan kasuwanci da lalata beraye masu cutarwa.
A cikin kasarmu, alal misali, har zuwa 2013, Umurnin na 1964 "A kan daidaita tsarin kayyade adadin tsuntsayen ganima", wanda Babban Darakta na Farauta da Adana ke bayarwa. Takardar ta fito karara ta hana kamawa da harbi da tsuntsayen dabbobi, tare da lalata gidajen su.
Yanzu yawan jinsin da aka fi sani, goshawk, yana cikin kewayon 62-91 dubu biyu... An sanya nau'in a cikin Shafi na II na Yarjejeniyar Berne, CITES 1, da Shafi II na Yarjejeniyar Bonn, kamar yadda suke buƙatar kariya da daidaito a matakin ƙasa.
