Tsohuwar kalmar Helenanci from, wacce daga asalin sunan furfura take, tana nufin "ba a san kifin ruwa mai sabo ba". A cikin Latin, ana kiranta Thymallus, kuma Rashancin "launin toka" tare da girmamawa akan saiti na farko ya fito ne daga yarukan ƙungiyar Baltic. Grayling shine asalin sunan kifi na dangin launin toka da kuma dangin salmon.
Bayanin launin toka
Wannan kyawawan kifin ba shi da kama da kifin kifin, duk da cewa dangi ɗaya ne.... Masana da yawa suna ba wa launin toka fifiko a cikin kifin kifin kifi.
Bayyanar
Greyling yana da sauƙin rarrabewa daga sauran kifaye, har ma da dangi na kusa, ta yanayin fasalin sa - babban ƙofar dorsal kama da tuta ko fan, wanda zai iya ninka kuma ya kusan kaiwa ga fin ɗin caudal. Wannan "tutar" tana da daskararre kamar na baya.
Girman kifi ya bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin da ya girma:
- menene fasalin tafkin;
- oxygenation na ruwa,
- girman tushen abinci;
- yanayin haske;
- zafin jiki na ruwa, da dai sauransu.
A cikin yanayi mara kyau sosai, furfura tana karami kuma nauyinta baikai kilogram ba yayin da ya balaga shekaru 7 (Transbaikalian furfura). A wurare masu kyau, nauyi ya kai kilogiram 5-6 (a cikin launin launin fata na Turai da Mongoliya). Matsakaicin matsakaici kusan 3-4 kg ne. Tsawon jikin kifin ya kai kimanin cm 30, musamman manyan mutane sun kai rabin mita a tsayi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Abubuwan da aka keɓe na mazaunin suna shafar ba kawai girman da nauyi ba, har ma da launin launin toka, har ma da nuances na tsarin jiki.
Jiki launin toka yana da ƙarfi, an daidaita shi, wanda ke ba da damar guduwa cikin ruwan kogin da sauri. An rufe shi da manyan ma'auni masu hade da launuka daban-daban. A bayan baya akwai katon faranti mai girman dorsal, kazalika da wani fasalin sifa - ƙaramin ƙarancin adipose, alama ce ta asalin "mai daraja". Akwai fikafikan wuyan ciki da na kwaskwarima, finji da jijiyoyi.
Baki ƙananan girma, abin da ake kira "saman", wato, yana buɗewa zuwa saman ruwan. Hakoran suna da rauni, waɗanda suke tare da ɗan "goga" mai ɗan kaɗan.
Grey lashe shi a matsayin kyakkyawan kifi mai kyan gani. Sautin launin toka mai duhu na baya an dilɓe shi tare da ƙananan tabo na baki, yana wucewa zuwa ƙarshen fin. Gefen haske ne na azurfa, ciki yana da furfura.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Masana kimiyya sun gano kusan nau'ikan 40 na babban ƙofar dorsal na launin toka-toka, daban-daban cikin sifa, girma, launi, yanayin tabo da ratsi.
Fins din suna da duhu a launi, wani lokacin ruwan hoda (wutsiya) ko rawaya (na ciki da na ciki). Launin jiki na iya bambanta; ana samun launin toka a wurare daban-daban:
- launin ruwan kasa;
- tare da launi na lilac;
- tabo;
- launin toka mai launin shuɗi;
- koren.
Irin wannan kyakkyawan canza launin yana taimaka wa launin toka don kamewa da tsira a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Ya yi kyau sosai kuma ya fi haske a lokacin ɓatancin haihuwa. A cikin samari matasa, launi yana "soya" - a cikin raƙuman duhu mai gangara. Wasu jinsunan suna adana shi a lokacin balagaggu, yawanci waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu ne waɗanda ke rayuwa a tabkunan tsaunuka a tsawan ƙasa.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Grayling "zama ne a gida" tsakanin kifaye, yana haifar da rayuwa ta rashin nutsuwa kuma baya tafiya mai nisa kilomita 10-30 daga ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin ruwan. Wannan shine dalilin bambancin nau'ikan - kifi a wani sashin tafki wanda ya haɗu da juna kawai. Iyakar abin da aka keɓe shi ne lokacin ɓatancin lokacin launin toka don rayuwa a cikin rafuka masu sauri: a lokacin bazara kifayen suna zuwa tushe kuma suna tashi zuwa rafuka tare da ambaliyar bazara, kuma suna komawa lokacin sanyi.
Wannan kwanciyar hankali ya kuma bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin halaye na al'adun mutane daban-daban na launin toka. Mutanen Lacustrine sun yi ƙiba ba tare da barin wuraren da suke ba, kuma waɗanda ke cikin kogin suna zuwa shuɗewa a saman kogin.
Mahimmanci! Kifin ba mai son tara abu ba ne, ya ɓace "a cikin kamfanin" kawai don lokacin haɓaka.
Salon rayuwa yanayin mai farauta shi ke nunawa. Greyling yana da matukar damuwa, yana mai da hankali ga 'yan canje-canje kaɗan: inuwar da ke faɗuwa a kan ruwa, tunannin mai mala'ikan ko ma sandar kamun kifi, motsi kusa da ruwa da cikin ruwa. Da yake ya kama haɗarin, nan da nan kifin ya ɓuya.
Bayan farauta da sa'o'in safe, launin toka yakan cika tumbinsa, kuma da rana sai kawai ya ɗauka musamman tsaka-tsakin yanayi mai ban sha'awa daga saman ruwa - ana kiran wannan "narkewa". A cikin rana, yana ɓoye mafi yawa a cikin zurfin kuma a cikin mafaka - algae, duwatsu, gullies. Wani lokaci launin toka yana “wasa”, tsalle daga cikin ruwa yana juya digiri 360 a cikin iska, yin juzu'i da juye-juye. Wannan shine yadda jiki mai ƙarfi ke horar da kansa don tsira a cikin ruwa mai sauri.
Tsawon rayuwa
Grayling yana rayuwa kimanin shekaru 14, a shirye don ɓata cikin shekaru 3-5.
Grayling jinsuna
Grayling ya kasu kashi iri bisa kamannin su. Tunda kai tsaye ya dogara da mazaunin, jinsin ya sami sunayen yankuna masu dacewa.
Akwai nau'ikan manyan launuka guda uku masu kunshi tare da rararraki da yawa.
Furfurar Mongoliya - mafi girma a cikin iyali mai launin toka.
Turawan Turai - tare da launuka masu haske da manyan ƙoshin baya.
Siberian launin toka - yana da bakin da ya fi girma, launi ya fi duhu, launi na haɗi biyu an haɗa shi da lemu mai haske, ƙusoshin da ba a gyara ba zurfinsu ne shunayya, a kan kirjin akwai wuri mai launi ja. Yana da nau'ikan da yawa, mabambanta wurin zama, launi da nuances na babban ƙofar dorsal:
- Irishasashen Yammacin Yammacin Siberia - yana da gajarta mai faɗi ta ƙarshe, mai walƙiya da ƙarfe, tare da manyan ɗigogi;
- Sasashen gabashin Siberia - fin ɗin yana da girma ƙwarai, lokacin da aka ninka shi kusan ya isa wutsiya, tsakanin haskenta akwai layukan jan duhu;
- kamfanonin Kamchatka suna da diga-dalla, wuraren kusan sun haɗu, yana da babban kai da baki;
- Peasashen Alaska - fin ya fi ƙanƙanta, ƙirar tabo a kanta an gina ta layuka;
- Amur raƙuman raƙuman - a kan ƙashin ƙugu na ƙugu - karkatattun jan ratsi mai laushi mai laushi;
- Baikal fari da baki da sauran iri.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Kamar yadda ake gani daga sunayen nau'ikan launin toka, wannan kifin yana zaune a yankunan da ya dace:
- Mongoliyanci - cikin ruwa na cikin gefen arewa maso yamma na Mongolia;
- Bature - tafkunan arewacin koguna da tabkuna (Ladoga, Onega, da sauransu), Tekun Fari da na Baltic, zuwa saman Volga, Dniester, Ural-river;
- Siberiyan - duk na Siberia: mashinan manyan koguna (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur) da tabkuna, gami da Tafkin Baikal.
Yana rayuwa ne kawai cikin ruwa mai kyau. Greyling yana son ruwa mai sauri da tsabta na koguna masu sanyi ko lu'ulu'u na tabkunan bazara, kuma yana son "tsayawa" sama da ƙasan dutse ko ƙanƙan dutse. Duk inda zai yiwu, ya zaɓi hawa mai sauri. Masu zurfin baya baya gare shi, kawai don lokacin hunturu yana nitsewa cikin rami. Mafi girman tafki, mafi karancin launin toka daga bakin tekun, yin iyo kusa da lokacin farautar safe da yamma.
Don sulhu na dindindin (zango), yana da mahimmanci ga launin toka-toka ya sami wani irin mafaka kusa da shi: duwatsu ko tsirrai a ƙasan, ramuka, rassan bishiyoyi da ke rataye a cikin ruwa. Amma a lokaci guda tare da waɗannan sharuɗɗan, launin toka kuma yana buƙatar isa mai tsabta, inda zai nemi abin farauta daga ƙarƙashin ruwa. Idan furfurar mazaunin babban tafki ne, tabbas za a daidaita shi a kan ƙananan raƙuman ruwa (har zuwa zurfin 2 m) tare da ƙasan dutse.
Grayling abinci
Wannan kifin, wanda ake kira mai farauta, hakika yana da komai. Babban abincin ya kunshi kwari - midges, cicadas, ciyawa, kwari, kwari da duk wasu da suka yi rashin kulawa na tashi kusa da ruwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Manyan mutane ba za su rasa damar farautar kifi ba, musamman soya. Idan linzamin kwamfuta, shrew ko vole ya faɗa cikin ruwa, launin toka zai more shi da jin daɗi.
Baya ga kwari, launin toka-toka kan kananan abubuwa - gammarus crustaceans, kwarin kwari, molluscs, mayflies, da sauransu. Yana son caviar sauran kifin. Idan babu ɗayan wannan a wurin, zai ci algae.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Grayling ya haihu sau uku: a tsakiyar da ƙarshen bazara, da kuma a watan Agusta... Don yin wannan, yana buƙatar mazaunin ruwan sanyi don ɗumi zuwa + 5 - +10 digiri Celsius. Don kiwon kifi, yankuna masu zurfin (30-60 cm daga saman ruwa) an zaɓi su tare da ƙarancin hanzari mai sauri da ƙanƙan dutse, kuma mazaunan tafkin don ɓarnawa kusa da ruwa mara ƙanƙan bakin teku ko shiga cikin kogunan da ke gudana cikin kogunan.
Jinsunan Siberiya sun tsiro a lokacin mafi yawan ƙaruwar ruwa a cikin rafuka - wannan shine farkon ɗan gajeren lokacin bazara na arewa. A saboda wannan dalili, launin toka-toka yana barin manyan kogunan ruwa zuwa rafuffuka, inda ruwan ba zai girgiza ba koda a lokacin babban ruwa. Mata masu launin toka, suna gina ɗakuna na musamman, suna jefa ƙwai da yawa a wurin (dubu 3-10), suna raba su kashi-kashi. Kowane kwai yana da kusan 3 mm a girma, rawaya mai haske. Bayan kwanaki 15-20, larvae soya zasu ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai.
Makiya na halitta
Greyling ba abinci bane ga yawancin mazauna kogin, amma, babban kifi kamar su taimen da pike na iya zama abokan gabanta. Minks, otters, beavers, kazalika da tsuntsayen kamun kifi irin su masu kamun kifi da masu tsoma ruwa na iya farautar launin toka. Sauran kifin da tsuntsaye a shirye suke su cinye soyayyen, musamman filayen da ke marmarin su.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Tun karni na 19, an sami raguwar yawan manyan halittu Siberian launin toka a cikin rafin Oka, Volga da sauran koguna. Smallananan, "rafi" jinsin da sauri ya dawo da lambobin su, saboda suna haihuwa da yawa kuma basu da kyan kamun kifi. Babu wata babbar barazana ga ƙarancin launin toka.
Koyaya, a yawancin wuraren zama, wani abu mai haifar da cutar ɗan adam na iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci - gurɓata tsabtar ruwa, wanda wannan kifin yake buƙatarsa ƙwarai, ko kamawa mai saurin kamawa.Turawan Turai yana cikin jerin abubuwan da za'a iya basu kariya bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Berne, kuma an saka shi a cikin Red Books na Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Estonia, Jamus da sauran ƙasashe.
Darajar kasuwanci
Wannan kifin yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi so don kamun kifi. Dalilin ba shine kawai ɗanɗanar ɗanɗanar nama ba, amma har ma da farautar farauta mai ban sha'awa.
Mahimmanci! Ana gudanar da kamun kifi na kasuwanci cikin iyakantattun iyakance, ana ba da izinin kamun kifi na musamman a ƙarƙashin lasisi.
Furfura suna da kifi, masu kaifin hankali da hankali, saboda haka abin girmamawa ne ga mai kamun kifi ya kama irin wannan abokin adawar. Ga masu kamun kifi, kama launin toka fasaha ce ta musamman. Naman gishiri yana da laushi sosai, wanda ke tuna da yanayin dandano a dandano.
