Wannan shine yadda ake fassara sunan Latin na wannan babban cat "Panthera onca", "Mai kamawa da ƙaya". Wannan babbar mace a cikin yankin Kudancin Amurka ita ce kawai wakilcin nau'in almara a wadannan gabar teku. Jinsi biyu ne kawai wadanda suka fi shi girma, amma suna zaune a wasu wuraren.
Akwai tatsuniya cewa jaguar shine dabba ta farko da Columbus ya gani lokacin da ya fara zuwa ƙasar Amurka. Kuma mazaunan wurin sun daukaka wannan halittar zuwa matsayin na sihiri kuma suna yi masa sujada. Sunan "jaguar" ya fito ne daga yaren mutanen Indiyawan Quechua, inda yake nufin "jini".
Bayanin Jaguar
Gandun dajin da aka hango shine mafi girma a Amurka... Tsayin mafi yawan wakilan jinsin a busassun ya kai cm 68-80, a matsakaita na cm 75. Jaguars suna da jiki mai sauƙin canzawa game da 120-180 cm tsayi, kuma wutsiyarsu na iya gajarta - 45-50 cm ko ta kai 70-90 cm. daga girma, dabbobi suna da nauyi daga kilogiram 68 zuwa 136. Kamar kusan dukkanin dabbobi masu shayarwa, mata sun fi maza ƙanƙan da haske da kusan 1/5.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Nauyin rikodin rikodin don jaguar namiji ya kai kilogiram 158.
Jaguars da ke zaune a sararin samaniya galibi sun fi na takwarorinsu da ke rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka da yawa. Wataƙila wannan yana faruwa ne saboda yawan garken da ba su da kulawa da ke zaune a yankuna masu tarko, kuma a sakamakon hakan - samun nasarar farautar mafarauta.
Bayyanar
- Kai da gangar jiki. Powerarfi da ƙarfi suna cikin bayyanar wannan katuwar kyanwar. Jawarfin ƙarfin muƙamin murabba'i ya bambanta sosai da jikin sirara. Wannan fasalin ne ya banbanta jaguar daga damisa, wanda a waje yana kamanceceniya da shi kala-kala - girma da girma, tare da kwanyar kwatankwacin na damisa. Kunnuwa kanana ne, masu tafi-da-gidanka, kuma suna da siffa madaidaiciya.
- Takalmin Jaguar ba muddin ya kamata su kasance don cikakkiyar alheri ba, don haka dabbar tana kama da ɗan tsugune. Amma suna da karfi sosai, kuma galibi suna nuna ƙarfi maimakon saurin gudu, kodayake jaguars suna gudu da sauri, da kai hari.
- Jaaguar Jawo mai taushi, mai kauri da gajere. Bayan jikin yana iya samun tabarau daban-daban na yashi da ja, launuka masu duhu na siffofi da girma dabam-dabam sun warwatse akansa: ƙaƙƙarfan baƙi, zobba, rotse, nutria wanda fur ɗin yana da launuka masu duhu fiye da na sauran jikin. Surfaceasan saman jiki shine ciki, maƙogwaro da kirji, ƙafafun ciki farare ne. Kan da kafafuwan an lullubeshi da bakar fata. Kunnuwa baƙi ne tare da tabon rawaya a tsakiya.
- Sauti da aka fitar... Yayin farauta, jaguar ba ta da ƙarfi, amma ƙasa, tana gunaguni. Da daddare, yana firgita dajin da kururuwa irin ta zaki. Muryar jaguar da aka saba da ita tana kama da sautin saƙar zafin bishiya ko tari mai tsuma. A cikin lokacin saduwa, yana da hums da tsarkakewa.
A cikin kwayoyin jaguar akwai launin baki, kamar na panthers, wanda ba kasafai ake bayyanar da shi ta hanyar haihuwar yara masu kama da juna ba (melanists) a cikin daidaikun mutane masu tabo. Kowa ya yi mamakin ƙananan '' damman '' da aka haifa ta jaguar biyu a cikin gidan Zoo na Odessa: daga cikin kittens 4, an hango biyu, biyu kuma sun kasance baƙi ƙirin.
Salon rayuwa da ɗabi'a
Kamar kowane kuliyoyi, jaguars sun zaɓi kuma sun “kiyaye” yankin su... Suna yin shi kadai. Dabba daya na iya "mallaki" sarari daga kilomita murabba'i 25 zuwa 100; maza galibi sun ninka na mata biyu. Maza suna zaɓar yankuna masu kusurwa uku, suna canza "kusurwa" inda suke farauta kowane kwana 2-3.
Kimanin sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru goma, jaguar yana ƙetare dukiyarta a kan iyaka. Kiyaye ƙasa daga sauran wakilan alawar - pumas, ocelots, da sauransu, jaguar ba ta damu da ƙetare kan iyakoki tare da wani wakilin jinsinta ba.
Lokacin Jaguar maraice. Kafin faduwar rana da kuma lokutan da ba a daɗe ba, tana farauta musamman ma a hankali. Mai farauta ya kafa kwanto a cikin babban ciyawa, a kan rassan bishiya, yana ɓuya a bakin ƙetaren ramin samun ruwa. A wurin wani da ba a sani ba, yana hanzari daga baya ko daga gefe, yana kame wuya, yana ƙoƙari ya shaƙe ko huɗa kwanyar da hammatarsa. Siffa ta ƙarshe ita ce halayen jaguar kawai; sauran kuliyoyi da wuya su ciji kawunansu.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Idan ganima shanu ne, jaguar na neman buge su a kasa domin su buga kai su ji musu rauni kafin su kashe su. Sau da yawa ba sa ma bukatar amfani da hammatarsu - wanda aka azabtar kawai ya fasa wuyansa.
Idan mai farauta yana da kunnuwa masu jin dadi kuma ya ji dabbar kafin ya yi sauri, to ta yi sa'a - tana da damar guduwa, da wuya jaguar ta ruga cikin farauta. Amma a cikin ruwa, jaguar, daidai ninkaya da kaunar wannan abun, zai iya riskar abincin sa. Akwai sanannun lokuta game da jaguar da ke kai wa kada kai, kama kifi, farauta kunkuru. Jaguar ba safai yake kaiwa mutum hari ba, kuma baya yin hakan, sai dai idan an bashi dalili mai tsauri. Duk rikice-rikice tsakanin mutane da jaguars kare kai ne na karshen. Ba sa cin naman mutane. Koyaya, dabba mai ban sha'awa na iya bin mutum don son sani.
Yaya tsawon jaguars yake rayuwa?
A cikin daji, rayuwar jaguar ba ta wuce shekaru 10-12 ba. A cikin bauta, manyan kuliyoyi suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 25.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Iyakar arewacin yankin da ke cikin jaguar ta faɗo ne a ƙasan Mexico da jihohin kudu maso yamma na Amurka. Dabbobi sun sauka zuwa kan iyakar arewacin Ajantina da Paraguay, har da bakin tekun Venezuela. Jaguars mafi girma suna zaune a cikin ƙasar Brazil, Mato Grosso. Yawancin jaguars da yawa sun fi yawa a cikin kwarin Amazon.
Jaguar yana buƙatar abubuwa da yawa don rayuwa:
- tushen ruwa kusa da mazaunin;
- ciyayi mai yawa don sake kamanni yayin farauta;
- yuwuwar samarwa cikin wadatattun abubuwa.
Yanayi ya samar masu da irin wannan albarkatun a cikin dazuzzuka masu zafi na wurare masu zafi, ciyawar bakin ruwa, kwaruruka, kusa da fadama. A yankuna masu bushewa, ba a taɓa samun jaguars ba. Amma za su iya hawa tsaunuka, amma, ba su fi 2700 m ba (mazaunan Andes). An taɓa haɗuwa da jaguar a Costa Rica a tsawan 3800 m, amma wannan lamari ne mai ban mamaki, yawanci gandun daji na tsaunuka basa jan hankalin su.
Jaguar abinci
Jaguar mai farauta ne, mai tsananin cin nama... Yana farautar farauta iri-iri, a cewar masu binciken, kimanin nau'ikan dabbobi 85 ne suka fada cikin hakoransa. Zai iya ɗaukar wanda aka azabtar da nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 300. Mafi kyawu da aka kama don jaguar shine manyan dabbobi "nama" - ungulaye, masu kama da alade, gami da dabbobi.
Jaguar ba zai raina biri, tsuntsu, fox, porcupine, kananan beraye ba har ma da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Yana raye a kusa da ruwa, wannan babban kifin yana kama kifi da farin ciki.
Abincin musamman ga jaguar shine kunkuru: muƙamuƙan sa masu ƙarfi suna iya cinyewa ta cikin harsashi mai ƙarfi. Jaguar yana son yin liyafa a kan ƙwan kunkuru, yana fitar da ƙyallen daga yashi. Dabba mai daraja kusan bata cin mushe. Ya fara cin wanda aka kashe sabo daga kansa, yana motsawa zuwa naman alade. Idan kayi sa'a ka kashe babbar dabba, jaguar ba zai bar ta ba har tsawon kwanaki a jere.
Makiya na halitta
Babban maƙiyi mafi haɗari ga jaguar shine mutumin da yake farautarsa saboda kyawawan gashinsa. A dabi'a, wannan sarki na gandun daji kusan bashi da masu fafatawa da barazana: a mazaunin sa, shine mafi girma a cikin jerin kayan abinci.
Mahimmanci! Zai iya yin yaƙi don ƙasa tare da manyan cougars, yawanci yakan mamaye su, amma wani lokacin yana karɓar munanan raunuka.
Yayin farauta, jaguars wani lokacin suna haɗuwa da abokan hamayya masu haɗari - caimans, kodayake har ma suna cire dodanni masu tsawon mita 2 daga asalinsu. Suna farautar manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe, lokaci-lokaci suna iya zama waɗanda ake azabtar da anaconda ko taimaka musu da kansu.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Jaguars ba su da takamaiman lokacin saduwa. Mace da ke shirye don saduwa (tana da shekaru 3) “ta sanar da” mazan game da hakan, yin alama a bishiyoyi da fitsari, sannan kuma ta fitar da halayyar “amon murya” wanda maza ke amsawa da kuka mai zafi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wasu mafarautan jaguar sun yaudaresu ta hanyar kwaikwayon kiran matata na mace. Jaguars, yawanci masu kaɗaici, kawai a cikin wannan yanayin na iya haɗuwa cikin ƙungiyoyi.
Amma maza basa fada a tsakanin su, zabin ya kasance ne kawai ta amarya kuma ta dan lokaci zuwa shafin da ta zaba.
Bayan sun gama, sai su rabu. Mace takan yi wa kanta shimfiɗa a cikin kaurin, a ɓoye kogo, inda bayan kwana 100 na ciki sai ta haifi 'ya'yan kyanwa 2-4. Jananan jaguars har yanzu ba a tabo su kamar na iyayensu ba, baƙin tabo mai kauri ya mamaye gashinsu. Mahaifiyar ba ta barin su daga kogo a farkon watanni 1.5 na rayuwarsu.
Koyaya, suna shan nonon uwa har na tsawon watanni 5-6. Mahaifiyar zata fara ɗaukarsu tare da ita don farauta har zuwa lokacin da suka girma kuma zasu iya mallakar wani yanki mai zaman kansa, yawanci kusan shekaru 2. Kusan rabin yaran da aka haifa sun rayu har zuwa girma. Jaguar na iya yin kiwo ta hanyar cudanya da damba ko damisa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Mutum ya lalata yawan jaguar, yana farautar su don kare garken garkensu da kuma saboda kyakkyawan fur. A baya can, an sadu da su a cikin Uruguay da El Salvador, yanzu an hallaka su a can. Saboda karuwar aikin farauta, mazaunin jaguars ya ragu da 2/3 na asali. Ko da ba tare da farauta ba, mutum yana rage wuraren da suka dace da waɗannan mafarautan.
Yau an hana farautar jaguars, amma, rashin alheri, farauta na ci gaba. An tsara wannan nau'in a cikin IUCN Red List na Duniya kamar yadda yake cikin haɗari. Koyaya, a cikin Brazil, Mexico da Bolivia, an ba da izinin farautar su da wasu takurai.
