Babban itace mai hangen nesa, ko tabo mai itace (lat. Dendroosoros major) tsuntsaye ne babba wanda yake mallakar shahararrun wakilai na dangin Woodpecker da kuma tsarukan daji da aka gano daga itacen Woodpecker.
Bayanin itacen itacen da aka gani
Wani fasalin fasalin itacen itacen itace mai launi shine launinsa.... Birdsananan tsuntsaye, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, suna da kyakkyawar halayyar "jar hular" a yankin parietal. Babban Gangon Gwanin Gano ya haɗa da rukuni goma sha huɗu:
- D.m. Mаjоr;
- D.m. Brevirostris;
- D.m. Kаmtsсhaticus;
- D.m. Рinetоrum;
- D.m. Hispanus;
- D.m. harterti Arrigoni;
- D.m. Canariensis;
- D.m. thаnnеri le Rоi;
- D.m. Mаuritаnus;
- D.m. Numidus;
- D.m. Poelzami;
- D.m. Jaronicus;
- D.m. Cabanisi;
- D.m. Strеsеmаnni.
Gabaɗaya, har yanzu ba'a bunƙasa tsarin haraji na katako mai hangen nesa ba, sabili da haka, marubutan daban sun banbanta jinsi na yankuna goma sha huɗu zuwa ashirin da shida.
Bayyanar
Girman itacen itacen da aka gani yana kama da dusar ƙanƙara. Tsawon tsuntsun da ya balaga da wannan nau'in ya banbanta tsakanin 22-27 cm, tare da fikafikan 42-47 cm kuma nauyin 60-100 g. Launin tsuntsun yana tattare da fifikon launuka farare da baƙi, waɗanda ke da kyau tare da haske mai haske ja ko ruwan hoda na ƙasan. Duk ƙananan ƙananan suna da kamannuna daban-daban. Sashin babba na kai, kazalika da yankin na baya da wutsiya na sama suna da baƙar fata mai launin shuɗi.
Yankin gaba, kunci, ciki da kafaɗu suna fari-fari-fari... A cikin yankin kafadu, akwai manyan filayen fararen fata tare da raƙuman ƙwanƙwasa baki tsakanin su. Fuka-fukan jirgi baƙaƙe ne, tare da launuka masu faɗi masu faɗi, saboda haka ne aka samar da ratsi masu haske guda biyar akan fikafikan fiɗa. Wutsiyar baƙar fata ce, ban da gashin tsuntsaye masu tsananin fari. Idanun tsuntsun masu launin ruwan kasa ne ko ja, kuma bakin yana da launinsa mai launin jago-baƙar fata. Striaramar baƙaƙen fata ta fara a gindin bakin, wanda ya faɗi zuwa gefen wuya da wuya. Striarƙirar baƙar fata tana iyaka da farin kunci.
Maza sun bambanta da mata ta wurin kasancewar jan jan layi a bayan kai. Ana soya soyayyen da kambin jar mai jan-baki mai tsayi a tsaye. In ba haka ba, matasa masu katako ba su da mahimmancin bambance-bambancen launin launi. Wutsiyar matsakaiciya ce a tsayi, mai tsini kuma tana da ƙarfi sosai. Woodpeckers suna tashi sosai kuma suna isa da sauri, amma a mafi yawan lokuta sun fi son hawa bishiyar. Gandun daji daban-daban suna amfani da fikafikan su kawai don tashi daga wata shuka zuwa wani.
Salon rayuwa da ɗabi'a
Manyan bishiyoyi masu hangen nesa sune sanannun kuma suna da hayaniya, galibi suna zaune a kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam. Mafi yawan lokuta, irin wadannan tsuntsayen suna rayuwarsu ta kadaici, kuma tarin katako itace halayyar mamayewar wasu yankuna masu takara. Manyan mazaje suna da yankin ciyar da kowane mutum. Girman wurin kiwo yana iya bambanta daga hekta biyu zuwa ashirin, wanda ya dogara da yanayin fasalin yankin daji da yawan conifers.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kafin ya yi faɗa da baƙo a yankin nasa na ciyarwa, maigidan ya ɗauki abin da ake kira faɗa, inda beken tsuntsun ya buɗe kaɗan kuma lamuran da ke kan kansa suka fito da yanayi mara kyau.
Maza masu jinsi guda yayin lokacin kiwo mai aiki na iya tashi zuwa yankunan makwabta, wanda ke tare da rikice-rikice tsakanin tsuntsaye. Bayyanar baƙi na haifar da faɗa, inda tsuntsayen ke bugun junan su da bugu da ƙarfi da bakunansu da fikafikan su. Hanyoyin mutane ba koyaushe yake tsoratar da itacen itace ba, don haka tsuntsu zai iya hawa kawai tare da ɓangaren ɓangaren kusa da saman ko tashi zuwa reshen da ke sama.
Da yawa masu yanke bishiyoyi ke rayuwa
Dangane da bayanan hukuma da abubuwan lura, matsakaicin tsawon rai na manyan masu hango itace a daji bai wuce shekaru goma ba. Matsakaicin rayuwar da aka sani na katako ya kasance shekaru goma sha biyu da watanni takwas.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Yankin rarraba itace mai ɗauke da tabo ya rufe wani muhimmin ɓangare na Palaearctic. Tsuntsayen wannan nau'in ana samunsu a Afirka, Turai, kudancin yankin Balkans da Asiya orarama, da kuma kan tsibirin Bahar Rum da kuma a cikin Scandinavia. Babban adadi yana rayuwa akan Sakhalin, kudancin Kuril da tsibirin Japan.
Gandun daji da aka hango na daga nau'in jinsin filastik, don haka yana iya sauƙaƙa sauƙin dacewa da kowane nau'in biotope tare da bishiyoyi, gami da ƙananan tsibiran dazuzzuka, lambuna da wuraren shakatawa. Yawan yaduwar tsuntsaye ya bambanta:
- a Arewacin Afirka, tsuntsun ya fi son bishiyar zaitun da poplar, da itacen al'ul, da gandun daji, da manyan bishiyoyi da gauraye tare da kasancewar itacen oak na ɓuya;
- a cikin Poland, galibi galibi suna zaune a alder-ash da itacen oak-hornbeam, wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na gandun daji tare da yawancin tsoffin itatuwa;
- a yankin arewa maso yammacin kasarmu, itacen da aka hango yana da yawa a yankuna daban-daban na gandun daji, gami da busassun itatuwan pine, dazuzzukan dazuzzukan spruce, da daskararrun duwatsu, gauraye da manyan dazuzzuka;
- a cikin Urals da Siberia, an ba da fifiko ga gandun daji da ke hade da manyan bishiyoyi;
- a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya, tsuntsayen wannan nau'ikan suna ba da fifiko ga tudu da dutsen da ke da fadi da bishiyun itacen al'ul;
- a Japan, gandun daji da aka hango suna rayuwa cikin gandun daji, da keɓaɓɓu da gandun daji.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kamar yadda lura na dogon lokaci ya nuna, samari tsuntsaye sunfi saurin motsi, kuma tsofaffin masu sana'ar itace da kyar suke barin wuraren da suke zaune.
Adadin gandun daji masu hangowa a cikin biotope na iya raguwa sau da yawa, kuma aikin dawo da yawan jama'a ya dauki shekaru da yawa.
Abincin Manyan peaƙan itace
Tushen abinci na itacen icen itacen da yake da tabo ya banbanta matuka, kuma nuna bambanci ga fifikon abincin tsire ko dabba kai tsaye ya dogara da lokacin.
Maza da mata suna samun abinci a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A lokacin bazara-bazara, bishiyoyi masu yawan bishiyoyi da yawa da yawa suna cin kwari iri-iri, da kwayarsu, wakiltar:
- gwaninta;
- maƙerin zinariya;
- haushi beetles;
- barewa beetles;
- ƙwaro ƙwallaye;
- matan aure;
- jijiyoyi;
- ƙwaro ƙasa;
- kwari;
- imago na malam buɗe ido;
- ƙaho-wutsiyoyi;
- aphids;
- coccids;
- tururuwa.
Lokaci-lokaci, masu saran itace suna cin ɓaure da molluscs. Tare da farkon ƙarshen kaka, ana iya samun tsuntsayen wannan nau'in a kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam, inda tsuntsayen ke cin abinci a cikin masu ciyarwa ko, a wani yanayi, suna cin naman gawa. Hakanan an lura cewa masu gandun daji suna lalata gidajen tsuntsaye, gami da fuka-fuka da aka fi sani da su, da sake jan hankali, da tsuntsaye da finchi, da warblers.
Ana samun abinci a jikin bishiyoyi da kuma saman ƙasa... Lokacin da aka samo kwari, tsuntsun yakan lalata haushi ta hanyar bugu mai ƙarfi na bakinsa ko kuma sauƙaƙe ya zama rami mai zurfi, bayan haka kuma sai a ciro abin farautar da harshensa. Wakilan dangin Woodpecker, a matsayin doka, suna guduma kawai itace marassa lafiya da matattun bishiyoyin da kwari suka shafa. A lokacin bazara, tsuntsaye suna cin abinci a kan kwari na duniya, suna lalata tururuwa, kuma suna amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa da suka faɗi ko mushe don abinci.
A lokacin kaka-hunturu, abincin itacen itace ya mamaye abincin tsire-tsire masu wadataccen sunadarai, gami da tsaba iri-iri na conifers, acorns da kwayoyi. Don kiwon kaji na wannan nau'in, halayyar halayyar samun iri mai gina jiki daga itacen pine da spruce cones shine amfani da wani nau'in "smithy". Katako yana fasa mazugi daga reshe, bayan haka yana cikin bakin kuma an haɗa shi a cikin maƙerin da aka riga aka shirya, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman fasa na halitta ko ramuka masu ɓoyewa a ɓangaren babba. Daga nan tsuntsun ya buga gemun da bakin sa, sannan sai a dankware sikeli a ciro tsaba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A farkon lokacin bazara, lokacin da yawan kwari suke da iyaka matuka, kuma 'ya'yan itacen da ake ci sun gama gajiya, masu sassakar katako sun kutsa cikin bawon bishiyun bishiyoyi suna shan ruwan' ya'yan itace.
A yankin da itace mai hango ɗaya, mai ɗan fiye da hamsin irin waɗannan "ƙusoshin" na musamman za a iya samo su, amma galibi ba a wuce huɗu daga cikin tsuntsayen. A ƙarshen lokacin hunturu, ƙarƙashin itacen, a matsayin mai mulkin, duk tsaunin da ke karyewar cones da sikeli yana tarawa.
Hakanan, tsuntsaye suna cin iri da kwayoyi na shuke-shuke irin su hazel, beech da oak, hornbeam da almon. Idan ya cancanta, bishiyoyin bishiyoyi masu rarrafe suna ciyar da bishiyar aspen mai taushi da ɗanɗano da itacen Pine, guzberi da currant ɓangaren litattafan almara, cherries da plums, juniper da rasberi, buckthorn da ash.
Makiya na halitta
Zuwa yau, akwai ɗan ƙaramin bayani wanda ke nuna hari kan dabbobin daji masu hangowa a sararin samaniya. Akwai sanannun lokuta lokacin da fuka-fukai masu fuka-fukai suka afka wa masu katako, waɗanda sparrowhawks da goshawks suka wakilta. Daga cikin abokan gaba na duniya sune Pine marten kuma mai yiwuwa kuskuren.
A wajen yankunan dazuzzuka, falgons na peregrine suna haifar da haɗari ga babban itacen dutsen da aka hango.... Tun da farko, bayanai sun zo wanda ya ba da rahoton kusan kusan lalata yawan katako ta hanyar falgons a cikin Yamal tundra. Tsuntsaye da dormouse na lalata tsuntsayen tsuntsaye, kuma ana iya danganta jan daren zuwa yawan dabbobin da ke da haɗari ga masu saran itace.
Daga ramin da aka shirya don ƙirƙirar gida, ana iya fitar da tsuntsu koda da ɗan wasan tauraruwa ne. A cikin gidajen babban katako mai hangen nesa, an sami wasu kwari masu shan jini, gami da fleas Ceratorhyllus gallinae, Lystosoris Camrestris, Entomobrija marginata da Entomobrija nivalis, masu cin abinci Meenorophilia dienoplus Dienoroni Nestlings yakan sha wahala daga hare-hare ta tsakiya da cizon matsakaici. A wasu yankuna a bakin katako, an sami ƙwayoyin cavitary Sternostoma hylandi.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A al'adance, itacen da aka hango shi tsuntsu ne mai auren mace daya, amma an bayar da rahoton polyandry a Japan. Wani muhimmin sashi na tsuntsaye yana fara haihuwa tun yana da shekara guda, kuma wasu nau'ikan halittar, koda bayan lokacin kiwo, suna tare har zuwa bazara mai zuwa. Lokacin nest tsakanin mazauna kudanci da arewa basu da bambanci sosai. Inara yawan ayyukan saduwa ya ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar Maris, kuma a tsakiyar watan Mayu samuwar nau'i-nau'i ya ƙare, saboda haka tsuntsayen suka fara gina gida a rami, wanda yake, a matsayin mai doka, a tsayin da bai wuce mita takwas ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A karshen watan Afrilu ko kuma a goman farko na Mayu, macen icen itacen itacen da ta hango daga kwai masu fari masu sheki hudu zuwa takwas. Ana shirya cutar ta mace da na miji har tsawon kwanaki goma sha biyu, sannan kuma makaho da tsiraici, ana haihuwar kajin marasa ƙarfi kwata-kwata.
Da shekara goma, kajin suna iya hawa zuwa ƙofar, suna amfani da kiran diddige a matsayin tallafi... Duk iyayen biyu suna ciyar da kajin. Kajin suna zama a cikin gida har zuwa makonni uku, bayan haka suna koyon tashi, a lokacin wani ɓangare na tsatson yana bin mace, ɗayan yana bin namiji. Kajin da suka koyi tashi sama iyayensu suna ciyar da su har tsawon kwanaki goma, bayan haka tsuntsayen sun sami cikakken 'yanci.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A halin yanzu, Spotungiyar Internationalasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ta ba da Babban thean Woodpecker mai Woodan damuwa.
