Baribal, ko bakar fata (Ursus amеriсanus), dabba mai shayarwa ta dangin Bear, umarnin masu cin nama da na Bear. Wasu lokuta baƙar fata yana bambanta kamar jinsin Euarctos.
Bayanin baribal
Baribals sune mafi yawancin bears na Arewacin Amurka tare da launin furji na asali.... A halin yanzu akwai kanana goma sha shida, gami da Kermode da Glacier Bears.
Bayyanar
Baribals ya banbanta da beyar mai launin ruwan kasa a gaban danshi mai santsi baƙar fata da ƙarami. Manya maza sun kai tsawon 1.4-2.0 m, kuma mafi girma a cikin duk mashahuran mashahuran sun kai nauyin 363 kuma an harbe shi a Wisconsin sama da ƙarni ɗaya da suka gabata. Mata na wannan nau'in sun fi ƙanƙanta - tsayinsu kawai 1.2-1.6 m ne kuma nauyi zuwa 236 kg. Matsakaicin tsaran baligi a bushe ya kai mita. Wutsiya ba ta da gajarta, ba ta fi inci 10-12 ba. Baƙin baƙin ma yana da kaho mai kaifi da manyan ƙafafu tare da gajeren ƙafa.
Mahimmanci! Ya kamata a lura cewa mafi ƙanƙancin beyar barebari wani lokaci ana bambanta ta da launi mai launin toka mai sauƙi, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da baƙar fata baƙar fata kawai a shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa.
Jawo mai haske na baribal yana da launi mai launi baƙar fata, amma akwai tabo mai haske a kan bakin fuska kuma wani lokacin akan kirji. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan launi suna da wuya, kuma ana iya wakiltar su da tabarau daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa. Lita guda ɗaya na iya ƙunsar cuban kwalliya tare da baƙar fata da launin ruwan kasa.
Zaɓuɓɓukan launuka mafi ƙaranci sun haɗa da "shuɗi", wato, launin shuɗi, da "fari" ko launuka masu launin rawaya. Mafi yawan lokuta ana kiransa da launin shuɗi mai ƙarancin launin "glacial bear". Har ila yau sanannen mashahurin sanannen suna ne kamar Kermode ko belar polar bear (Ursus amеriсanus kermodei).
Salon rayuwa, hali
Baribal yawanci dabbobi ne masu kwazo, duk da cewa wannan na iya canzawa yayin kiwo ko ciyarwa. Don hutawa, beyar baƙar fata ta zaɓi yankunan daji da aka rufe da ganye. Asali, ana zaune a cikin ƙasar ta kadaitattun dabbobi ko mata tare da ɗiyansu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin yankuna da ke tattare da rukunin abinci da yawa, adadi mai yawa na mutane suna haɗuwa, sakamakon abin da suka haifar da wani tsarin zamantakewar al'umma.
Bakar fata baƙar fata tana da cikakken matakin hankali, saboda haka yana iya nuna ƙimar sani, kuma yana da ƙwarewar bincike. A cewar masana, 'yan baranda suna da kwarewar kewayawa da ba a saba gani ba, wanda a halin yanzu ba a fahimce su sosai ba.
Tsawon rayuwa
Bakar fata a yanayi, yanayi na rayuwa na iya rayuwa na kimanin shekaru talatin, amma saboda tasirin yanayi mara kyau, matsakaicin rayuwar baribar daji bai wuce shekaru goma ba. Fiye da kashi 90% na mutuwar baƙar fata da ke sama da shekara ɗaya da rabi suna wakiltar ta hanyar harbi da tarko, haɗarin zirga-zirga iri-iri da sauran lamura na karo da mutane.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Da farko, bears baƙar fata yana zaune a cikin duk wuraren dazuzzuka da ƙananan filaye a Arewacin Amurka.... Dangane da ƙididdiga, a ƙarshen karni na sha tara, adadin mutane ya kasance cikin tsari na miliyan biyu. Koyaya, wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci daga cikin su bayan ɗan lokaci mutane sun hallaka ko sun rayu. Bakar fata sun bar gabashi, kudu maso gabas da tsakiyar yankin Amurka gaba daya, don haka yawansu ya ragu sosai a farkon karnin da ya gabata.
Babban mahalli na subsungiyoyi daban-daban:
- Ursus аmеriсanus аltifrоntаlis - a wani yanki na yankin arewa maso yammacin gabar Tekun Fasifik;
- Ursus аmеriсanus аmblysers - a gabashin Montana da kuma gefen tekun Atlantika;
- Ursus amеriсanus califоrniеnsis - yankin tsaunin tsaunin kudancin Kalifoniya;
- Ursus аmеriсanus sarlottae - yankin Haida-Guai;
- Ursus amеriсanus cinnamomum - a cikin Colorado da Idaho, yammacin Wyoming da Montana;
- Ursus аmеriсanus еmmоnsii - tsayayyen jama'a na yankin kudu maso gabashin Alaska;
- Ursus amеriсanus machetes - a arewacin tsakiyar yankin Mexico.
Yawancin mazaunin ƙasa ana raba su ta hanyar baƙar fata ko baƙar fata tare da dusar kankara. Wannan rukunin masu launin ruwan kasa ya zaɓi arewacin tsaunukan Rocky, yammacin Kanada da Jihar Alaska. A cikin waɗannan wurare, yankin rarraba baƙar fata beyar yana iyakance ne kawai ta yankunan tsaunuka da tsayin mita 900-3000 sama da matakin teku.
Mahimmanci! Beananan Bears na Kanada suna zaune a cikin wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na dukkanin tarihin su, banda kasancewa yankunan tsakiyar filayen, waɗanda ake amfani dasu sosai don ayyukan noma.
Baƙin Baƙin Baƙin Ba'amurke yana cikin Mexico, jihohi talatin da biyu na Amurka da Kanada. Ta hanyar tarihi, mashahurin ya mallaki kusan dukkanin yankunan daji a Arewacin Amurka. A halin yanzu, mazaunin dabbobi masu shayarwa a Amurka an keɓance su ne a wuraren da ba mutane da yawa sosai ko kuma aka dasa su da dazuzzuka na sirara.
Cincin Baribal
Baƙar fata baƙar fata yawanci abin kunya ne, ba mai tashin hankali ba kuma mai nuna komai.... Baribal ba su da bambanci sosai a cikin abincinsu, amma suna ciyarwa galibi akan asalin asalinsu, da kwari iri iri da tsutsa. Bakar fata ta hanyar dabi'arta ba ta da matsala, saboda haka ana amfani da kashin baya da su galibi a cikin nau'in gawa ko abin da ake kira gawa. Koyaya, irin wannan dabba mai shayarwa sam ba ta kyamar cin abinci a kan kowane irin ƙananan dabbobi, haɗe da beraye da beavers, barewa da zomaye, da tsuntsaye. Baribal yana cin abinci ne kawai gwargwadon yadda cikinsa zai iya rikewa, sannan ya tafi barci. Beyar da ta farka ta sake neman abinci.
Abubuwan haɗin da ke cikin abincin tsire-tsire zasu bambanta dangane da yanayi da yanayin. Yawanci, abincin tsire-tsire ba su wuce 80-95% na yawan abincin ba. Dabba ya fi son:
- itacen oak;
- tokar dutse;
- dogwood;
- beberi;
- cranberries;
- blueberries;
- lingonberry;
- raspberries;
- baƙi;
- furewar fure;
- gooseberi;
- gadon arewa;
- Rosemary;
- pine kwayoyi.
A lokacin bazara, kusan watan Afrilu ko Mayu, 'yan bahaya suna ciyarwa galibi akan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. A watan Yuni, ɗan ƙaramin abincin da ake samu na baƙar fata yana haɓaka da kwari, larvae da tururuwa, kuma tare da farkon lokacin kaka, babban tushen abubuwan gina jiki yana wakiltar kowane nau'i na 'ya'yan itace, namomin kaza da itacen ɓaure. Da zaran makarantun salmon suka fara ɓuɓɓugowa a cikin rafuka a Alaska da Kanada, baƙar fata sun tara kan yankin bakin teku suka fara kamun kifi a yankunan ruwa mara ƙanƙan.
Lokacin kaka lokaci ne mai matukar muhimmanci ga baƙar fata. A lokacin faduwar ne dole ne baribal ya tanadi wadataccen kitse a lokacin sanyi. Wannan tsari yana da mahimmanci ga mata waɗanda zasu ciyar da dabbobin samari a duk lokacin hunturu. A matsayinka na doka, baƙar fata baƙar fata suna sarrafa tarin mai mai yawa ta hanyar cin kowane irin fruitsa fruitsan itace, goro da ɓaure, waɗanda suke da kitse da sunadarai. Waɗannan sune mafi kyaun abinci don beyar da ke shirya bacci lokacin hunturu.
Makiya na halitta
Abokan gaba na baribal a cikin daji sune manyan gemu, da kerkeci da cougars. Kamar yadda abubuwan lura suka nuna, a wuraren da yawan grizzlies ya ragu sosai, yawan barayin mutane ya karu sosai. Ba manyan dabbobi masu farauta ba, gami da kwalli, yawancin lokuta suna farautar rashin ƙarfi, ƙaramin ƙuruciya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Abun lura ya nuna cewa farin baribal ya fi angulu nasara fiye da beyar da ke da baƙin fur, saboda ikon su na kama da gajimare a cikin kalar su.
A Kudancin Amurka, manyan maɓuɓɓugan Mississippi sukan kai hari ga baƙar fata. A ɓangaren ɓangaren kewayon, fararen baribal yana da kyau sosai ga yawancin sauran masu farautar, sabili da haka yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa basu da yawa anan.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Daga farkon Yuni zuwa tsakiyar lokacin rani, 'yan kasuwa suna haduwa biyu-biyu. Bears masu baƙar fata suna shiga farkon saduwarsu suna da shekaru 3-5. Ciki na mace na tsawon kwanaki 180-220, bayan haka daga yara daya zuwa uku makafi da kurame masu nauyin jiki 240-330 g. Yara kan bude idanun su a sati na hudu kuma su girma cikin sauri, wanda hakan ya bayyana ta hanyar ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki na madarar bera. Matsayin mai ƙa'ida, lokacin shayarwa yana ɗauke da watanni shida na farko, amma tare da mace ɗiyan da suka girma sun kasance kimanin shekara ɗaya da rabi.
Bambancin halayya tsakanin beara bearan baƙar fata da sauran nau'ikan halittu masu yawa shine ikon su na bin mahaifiyarsu har tsawon lokaci bayan duk dangin sun bar kogon hunturu. A yayin wannan kusancin sadarwar, 'ya' yan baribal suna koyo daga uwa ka'idojin ciyarwa da kiyaye kai.... Rashin biyayya ga matasa sau da yawa ana yawan danne shi ta hanyar babban tsawa da uwa har ma da nauyi mai nauyi. Cikakken abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen motsa jiki suna ba 'ya'yan baribal damar samun nauyi mai kyau a cikin watanni takwas - 6.8-9.1 kg. Wasu yaran zasu iya zama tare da mahaifiyarsu har tsawon shekaru biyu ko ma fiye da haka.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A wasu yankuna, baribal abu ne na farauta, waɗanda ke da amfani ga fatarsu, sau da yawa don nama ko kitse. Sau da yawa harbe-harben baribal yana faruwa ne saboda rawar da suke takawa a lalata lambu, gonaki ko apiaries. Baribal, waɗanda suka saba da ciyarwa kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam, suma suna da haɗarin gaske. Koyaya, an yarda da cewa baribal, ba kamar dusar ƙanƙara mai launin ruwan kasa ba, dabba ce mai jin kunya kuma da wuya ta kai hari ga mutane.
Mahimmanci!Lokacin saduwa da mashahuran mutane, ba a ba da shawarar yin kamar ya mutu ba, kamar yadda bera masu ruwan kasa na yau da kullun, amma zai fi dacewa, akasin haka, don yin ƙara mai ƙarfi.
Yankin baribal ya ragu sosai a wani lokaci can baya, amma matakan kariya na aiki sun sanya sake yaɗuwa, musamman a yankin wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar ƙasa. Dangane da sabbin bayanai, yanzu haka akwai kusan mutane dubu 600 a duniya, wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci daga ciki ke zaune a yammacin nahiyar. Yawan jama'a yana da matukar canzawa, saboda haka har yanzu ana fuskantar barazanar yawan mutanen Mexico, Florida da Louisiana.
