"The King of All Fish" - wannan taken an ba shi tuna a shekara ta 1922 ta Ernest Hemingway, wanda ya burge shi da tartsatsi mai rai wanda ya yanke raƙuman ruwa a gabar tekun Spain.
Bayanin tuna
Masanan Ichthyologists sun tuna tuna a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun mazaunan tekun... Waɗannan kifaye na teku, waɗanda sunayensu ya koma Girka ta dā. tushen "thynō" (don jefawa), suna cikin dangin Scombridae kuma sun samar da kwayar halitta 5 tare da nau'in 15. Yawancin jinsuna ba su da mafitsara mai iyo. Tuna suna da banbanci a girma (tsayi da nauyi) - saboda haka tuna tuna tana iya zuwa rabin mita kawai kuma nauyinta yakai kilogram 1.8, yayin da tunawar bluefin ta samu zuwa kilogiram 300-500 tare da tsawon 2 zuwa 4.6 m.
Halin halittar karamin tuna ya hada da:
- skipjack, aka taguwar tuna;
- tuna tuna ta kudu;
- tuna tuna;
- mackerel tuna;
- Tunawa na Atlantic.
Jinsi na ainihin tuna yana wakiltar mafi kyawun nau'ikan halittu, kamar:
- dogon tuna;
- tuna mai manyan ido;
- tuna tuna;
- talakawa (shuɗi / shuɗi mai haske).
Latterarshen yana faranta wa masunta rai tare da kyawawan samfura: sananne ne, alal misali, cewa a cikin 1979, kusa da Kanada, an kama tunafin bluefin, wanda ya kai kusan kilogram 680.
Bayyanar
Tuna wata halitta ce mai matukar karfin gaske wacce yanayi ya baiwa halittar mutum cikakkiyar halitta da kuma sauyawar halittu... Duk tunas suna da tsayi, sifale mai siffa wacce ke taimakawa wajen samun saurin haɗi da cin nasara nesa mai nisa. Kari akan haka, yakamata a godewa sifa mafi kyawu ta bayan fage, mai kama da sikila, don saurin da tsawon lokacin iyo.
Sauran fa'idodi na jinsi Thunnus sun hada da:
- fin karfi ƙarfi caudal fin;
- karin farashin musayar gas;
- biochemistry mai ban mamaki / ilimin lissafi na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini;
- manyan matakan haemoglobin;
- gills mai fadi wanda yake tace ruwa domin tuna yana karbar kashi 50% na oxygen dinsa (a cikin wasu kifin - 25-33%);
- ingantaccen tsarin yanayin zafi wanda ke isar da zafi ga idanu, kwakwalwa, tsokoki da ciki.
Saboda yanayin ƙarshe, jikin tuna yana da dumi koyaushe (ta 9-14 ° C) na mahalli, yayin da yawan zafin jikinsa ya dace da yanayin zafin ruwan. Bayanin mai sauki ne - sun rasa zafi daga aiki na jijiyoyin jiki, tunda jini yana ci gaba da gudana ta hanyoyin daskararru: anan ba kawai wadatar oxygen bane, amma kuma yana sanyaya zuwa zafin jiki na ruwa.
Mahimmanci! Anarin mai musayar zafin jiki ne kawai (wanda yake kan gaba) wanda yake tsakanin gill da sauran kayan kyallen takarda yana iya ƙara zafin jiki. Duk tuna suna da wannan mai musanya yanayin zafi na ɗabi'a.
Godiya gareshi, tuna tuna mai launin shudi tana kula da zafin jikinta a kusan + 27 + 28 ° С har ma da zurfin kilomita, inda ruwa baya dumama sama da +5 ° С. Jin jini mai ɗumi shine ke haifar da tsananin aikin tsoka wanda ke ba wa tuna saurin gudu. Mai musayar zafin rana na tuna shine cibiyar sadarwar jiragen ruwa masu sassauƙan fata waɗanda ke ba da jini ga tsokoki na gefen, inda aka sanya babban rawar ga tsokoki ja (ƙwayoyin tsoka na tsari na musamman kusa da layin kashin baya).
Jiragen da suke shayar da tsokoki na jan jini da jini an narkar da su cikin wani tsari mai rikitarwa na jijiyoyin da jijiyoyin da jini ke bi ta wasu hanyoyin. Jinin tuna na tuna (wanda aka dumama da aikin tsokoki kuma aka tura shi ta hanyar zuciya) yana canza zafinsa ba ruwa ba, amma ga jinin jijiyoyin bugun jini. Kuma tsoffin kifin suna wanzuwa ta hanyar gudan jini mai ɗumi.
Wanda ya fara lura kuma ya bayyana wannan siffa ta siffa ta jinsin halittar Thunnus shine mai binciken kasar Japan K. Kissinuye. Ya kuma ba da shawarar ware duk tunas din ga wani bangare mai zaman kansa, amma abin takaici bai samu goyon bayan abokan aiki ba.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Ana daukar Tuna a matsayin dabbobin zamantakewar al'umma tare da halaye marasa kyau - suna taruwa a cikin manyan al'ummomi suna farauta cikin rukuni. Don neman abinci, waɗannan kifaye masu kifi suna shirye don yin jifa a nesa mai nisa, musamman tunda koyaushe suna iya dogaro da ƙwarewar da suke da ita.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Blue (gama gari) tunas suna da rabon zaki na rikodin saurin teku. A kan tazara mai nisa bluefin tuna na iya hanzarta kusan 90 km / h.
Tafiya zuwa farauta, sahun layi suna layi a layi mai layi (kama da kirtani na baka da aka zana) kuma fara farautar farautar su cikin saurin gudu. Af, yin iyo na dindindin yana cikin asalin ilimin halittar mutum na Thunnus. Tsayawa yana yi musu barazanar mutuwa, tunda yanayin numfashi yana haifar da lankwasawar jiki, yana zuwa daga ƙoshin lafiya. Hakanan motsi na gaba yana tabbatar da ci gaba da kwararar ruwa ta cikin buɗe baki cikin gill.
Tsawon rayuwa
Tsawon rayuwar waɗannan mazaunan tekun mai ban mamaki ya dogara da nau'ikan halittu - gwargwadon yadda wakilansu ke daɗa ƙaruwa, tsawon rayuwa zai yi... Jerin mutanen da suka cika shekaru dari sun hada da tuna (shekaru 35-50), Tuna na Australiya (20 zuwa 40) da Tunawa mai launin shudi na Pacific (shekaru 15-26). Tunawar Yellowfinfin (5-9) da tuna ta mackerel (shekaru 5) sune mafi ƙarancin jinkiri a wannan duniyar.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Tuna sun ɗan nisanta kansu daga wasu nau'ikan makerin sama da shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata, bayan sun zauna ko'ina cikin Tekun Duniya (ban da tekun polar).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Tuni a zamanin Dutse, hotunan kifayen dalla-dalla sun bayyana a cikin kogon Sicily, kuma a zamanin ƙarfe na ƙarfe da ƙarfe, masunta na Bahar Rum (Helenawa, Phoenicians, Romawa, Turkawa da Marokkowa) sun ƙidaya ranakun har sai tuna sun zo fage.
Ba da daɗewa ba, keɓaɓɓiyar tuna iri ɗaya tana da faɗi sosai kuma ta mamaye dukan Tekun Atlantika, daga Canary Islands zuwa Tekun Arewa, da kuma Norway (inda ya yi iyo a lokacin rani). Tuna Bluefin ya kasance mazaunin Tekun Bahar Rum, lokaci-lokaci yana shiga Bahar Maliya. Ya kuma sadu da bakin tekun Atlantika na Amurka, da kuma cikin ruwan gabashin Afirka, Australia, Chile, New Zealand da Peru. A halin yanzu, kewayon bluefin tuna ya ragu sosai. An rarraba mazaunin kananan tuna kamar haka:
- Tunawa ta kudu - ruwan da ke can ƙasan kudu (New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu, Tasmania da Uruguay);
- mackerel tuna - yankunan bakin teku na tekun dumi;
- Tabbataccen tuna - Tekun Indiya da Yammacin Pacific;
- Tunawa na Atlantic - Afirka, Amurka da Bahar Rum;
- skipjack (taguwar taguwar ruwa) - yankuna masu zafi da ƙauyuka na Tekun Pacific.
Abinci, abinci mai gina jiki
Tuna, musamman ma mafi girma (shuɗi), kusan cin duk abin da ke cikin kaurin teku - iyo ko kwance a ƙasa.
Abincin da ya dace don tuna sune:
- makarantar kifi, gami da herring, mackerel, hake da pollock;
- fama;
- squid da dorinar ruwa;
- sardine da anchovy;
- ƙananan nau'in kifin shark;
- ɓawon burodi tare da ƙuƙuka;
- cephalopods;
- lebe mai nutsuwa.
Masunta da masana ilimin kifi da kere-kere suna iya fahimtar wuraren da tuna tuna keɓaɓɓiyar ganyayen - ƙyalƙyalen sikalin sa ke juyawa zuwa cikin maɓuɓɓuga, wanda ke saurin rasa gudu kuma a hankali ya narke. Kuma ma'aunin mutum ne kawai wanda ba shi da lokaci zuwa nutsewa zuwa ƙasan yana tunatar da cewa tuna a kwanan nan ta ci abinci anan.
Kiwan tuna
A baya can, masanan ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun tabbata cewa zurfin Arewacin Atlantika yana da garken tunu biyu - ɗayan yana zaune a Yammacin Atlantika kuma yana da ƙifaye a cikin Tekun Mexico, kuma na biyu yana rayuwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana barin zuriya a cikin Bahar Rum.
Mahimmanci! Daga wannan tunanin ne Hukumar Kula da Kare Tattalin Arzikin Tuna ta Tattalin Arziki ta ci gaba, inda ta kayyade adadin abin da za ta kama. An iyakance kamun kifi a Yammacin Atlantika, amma an ba da izini (a cikin manyan girma) a Gabas.
Bayan lokaci, labarin da aka gano na garken biyun na Atlantic ya zama ba daidai ba, wanda aka ba da saukinsa ta hanyar sa alama ta kifi (wanda ya fara a tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata) da kuma amfani da dabarun kwayoyin ƙirar. Fiye da shekaru 60 ya yiwu a gano cewa Tuna tana tsirowa a ɓangarori biyu (Tekun Mexico da Tekun Bahar Rum), amma ɗayan kifayen cikin sauƙin yin ƙaura daga wani wuri zuwa wani, wanda ke nufin cewa yawan su ɗaya ne.
Kowane yanki yana da nasa lokacin kiwo. A Tekun Meziko, tuna ta fara bazuwa daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa Yuni, lokacin da ruwan ya dumama har zuwa + 22.6 + 27.5 ° C. A mafi yawan tuna, farkon haihuwar baya wuce shekaru 12, kodayake balaga na faruwa ne a tsakanin shekaru 8-10, lokacin da kifin ya kai tsawon m 2. A cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, haihuwa yana faruwa da wuri sosai - bayan ya kai shekaru 3 da haihuwa. Hawan kansa yana faruwa a lokacin rani, a watan Yuni - Yuli.
Tuna suna da taki sosai.... Manyan mutane sun haifi ƙwai kusan miliyan 10 (girman girman 1,1-1.1). Bayan wani lokaci, tsutsa tsutsa daga cm 1-1.5 daga kowace kwai tare da digo mai. Duk tsutsar tsutsa tana garken tumaki a saman ruwa.
Makiya na halitta
Tuna bashi da makiya na gari da yawa: godiya ga saurin sa, yana ɓatar da masu neman. Koyaya, tuna wani lokaci yakan rasa nasara a cikin faɗa tare da wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan kifin kifin kifin na shark, kuma yakan faɗa cikin tarkon kifin.
Darajar kasuwanci
'Yan Adam sun saba da tuna tun da daɗewa - alal misali, mazaunan Jafan suna girbe tufafin na bluefin fiye da shekaru dubu 5. Barbara Block, farfesa ce a Jami'ar Stanford, tana da yakinin cewa halittar Thunnus ta taimaka wajen gina wayewar Yammacin Turai. Barbara ta ƙarfafa ƙarshenta da sanannun sanannun abubuwa: Tuni an riga an doke tuna akan kuɗin Girka da na Celtic, kuma masunta na Bosphorus sun yi amfani da 30 (!) Sunaye daban-daban don tsara tuna.
“A Tekun Bahar Rum, an saita taru domin manya-manyan tuna da suka ratsa mashigar Gibraltar a kowace shekara, kuma kowane masunci a gabar teku ya san lokacin da za a fara kamun kifi. Ma'adanai ya kasance mai fa'ida, saboda an sayar da kayayyakin da sauri, "masanin ya tunatar.
Daga nan sai ra'ayi game da kifin ya canza: suka fara yi masa izgili suna kiransa "mackerel dawakai" kuma suka kama shi ba da sha'awar wasanni ba, sa'annan a bar shi ya tafi don hadi ko jefa shi ga kuliyoyi. Koyaya, har zuwa farkon karnin da ya gabata kusa da New Jersey da Nova Scotia, kamfanonin kamun kifi da yawa sun kama tunafin bluefin (a matsayin babban mai fafatawa a kamun kifi). Amma wata baƙar fata mai ƙarfi ta fara don tuna shekaru 50-60 da suka wuce, lokacin da sushi / sashimi da aka yi daga naman ta shiga yanayin gastronomic.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Bluefin tuna shine mafi yawan buƙata a ofasar Rana Rana, inda kifi 1 na kifin yakai kimanin $ 900. A cikin Jihohin kanta, ana amfani da tuna mai shuda ne kawai a cikin gidajen abinci na zamani, ta amfani da tuna mai kalar rawaya ko manya a ƙananan kamfanoni masu ƙarancin daraja.
Farauta mai tuna farauta shine ɗaukakar girmamawa ga duk wani jirgin ruwa mai kamun kifi, amma ba kowa bane yake kama mafi ƙarancin tuna. Masu siyan kifi don kayan kwalliyar Japan sun daɗe suna komawa tuna daga Arewacin Atlantika, saboda suna da ɗanɗano fiye da takwarorinsu na Japan.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Mafi girman nau'ikan tuna, mafi yawan firgita game da matsayin kiyaye aikin hukuma.... A halin yanzu, launin shuda (na gama gari) ana sanya shi azaman nau'in haɗari, kuma Tuna na Australiya yana gab da halaka. An ambaci nau'ikan jinsuna biyu masu rauni - masu ido da Pacific tunafin shuɗi. Longfin da Yellowfin tuna an ba su kyautar Kusa da Matsayin Lalata, yayin da wasu nau'ikan ke da Matsakaicin Damuwa (gami da Tunawa na Atlantika).
Don kiyayewa da dawo da yawan jama'a, yanzu ba zai yiwu ba (bisa ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa) kama kifin da bai girma zuwa 2 ba. Amma akwai lauje a cikin doka don ƙetare wannan ƙa'idar: babu wani tanadi da ya hana kama ƙananan dabbobi don ajiyewa a cikin keji. Duk jihohin teku suna amfani da wannan zance banda Isra'ila: masunta sun kewaye samarin tuna da raga, suna jan shi zuwa alƙalum na musamman don ƙarin ƙiba. Ta wannan hanyar, ana kama tuna tuna da mita daya da daya - a adadi wadanda sun ninka sau kama fiye da kamun kifin.
Mahimmanci! La'akari da cewa "gonakin kifi" ba sa maidowa, amma yana rage yawan mutane, WWF ta yi kira da a kawo karshen kamun kifin tuna a cikin Bahar Rum. Kiran 2006 ya yi watsi da sashin kamun kifi.
Wata shawarar kuma (wacce aka gabatar a 2009 ta Principality of Monaco) ita ma ba ta yi nasara ba, don hada da tunafa mai launin shudi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Cinikin Kasa da Kasa a Cikin Tsira Flora / Fauna (Shafi I). Wannan zai dakatar da cinikin Tuna a duk duniya, don haka wakilan CITES da ke cikin damuwa sun toshe wani shiri wanda ba shi da fa'ida ga ƙasashensu.
